Abstract Mangrove ecosystems, often called the rainforests of the ocean, are essential coastal habitats that offer key environmental advantages. Nevertheless, they are confronted with an impending danger from sedimentation, a complicated mix of natural and human-caused elements. The research examines the various impacts of sedimentation on the well-being of mangroves, specifically looking at Pantai Punggor and Pantai Perpat in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Avicennia marina, a type of mangrove, is impacted by sediment accumulation and is chosen for its importance in these areas. UAV photogrammetry was applied because of its cost-effectiveness and high spatial resolution. Data underwent processing with the aid of Global Mapper and Pix4D programs, in addition to meticulous mission preparation and camera calibration. Sediment properties were examined per ASTM guidelines, utilizing sieve analysis, specific gravity, and moisture content methods with extra determination of salinity and pH from the in-situ process. The assessment of mangrove characteristics involved measuring trunk diameter with field data and tree height with UAV-derived Digital Surface and Terrain Models. The findings show notable differences between the zones in Pantai Punggor and Pantai Perpat, highlighting the negative impacts of sedimentation on the development of mangroves. Zone 3C aligns most closely with the specified ideal characteristics for mangrove height, soil composition, and environmental conditions. The results reveal significant differences in mangrove growth across sedimentation zones, with Zone 3C emerging as a key area for conservation efforts. The findings provide actionable insights for improving sediment management strategies and ensuring the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems.

Sea level rise (SLR) poses an escalating threat to low-lying coastal zones, particularly in sedimentary and intertidal environments such as the west coast of Johor, Malaysia. This study evaluates the incremental inundation response at Pantai Punggur, Johor, under projected SLR conditions for 2030, 2050, and 2100, using 2023 as the baseline. Eleven cross-shore transects representing two coastal defence settings, revetment-protected shores and mangrove-buffered zones, were analysed through hydrodynamic simulations conducted in MIKE21. Model inputs included high-resolution bathymetry and topography, ERA5 meteorological data, in-situ tidal and current measurements, and NAHRIM AR6-based SLR projections. Results show a progressive increase in inundation extent throughout the study period. During early-stage SLR (2023 – 2030), revetments demonstrated higher effectiveness in delaying inland water intrusion, with shorter inundation distances relative to most mangrove-fronted transects. However, beyond mid-century, the performance gap narrowed, and by 2100, revetment-protected transects recorded greater inundation distances(327%)than mangrove-buffered transects(189%),indicating a declinein structural effectiveness under prolonged sea-level pressure. In contrast, mangrove zones displayed more gradual and consistent inundation progression, reflecting adaptive buffering capacity influenced by vegetation health and continuity. The findings highlight that while revetments provide strong short-term flood protection, their effectiveness diminishes over long-term SLR scenarios, whereas mangrove ecosystems offer sustained, nature-based resilience. The study underscores the need for hybrid coastal protection strategies that integrate hard structures with mangrove conservation and restoration to strengthen long-term shoreline stability and climate adaptation in Pantai Punggur and similar vulnerable coastlines.

Coastal erosion in areas with both cohesive (mud) and non-cohesive (sand) sediments presents challenges in understanding shoreline behavior. This study investigates how sand-mud sediment properties influence coastal erodibility along the shoreline of Pantai Punggor, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Profiles of shoreline and elevation changes were produced using UAV photogrammetry techniques. The data was processed by the Pix4D and Global Mapper application tools, over a one-year period. Erosion and accretion zones were identified, reflecting the coastline’s varied response to hydrodynamic forces. Geotechnical testing of sediment samples collected across different tidal zones revealed distinct variations in sediment properties. Sediments in the high-tide zone were typically sandier, more compact, and exhibited greater strength, while those in the mid- and low-tide zones contained higher proportions of silt and clay, with lower strength and density. Shear strength declined progressively from the backshore to offshore, aligning with observed changes in sediment texture and grain composition. These variations influence the erosion resistance of each zone. The study highlights the importance of integrating morphological and geotechnical data to better understand coastal processes in mixed-sediment environments. The findings emphasize how variations in sand-mud sediment properties directly influence coastal erodibility across tidal zones.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a pivotal role in earthquake risk assessment, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding, analyzing, and mitigating the impact of earthquakes. This article explores the integration of GIS conceptual design with Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram development, enhancing the spatial database design for earthquake risk assessment. The complexity of earthquake events introduces challenges in designing a conceptual model that accounts for their dynamic nature, including aftershocks and evolving seismic patterns, demanding a framework capable of capturing these layered interactions. Achieving high spatial resolution to address localized risks while managing large datasets adds another layer of complexity, necessitating careful design considerations. The goal of this research is to develop a GIS-based conceptual design for earthquake risk assessment. This involves identifying essential spatial and attribute data; conducting a systematic review and user requirement analysis; and developing an ER diagram to represent the conceptual structure. The resulting model organizes data into three core modules: the hazard layer, cadastral layer, and potential risk layer. The cadastral layer supports both hazard and risk analyses. The hazard layer incorporates fault lines, historical earthquake data, geology, and seismic zones, aiding in land-use planning and emergency responses. The potential risk layer produces seismic vulnerability maps that encompass social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects. These outputs contribute to determining the earthquake risk levels for both populations and constructions, providing valuable insights for risk assessment and management. By integrating ER diagram development, this approach enhances data organization and supports more effective earthquake risk management through a robust and scalable GIS framework.

