AIM: Chemical exogen acids effect can be considered in terms of the loss of hard tissue of teeth or potential loss. When the remineralization does not antagonize the demineralization, the dissolution of hard tissues arises. Significant among physical processes is degeneration in enamel structure due to the chemical processes of acidification and alkalinization. There are also several underlying determinants of enamel erosion. The enamel erosion induced by chemical exogen acids causes the dissolution of the hard tissues of teeth. The aim of this study was to analyze the erosive effect of three different soft drinks on the enamel surface and the potential remineralizing effect after applying casein phosphopeptide-amorphic calcium phosphate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen human third molar teeth specimens were analyzed to assess the effects of the topical cream containing 10% w/w casein phosphopeptide-amorphic calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) nanocomplexes on enamel teeth lesions. Morphological characterization of teeth was performed using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). In addition, the surface of specimens was examined before and after immersion into three recipients containing three different soft drinks and after the remineralization process for comparison. RESULTS: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis showed enamel morphology alterations after acidic soft drink exposure and superficially repair of teeth enamel after remineralizing treatment. CONCLUSION: This in vitro study demonstrated that the casein phosphopeptide-amorphic calcium phosphate treatment was effective in remineralizing demineralized subsurface lesion enamel in vitro after having caused alterations by exogen acids.

There has long been discussion regarding the positive effects of physical exercise on brain activity. Exercising is used as a non-pharmacological treatment in many chronic diseases. Exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on brain functions in humans and animals and, therefore, exercise is very important for brain rehabilitation and remodeling. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in adult and geriatric populations. In addition, physical activity may improve self-esteem and feelings of self-worth in young adults.

AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of electric or sonic toothbrushes on periodontal inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled, one-blind study was conducted. Patients in the test group used sonic toothbrushes (Sonicare FlexCare with ProResults brush head, HX6011, Philips Oral Healthcare Inc, Bothell, Wash), whereas those in the control group used electric toothbrushes (Oral B Professional Care Triumph 4000, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio). Periodontal status was recorded at baseline and 3 months. In total, 60 patients were recruited for the study at baseline. Plaque Index (PI) and Loe and Silness Gingival Index (GI) were used. Student's t- test repeated was used to compare the mean PI and GI scores obtained between the test and control groups at each time point. RESULTS: In total, 56 subjects completed the study. Significant differences were recorded between the two groups for periodontal parameters at 3 months. In addition, the indices of group Sonic were significantly reduced at 3 months compared to the Roto-oscillatory Group (P < .005). CONCLUSION: Sonic toothbrush reduced parameters of periodontal inflammation more effectively than the electric toothbrush.

Multidisciplinary care has been shown to improve patient outcomes, and interprofessional collaboration has been shown to improve one's medical knowledge. Multidisciplinary interventions in the field of surgery are designed to address a specific problem occurring in a particular patient population and/or within the context of an individual hospital system. The importance of multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity at all levels, including clinical oncology, craniofacial trauma, and brain abscess caused by dental peri-implantitis, is well established. The challenge for future research is to further develop and validate medical team performance assessment instruments; this will help improve medical and surgical team training efforts and aid the design of clinical work systems supporting effective teamwork and safe patient care.

Technological advances in neurosurgery and maxillofacial surgery, aided by improvements in anesthesia have resulted in surgery that is faster, simpler and safer with excellent perioperative recovery. As a result of improved outcomes, several centers are performing certain neurosurgical procedures on an outpatient basis; where patients arrive at the hospital the morning of their procedure and leave the hospital the same evening, thus avoiding an overnight stay in the hospital. Future efforts to encourage efficient cost savings should focus on practice patterns/pathways for similar conditions rather than limiting the use of certain implants.

Operating microscopes, navigation systems and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring are essential in modern neurosurgical and maxillofacial procedures. Advances in surgical planning in neurosurgery and maxillofacial surgery led to the more common navigation system that helps surgeons know more information and ultimately do more for their patients. The benefits of a contemporary navigation system in the complicated brain, skull-base, maxillofacial and spine surgery are undeniable. Workflow analyses and cost-benefit evaluations must be carried out to increase the efficiency of neuronavigation systems in the next future.

There is a significant paucity of literature regarding dental prophylaxis in spine surgery patients. A point of controversy has remained the question of antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients with a history of neurosurgical procedures and spinal instrumentation undergoing invasive procedures on an outpatient basis. Invasive dental procedure does not increase the risk of postoperative spinal infection and antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure was not effective in preventing spinal infection.

Genetic and environmental factors influence craniofacial growth. The presence of bad habits such as finger or pacifier sucking, atypical swallowing, oral breathing, nail-biting and abnormal postures play an essential role in developing malocclusions. The severity and type of malocclusion are related to the age of the patient and the frequency, duration and intensity of the spoiled habit. The most common malocclusions are: posterior crossbite, transverse contraction of the palate, anterior open bite, and augmented overjet. Eliminating oral habits with an interceptive functional treatment allows for restoring the correct development of the bone bases and normal occlusion. Elastodontic devices represent a valid tool to correct neuromuscular dysfunctions and re-educate respiratory, swallowing, speech and masticatory functions, performing a functional, orthopaedic action.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause long-standing damage to the immune system characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine activation. Maintaining periodontal health may reduce host susceptibility to COVID-19 and prevent COVID-19 aggravation in infected patients. There is sufficient evidence in the literature to warrant an association between the presence of PDs and the development and course of respiratory illnesses. Optimum oral health, maintaining good systemic health, and elimination of smoking habits may be beneficial for the prevention and management of COVID-19 infections. Future studies on the periodontal status of patients with COVID-19, including from mild to severe forms, could allow the opportune identification of people at risk of severe illness and generate relevant recommendations. The connection, if any, between the oral microbiome and COVID-19 complications is urgently required to establish the importance of oral hygiene and pre-existing oral disease in the severity and mortality risk of COVID-19.

