The texture is an essential element of the acceptability of bread by consumers and also has a major impact on the glycemic index. Increasing the density of bread resulted in a reduction of the glycemic index. Among these breads with increased density, those who have increased content in dietary fibre are generally not well accepted by the consumers. However, traditional bread making process allowed obtaining a baguette corresponding to nutritional expectations, with increased dietary fibre content and a reduced glycemic index, which was also well appreciated when tasted by the consumers.

Nine heat-resistant alloys were exposed to cycles of oxidation plus carburization. Each cycle consisted of 4 h of oxidation in air at 700 degrees C followed by 16 h of carburization in hydrogen gas (H-2) + propylene (C3H6) at 950 degrees C. The alloys were tested for 1, 3, and 5 cycles, and invariably were found to have undergone internal carburization. The rate of this process was measured with respect to cumulative carburization time, and the kinetics were found to be parabolic. Data from isothermal carburization of the same alloys were compared with rates found in the cyclic process. In general, the internal carburization produced by the 3- and 5-cycle runs was greater than that resulting from isothermal carburization. This was a result of a ''metal dusting'' attack of the alloys and increased carbon activities in their surface regions.

Résumé  Une des techniques de détermination fine et globale du champ de gravitation terrestre U est la gradiométrie spatiale, dans laquelle on mesure à bord d'un satellite sur orbite basse certaines combinations linéaires des composantes du tenseur ∂2 U/∂xi ∂xj dans des axes {x i } liés au satellite. Un tel projet, appelé GRADIO, est actuellement à l'étude en France et pourrait aboutir à partir de 1990. Après avoir rappelé les objectifs scientifiques d'une telle mission, nous en donnons les spécifications—étayées par une série d'études analytiques; nous définissons ensuite le satellite porteur et ses caractères techniques, en insistant sur les points délicats de la faisabilité (facteurs d'échelle des micro-accéléromètres constituant l'appareil, connaissance de l'attitude...) et en présentant des idées de solution en cours d'approfondissement.

Une des techniques de détermination fine et globale du champ de gravitation terrestre U est la gradiométrie spatiale, dans laquelle on mesure à bord d'un satellite sur orbite basse certaines combinations linéaires des composantes du tenseur ∂2 U/∂xi ∂xj dans des axes {x i } liés au satellite. Un tel projet, appelé GRADIO, est actuellement à l'étude en France et pourrait aboutir à partir de 1990. Après avoir rappelé les objectifs scientifiques d'une telle mission, nous en donnons les spécifications—étayées par une série d'études analytiques; nous définissons ensuite le satellite porteur et ses caractères techniques, en insistant sur les points délicats de la faisabilité (facteurs d'échelle des micro-accéléromètres constituant l'appareil, connaissance de l'attitude...) et en présentant des idées de solution en cours d'approfondissement.

From image to technology: a multidisciplinary approach for improving the quality of organic bread. This study is part of a research programme devoted to improving the quality of organic bread. It aims to identify and test prototypes of breads approved by consumers. This is achieved by analysing consumer representations and preferences and placing them within the framework of technological, sensory and nutritional dimensions of the products. The multidisciplinary approach implements an original qualitative approach that combines three consumer focus groups made up of both loyal and occasional consumers, and confrontation sessions with the programme scientific partners. Four prototypes of organic breads have thus been formalised and subsequently tested on a sample of 120 consumers from two sites (Angers and Strasbourg). From an operational point of view, proposals for organic breads approved by consumers are formulated. In terms of methodology, the contributions of a multidisciplinary study are discussed.