Shoreline digitization is essential for monitoring environmental dynamics, erosion patterns, and habitat changes. This study systematically evaluates the accuracy and precision of shoreline digitization through satellite imagery and drone mapping. The research addresses the challenge of selecting the most effective method by comparing key factors, including cost-effectiveness, temporal frequency, geographical resolution, and recorded detail. By analysing these variables, the study sheds light on the suitability and effectiveness of drone and satellite imagery in shoreline digitization. Notably, the drone mapping method, employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), demonstrates advantages with an average shoreline coastal envelope distance of 0.75 meters, compared to 0.86 meters for SPOT6 MS. Additionally, the drone mapping method reveals a net shoreline movement with an average distance of -1.08 meters, outperforming SPOT6 MS with -1.23 meters. This comparative study enhances our understanding of the effectiveness of drone and satellite imagery for shoreline digitization. The findings provide valuable insights for future research and underscore the importance of considering advantages and disadvantages in the evolving field of environmental monitoring.

Coastal erosion poses significant environmental and socio-economic challenges, necessitating robust assessment methodologies for effective management. This study provides a comparative analysis of two widely used coastal risk assessment approaches: the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) and the Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment (CERA). CVI evaluates broad-scale vulnerability based on physical and environmental indicators such as sea-level rise, shoreline erosion rates and geomorphology, making it suitable for large-scale coastal planning. In contrast, CERA integrates additional socio-economic and infrastructural factors to offer a more localized, high-resolution risk assessment, making it particularly useful for site-specific management and mitigation strategies. The study highlights key differences in spatial scope, data requirements and applicability, demonstrating that CVI is optimal for regional-scale vulnerability mapping, while CERA provides detailed risk classification essential for immediate intervention. The findings suggest that integrating both methodologies could enhance coastal risk assessments by combining CVI’s large-scale vulnerability insights with CERA’s detailed, site-specific risk evaluations. This hybrid approach would support more informed decision-making and adaptive strategies to mitigate coastal erosion impacts effectively.

This study was conducted at Pantai Perpat, Batu Pahat, Johor, to investigate the correlation between suspended sediment concentration and particle size distribution. The objectives included identifying water quality parameters, assessing suspended sediment levels, and studying correlations across coastal zones. Water and sediment samples were collected from twelve stations using the grab sampler method, with parameters such as pH, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, sediment size, and moisture content analyzed in designated laboratories. Variability in coastal water quality was observed, with pH values ranging from 7.40 to 7.77 and temperatures from 24.97°C to 26.33°C, indicating acceptable levels. Zone 1 exhibited high turbidity (699 NTU) and TSS concentration (12,393.33 mg/L), suggesting potential issues. Sediment size distribution varied among coastal zones: Zone 1 had a mix of various sediment sizes, primarily silty clay, while Zones 2, 3, and 4 consisted mainly of sandy sediments. Correlations between turbidity and median grain size (D50) varied across the zones, with strong correlations in Zone Middle Tide (MT) (R² = 0.7836) and Zone High Tide (HT) (R² = 0.5846), and a weak correlation in Zone Low Tide (LT) (R² = 0.0124). Strong correlations were also found between TSS and D50 in Zone MT (R² = 0.9924), with moderate and weak correlations in Zones HT (R² = 0.3384) and LT (R² = 0.146), respectively. Understanding water quality and sediment characteristics is crucial for effective environmental management and coastal planning. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers involved in coastal development projects. Further research should focus on long-term monitoring and sediment transport dynamics to support sustainable coastal management.