AIM: Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory and infectious diseases, significantly associated with circulating levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. A network of interacting molecular pathways comprising proinflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the progression of periodontitis. The aim of the trial was to determine the effects of intensive periodontal treatment on the salivary levels of oxidative stress in patients with moderate periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, one-blinded, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 3 months of follow-up. Atotal of 58 patients were included in the study and randomized to receive intensive periodontal treatment (Group Test) or conventional adult prophylaxis (Group Control). Salivary samples for determination of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (X8-OHdG) concentrations were collected from each patient prior to the periodontal treatment and at 3 months after the therapy. RESULTS: A significantly decreased NO, and MDA levels were registered in the Test Group compared to the Control Group (p<.0001), and the concentration of GSH was found to be significantly increased in the test group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Intensive periodontal treatment mitigates salivary oxidative stress in patients with moderate periodontitis.

Many studies supported the clinical, anatomical and functional relationship between the cranial region, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the cervical spine; however, the mechanism of this relationship remains unclear, and the relation between temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and the head and neck posture changes are still controversial. The understanding of the complex interrelations between the stomatognathic system, cervical spine, pain and dysfunctions in other areas of the body is useful in order to be able to treat patients more efficiently and effectively at the initial stage, when painful symptoms appear, and to cure them much swifter and in a more efficient way. On the other hand, the increased severity of temporomandibular disorders also could lead to a compensatory or antalgic posture of the neck. The function of the masticatory system should be evaluated in patients with neck complaints to rule out the possible involvement of the masticatory system. In addition, to be able to make successful therapeutic interventions, dental surgeons should cooperate in an interdisciplinary fashion with neurologists, orthopedists or neurosurgeons

Aim: This retrospective research was aimed to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on orthodontic emergencies and Patients' perceptions of orthodontic patients. Material and Methods: A total of 204 patients were gathered who were not seen for nearly 5 months from the first of March 2020 to the end of July 2020 due to dental clinic closure. The mean age of the samples was 20.2 (SD = 12.5) years consisting of 134 females (66%) and 70 males (34%). All patients had undergone active orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliances before the pandemic. The survey included demographics, types of orthodontic emergencies, and Patients' perceptions of orthodontic treatment during the closure of the dental clinic. Continuous variables were analyzed by mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables were analyzed by frequency and percentage. Results: In general, 46.5% of the patients suffered from various emergencies. The incidence of emergencies was approximately 3 times higher than that of the normal appointment times. Debonding and poking wire had the most frequently reported classification respectively (14.2%) (7.9%). 30.4% of patients stated that pandemic had a significant impact on the efficacy of orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: This study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on patient care due to a higher number of emergencies and in turns, it delayed the therapeutic progress of patients. 16% of patients with active orthodontic appliances did not continue their treatment due to pandemics. More than half of the patients were willing to be seen every 8 weeks.

The potential risk of pressure changes during commercial air travel causing the expansion of trapped intracranial air in post-operative patients is known. Current studies reveal that it is safe for patients with space-occupying brain lesions to fly various distances. Nevertheless, in patients with pre-flight symptoms thought to be due to mass effect or cerebral oedema, the administration of dexamethasone and anticonvulsants may help minimize the risk of further brain swelling and possible seizures during air flight. Besides other oral manifestations of barometric pressure changes, such as barodontalgia, clinicians should be familiar with this entity, take preventive measures, and periodically examine patients who fly planes. Clinicians should also search for occult pathologies such as leaking restorations or secondary caries lesions. Nevertheless, pneumocephalus is not a contraindication to early post-operative flying. More significant, prospective, multi-institutional studies will be necessary to validate these recent results.

Functional breastfeeding plays a key role in the correct psychophysical and neuromotor development of a child, and it has repercussions on craniofacial complex growth and functioning. The consequences of not breastfeeding seem to have not only aesthetic complications but can cause significant functional orthodontic repercussions. Each study on breastfeeding has shown how breast milk protects against acute otitis media, pneumonia, syncytial virus, bronchitis, asthma, gastroenteritis, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), leukaemia, obesity, allergies and even constitutes a protective factor against habitual infant snoring and in reduction of the risk of obstructive apnea. By exercising his muscles, the child strengthens his zygomatic processes so that nasal airways have good drainage capacity and consequently a low predisposition to sinus and respiratory infections. Dentists have a fundamental role in the prevention of maternal-infant oral health, and by assisting its management, they can even implement the best development of a child's immune system. The "primary" function of the dentist which is concretized in encouraging the planning of the first early visits of the interception of spoiled habits and incorrect lifestyles, together with the "internal" one of the intestinal and oral microbiota of the child together with breastfeeding have an indirect yet significant consequence of favoring the harmonic growth of the orofacial complex.

Several studies reported the association between periodontal diseases, a persistent inflammatory process and other chronic ailments such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Although many epidemiologic data support these associations, a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established. Numerous articles reporting oral bacteria in samples collected directly from brain abscesses confirmed the association between brain abscess and odontogenic infection. Dental diseases can be treated with ambulatory care rather than hospitalization and emergency care. Older adults should establish daily oral hygiene care routines during the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.