Pantai Punggur, Batu Pahat is a bustling town located on the Southwest Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, situated along the west coast of Malaysia. Despite its bustling nature, the area is prone to coastal flooding. In response, coastal defence structures have been constructed to protect the coastline. However, the issue lies that this structure cannot fully prevent coastline exposure to wave overtopping caused by strong waves or coastal inundation from high tidal fluctuations that exceed normal sea levels. Pantai Punggur has undergone the concerning issue, and it is worsening. Therefore, this study uses numerical modelling (MIKE21 Software) to investigate the wave scenario from the historical data of wind and tide in Pantai Punggur, Batu Pahat. The study location was digitised, and a new model MESH was developed in the MIKE21 Zero MESH Generator. The historical data from the ERA5-Reanalysis Dataset covering all 12 months (2022) at one-hour intervals was collected. To validate the new model MESH, the RMSE method was employed, which required achieving a result below the 10% threshold. Correlation analysis was conducted monthly throughout the year and revealed distinct relationships between significant wave height (SWH) and wind speed (indicating wave overtopping) and tidal levels (indicating coastal inundation). The correlation between tidal levels and SWH showed a stronger correlation than with wind speed, with the highest R-value reaching 0.5886 (34.64%). Hence, it can be seen that the stronger correlation between tidal level and SWH compared to wind speed and SWH, suggests that tidal fluctuations have a more substantial impact on wave heights and the potential fall on coastal inundation rather than wave overtopping resulting in coastal flooding. The current studies provide essential information relevant to conservation practices and future planning.

The coastal zones of Batu Pahat, Malaysia, are highly vulnerable to erosion due to their exposed sand-mud geomorphology, intensified by human activities and climate change. The aim of this research is to assess vulnerability of coastal erosion in Pantai Perpat, Pantai Punggur, and Pantai Parit Hailam using the Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment (CERA) tool. This study evaluates five key parameters: geomorphology, coastal defences, population density, infrastructure, and ecology to understand the area susceptibility and overall vulnerability. The CERA framework was applied to quantify erosion risks through a vulnerability assessment, using data from satellite imagery, statistical reports, and literature. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate model accuracy, with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculated to validate the assessment. Results indicate that Pantai Perpat is the most vulnerable site, mainly due to its weak natural defences and nearest distance to infrastructure, while Pantai Punggur and Pantai Parit Hailam exhibit moderate risks. Geomorphology and coastal defences were identified as the most influential factors in determining vulnerability, highlighting the need for improved coastal protection measures. In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of strengthening both natural and artificial defences to mitigate erosion risks. Further studies are recommended to refine the CERA model, aiming for greater precision in coastal management strategies to protect vulnerable regions from future erosion.

Due to the complex nature of seismic vulnerability assessment, different approaches and data are required, based on the country.Alternatively, seismic vulnerability assessment can be categorized into two common techniques, the conventional and holistic methods, the use of which depends on the region's conditions.Generally, conventional methods concern the consequences of an earthquake by estimating the potential loss caused by the structural inventory damage and the number of casualties.Meanwhile, holistic methods focus on the different primary factors that contribute to seismic vulnerability, which are represented by the social, economic, physical, and environmental elements of a community or structure in a region.However, less attention has been given to the quantitative evaluation of holistic seismic vulnerability in Malaysia compared to hazardrelated research.Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the holistic seismic vulnerability indicators in the context of an earthquake in Malaysia.Analysis is critical for understanding the numerous indicators of causes of earthquakes to define their relative relationships and the disaster risk probability.Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting method, a comprehensive review of the Scopus and Web of Science databases was undertaken to search for indicators with a substantial impact on the aforementioned dimensions of earthquake vulnerability.This article concludes that there are three major elements of vulnerability (exposure, resilience, and coping capacity), comprising eighteen indicators of seismic vulnerability, in the context of earthquakes in Malaysia.

The effect of soil shear strength at the shoreline area is the focus of this study. Pantai Punggur, Batu Pahat, Johor, has been chosen as the subject location for the soil shear strength investigation. It is located on the west coast of Johor, with latitudes ranging from 1.62° to 1.87° N and longitudes ranging from 102.78° to 103.19° E. The purpose of this study is to use a field vane shear test (VST) to determine the undrained shear strength of shoreline areas. Soil samples were collected at specific locations known as Zones A, B, C, D, and E, and data for sediment shear strength was obtained from field vane shear test (VST) methods. From the undrained shear strength test at 0.5 m depth at high tide (HT) and medium tide (MT) data for December 2021, Zone A had a Cu reading of more than 4.5 kPa, followed by Zones B, C, and D, and lowest at Zone E. Next, in the December 2021 data at the HT level, Zone A has a Cu reading greater than 4.5 kPa at 0.5 m and 1.0 m, while other Zones have readings less than 3.0 kPa. It can be concluded that the depth of a part also influences the data in this study. When the depth increases, the shear strength of the data also increases. This study will serve as a benchmark for future conservation efforts. Based on the findings, more effective control measures for preserving and conserving coastal areas may be developed.

This research focused on identifying of beach profile and shoreline sediment properties in the eroded area in Batu Pahat. Pantai Punggur was selected to study the stated parameters due to the condition of this beach which was assigned as an eroded area. The objective of this research is to study the beach profile and shoreline sediment properties in the shoreline area. Shoreline sediment properties were identified by carrying out several testing on the soil sample, whereas, the analysis of the beach profile was done by processing the aerial image in Pix4D Mapper and Global Mapper Software. Throughout the research, a profile change occurred within a few weeks of the study period. Based on the results, the minimum and maximum average moisture content ranged between 70.1-122.6%, whereas the specific gravity data lay within 2.54 to 2.78. The plastic limit (PL) is between 36% and 46%, while the liquid limit (LL) is between 69% and 132%. As for the particle size distribution, the percentage of sand was higher at HT (High Tide) and the percentage of silt was dominant at MT (Mid Tide) in each coastal zone. The significance of the beach profile study and shoreline sediment properties was to help in predicting the erosion behavior occurring in the coastal area.

Variations of beach volume changes have been put into place at the coastline to measure the changes in volume and analyse beach response using geometric and volumetric comparison of beach profile sets. This study examined the volume change of a beach in an eroded location in Batu Pahat. As Pantai Punggur was identified as an eroding area, it was chosen as the research area where identifying changes to the beach's volume is necessary to evaluate changes to the condition of the beach. There is a rather strong demand for both technologies and research methods since technology tends to advance quickly. Therefore, in order to satisfy demand, the process of identifying the volumetric of the shoreline area was carried out using an unmanned aerial vehicle with the assistance of Pix4D Mapper and Global Mapper as a medium to study the changes in beach volume. Pix4D Mapper was used to process the beach volume changes and to analyze the aerial image, while the Global Mapper software conducted an analysis of beach volume changes. This study demonstrates that there is a noticeable shift in the volume of the beach within a month. Overall, the data provided demonstrates that Zones A and E are more vulnerable to erosion than the other zones.

Sabah is located in the northeast region of East Malaysia and recognized as the most active seismic area in Malaysia. The scalability and frequency of earthquakes are growing due to the existence of both local and distant ground motions from active faults, with more than 67 earthquake occurrences with light to moderate magnitude (Mw larger than 3.5) recorded since the 1900. On the other hand, the skewed socio-economic development process associated with the rapid population growth and changes in the family structure, inequality issues, and the lack of adaptation measures would intensify the vulnerability of the earthquakes. Key elements linked to socio-economic vulnerability need to be addressed in order to reduce the risk of earthquake. Based on previous studies, we identified vulnerabilities from a multi-dimensional perspective consisting of exposure, resilience and capacity across districts. Subsequently, a holistic indicator system with 18 variables was constructed to assess the potential earthquake vulnerability in Sabah, Malaysia. The accumulated data will present an earthquake vulnerability classification using the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. Finally, the earthquake risk was derived by integrating the earthquake vulnerability map with earthquake hazard map proposed by the Department of Mineral and Geoscience (JMG) Malaysia. The results of the analysis revealed that the highest level of earthquake risk, which accounts for 15.5 %, were concentrated in the eastern part of the Sabah region; the high-risk areas account for 7.7 %; the moderate-risk areas account for 11.3 %; and the low to very low risk areas account for 65.4 %. Accordingly, it is expected that the derived earthquake vulnerability and risk map will allow the policymakers and response teams to improve the earthquake disaster mitigation and management in Sabah.

This paper was carried out to identify the sediment properties at eroded areas where Sungai Lurus and Pantai Punggur located in Batu Pahat were selected as the study area for this research.This study is prompted by the factors from climate changes which lead to the increase of sea level and vicious behaviour of sea waves.These factors are related to the erosion of coastline or the coastal changes along the south-west coast of Malaysia.The vulnerability of Malaysian coastline towards the coastal changes is something that is vital to deal with as Malaysia is surrounded by sea, and the coastal region plays a great role towards the socio-economic activities.In order to fathom the erosion at the coastline, it is crucial to grasp the fundamental of the soil physical properties which will clarify how the sediments might be transported.Based on the soil samples collected, Pantai Sungai Lurus can be classified as sandy clay with moisture content between 92% to 158% and 8.41% to 20.9% of organic content.Meanwhile, Pantai Punggur can be classified as silty clay with moisture content between 109% to 134% and 14.29% to 14.52% of organic content.The specific gravity of the samples is found to be between 2.624 to 2.651.The settling velocity at Pantai Sungai Lurus is about 79682x10 -5 m/s to 0.088x10 -5 m/s, and Pantai Punggur about 433x10 -5 m/s to 0.552x10 -5 m/s.The soil erodibility at Pantai Sungai Lurus about is 0.05776 (ton/ha) (ha.hr/Mj.mm),while at Pantai Punggur about 0.01264 (ton/ha)(ha.hr/Mj.mm).The erosion rate is estimated to be 2.91x10 -3 kg/m 2 /s at Pantai Sungai Lurus, and 0.812x10 -3 kg/m 2 /s at Pantai Punggur.It can be concluded that the erosion rate of selected points at Pantai Sungai Lurus is higher than Pantai Punggur.

This study focuses on the effect of soil shear strengthdue to the shoreline changes in Batu Pahat Coastal Area. The shorelines of Pantai Punggur were chosen as the subject location for this investigation on soil shear strength and shoreline changes of eroded areas in Batu Pahat, Johor. Pantai Punggur is situated on the west coast of Johor, with a latitude of 1.62° to 1.87° N and a longitude of 102.78° to 103.19° E. Aerial photographs and field observation data were used to determine the geomorphological components of the Pantai Punggur shoreline using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The study conducted is to produce shoreline changes mapping diagram and analysis soil shear strengths across different sampling locations were measured and correlate with shoreline changes at zones A, B, C, D and E. The aerial image that has been captured by the drone was analyzed using Pix4D and Global Mapper software. Based on the data of shoreline changes zone A portrays the highest changes followed by zone B and C. As for zone D and E its shows quite a small change. Within one month interval, Pantai Punggur coastline experiences changes in about 1.57 meters. From the undrained shear strength test at 0.5 m depth at HT and MT data for December 2021, zone A with Cu reading are more than 4.5 kPa followed by zones B, C, D and lowest at zone E. Next, at depth 0.5 m and 1.0 m data for December 2021 at HT level, zone A with Cu reading is more than 4.5 kPa at the 0.5 m and 1.0 m depth and other zones are below than 3.0 kPa. The depth of soil also influences the data of this study. The correlation of changes in soil shear strength with shoreline changes is reported to have a linear correlation with R2 value is 0.9261. It can conclude that the effect of soil shear strength on shoreline changes at Batu Pahat coastal area cause by the changes in soil shear strength (Cu) gives a large effect of shoreline changes.

This research was conducted with a view to updating the management of earthquakes through an exposure vulnerability and potential seismic risk assessment, along with its application in Sabah (a state in East Malaysia). A set of indicators and methodologies has been proposed in this study with the goal of evaluating the level of exposure vulnerability and potential risk of certain locations to earthquake events at the local district scale. This study specifically involves the development of exposure vulnerability indicators; the statistical analysis method to standardize multivariate data together with a weight calculation of indicator variables; and a mathematical combination of different indicators for the development of the index map using the spatial analysis function of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools. Then, the derived exposure vulnerability index (EVI) map is overlaid with the seismic hazard in determining the geographical location of the most vulnerable areas and their exposure to seismic hazard events. As a result, and based on the available data, the exposure vulnerability index map shows that most districts in Sabah are at relatively low and moderate levels of risk except for a few districts, with several major cities in Sabah, such as Kota Kinabalu, Penampang, Sandakan and Tawau municipality, being situated at a high or very high exposure index. The combination of EVI maps and hazard maps indicate the dominance of the two factors influencing the potential level of earthquake risk. Studies reveal most of the southwest and central parts of the region are not at risk, as both exposure and hazard factors are at a low level. The proposed approach depicts an instrument for identifying cost-effective risk reduction initiatives by providing a scientific method for regional risk planning and management strategies. This research represents the first attempt to evaluate Sabah’s vulnerability to this type of natural disaster by understanding the spatial relationship between exposure vulnerability and earthquake hazard, which undoubtedly could be improved in several aspects.

Various techniques and frameworks for an evaluation of seismic vulnerability have been developed and established in previous studies. However, some techniques demand a significant amount of empirical data currently not readily available in developing countries. Therefore, this study proposes a new seismic risk evaluation method at the local district level. A holistic model was constructed for the purpose of assessing potential seismic vulnerability based on appropriate indices and their relative contribution towards vulnerability and coping capacity. It allowed the estimation of vulnerability in terms of exposure, resilience, and capacity factors. Then, utilization of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools resulted in the generation of a total vulnerability map via integration of the study variables to highlight the socio-economic and physical characteristics of vulnerability for the districts in Pahang, Malaysia. Subsequently, a seismic risk map of the study area was derived by overlying the derived map with the seismic hazard map. Consequently, the study revealed the highest levels of seismic risk were concentrated in the central-west of the Pahang region, namely the Bentong district. In contrast, the least vulnerable areas encompassed the Pekan and Jerantut areas, which were located in the eastern region. In brief, the study findings would serve as the foundation towards reducing the country's vulnerability to disasters.

Gempa bumi yang berlaku pada 26 Disember 2004 telah mencetuskan gelombang tsunami terbesar menyebabkan limpahan tersebar di seluruh Lautan Hindi. Impaknya mengakibatkan kerosakan yang luas, kehilangan harta benda dan kehidupan terjejas di sepanjang pantai meliputi 12 negara di sepanjang Lautan Hindi. Kehilangan nyawa juga melibatkan rakyat dari 27 negara dari bahagian lain di dunia termasuklah di Malaysia terutamanya di pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia. Kesignifikanan daripada bencana tsunami di Lautan Hindi ini, suatu tindakan persediaan dan mitigasi perlu dilaksanakan oleh pihak pengurusan bencana untuk menilai dan mengambil langkah yang bersesuaian untuk menangani dan mengurangkan risiko bencana tsunami. Kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis potensi dan memetakan kawasan risiko tsunami di kawasan persisiran pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia. Analisis potensi bahaya tsunami bagi penduduk di pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia khususnya di Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah dilaksanakan menggunakan perisian Tsunami Display Program untuk memodelkan mekanisme pembentukan tsunami, perambatan gelombang dan tahap limpahan tsunami. Seterusnya bagi mengenal pasti risiko iaitu tahap kerentanan sesuatu kawasan terhadap bahaya tsunami, teknologi georuang diaplikasikan untuk menganalisis lokasi kawasan yang berbahaya dan selamat dengan mengambil kira faktor-faktor seperti guna tanah, jarak kawasan daripada persisiran pantai dan permukaan topografi atau kecerunan serta tinggi sesuatu kawasan. Fungsi tindihan lapisan dan pengelasan dalam teknologi georuang digunakan untuk mengelaskan kawasan kepada zon sangat bahaya, zon bahaya, zon sederhana dan zon selamat sekiranya berlaku tsunami. Hasil kajian ini mengenal pasti kawasan berpotensi terjejas selepas bencana iaitu Kampung Kuala Sungai Muda, Kampung Masjid, Kampung Kepala Jalan dan Kampung Padang Salin (Kampung Hujong Permatang) dengan purata jarak daripada garisan pantai kurang daripada 400 m serta peta kawasan berisiko berpandukan tahap kerentanan bencana tsunami di Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah. Sumbangan daripada kajian ini diharap dapat membantu pihak berkenaan dalam urusan persediaan, perancangan dan mitigasi bencana tsunami pada masa akan datang.