: This report presents findings from the 2008 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel (HRB Survey), conducted by RTI International (RTI) of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. It describes trends in substance use between 1980 and 2008, health behaviors related to selected Healthy People 2010 objectives (Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2000a, 2000b), mental health and mental health service utilization, progress toward achieving health-related goals set forth by DoD, and the relationships between combat exposure and deployment and substance use and mental health. For this report, substance use includes use of alcohol, illicit drugs (illegal drugs or prescription drugs used without a doctor?s prescription, in greater amounts than prescribed, or in order to ?get high?), and tobacco (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, pipes, and cigars). Indicators of mental health include the need for further depression evaluation, serious psychological distress, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), considering or attempting suicide, possible traumatic brain injury (TBI), and physical or sexual abuse.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, through Contract No. 283-99-9018 with RTI in Research Triangle Park, NC. At RTI, the document was reviewed by Janice M. Brown and Carol L. Council, copyedited by Richard S. Straw, and prepared for publication on the Web by Pamela Couch Prevatt and Teresa F. Gurley. Final document,production was provided by Beatrice Rouse at SAMHSA. Disclaimer The report titled Use of Incidence and Prevalence in the Substance Use Literature: A Review is being released as a working document. The views expressed in this document,are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration or the Department of Health and Human Services. Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this document,is in the public domain,and may be reproduced or copied without permission from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Citation of the source is appreciated. Suggested citation: Wu, L.-T., Korper, S. P., Marsden, M. E., Lewis, C., & Bray, R. M. (2003). Use of Incidence and Prevalence in the Substance Use Literature: A Review. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Copies of the Publication To request copies of this web-only document, click on "Mail" on the banner of most pages on the OAS website, then choose "OAS Mail Room" (http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/Mail/email.cfm).

: This report presents the findings of the 1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. The survey is the seventh is a series of DoD surveys conducted since 1980 -- it has two broad aims: (1) to continue the survey of substance abuse among active duty personnel, and (2) to assess DoD's progress toward meeting selected Healthy People 2000 objectives for active duty military personnel. As such, it provide comprehensive and detailed estimates of the prevalence of alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use, and the negative effects of this use. It also provides estimate 5 for health behaviors pertaining to fitness and cardiovascular disease risk reduction, injuries and injury prevention, sexually transmitted disease risk reduction, cervical cancer screening, and maternal and infant health. In addition, it offers an assessment of mental health of military personnel, including stress and depression, and the special health needs of military women.

Abstract : In this report, we present the findings from the 1995 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel, conducted by the Research Triangle Institute of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. We describe substance use, health behaviors related to selected Healthy People 2000 subjects (Public Health Service (PHS), 1991), and progress since 1980 toward achieving health-related goals set forth by the DoD. For this report, 'substance use' includes use of alcohol, other drugs, and tobacco (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and pipes and cigars). This study is the sixth in a series of surveys of military personnel across the world conducted in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1992, and 1995 under the guidance of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs or OAsD(HA). Ml of the surveys have assessed the prevalence of alcohol use, drug use, and tobacco use; adverse consequences associated with substance use; and since 1982, trends in substance use and related adverse consequences of use. Beginning in 1985, the surveys examined the effect of health behaviors other than substance use on the quality of life of military personnel. In 1988, this emphasis was expanded and oriented around the DoD health promotion objectives and provided information about knowledge of and attitudes toward the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1992, in collaboration with the DoD and the Services, we broadened this aspect of the survey even further to give greater emphasis to health risks, knowledge and beliefs about MDS transmission, and nutrition, as well as other special issues, including the impact of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm on substance use rates and the effects of problem gambling in the Military.

Substance abuse-heavy alcohol use, illicit drug use, and cigarette smokinghas substantial negative effects on the health, productivity, and welfare of military personnel. It not only detracts from the well-being of both military personnel and civilians, but it may also decrease the readiness of military personnel to perform their mission. Further, because of the special conditions of military life, such as living away from family and friends or working in high-risk environments, substance use rates may be higher among military personnel than among civilians and the negative effects associated with use may be correspondingly higher. Accordingly, the Department of Defense (DoD) set forth a series of policy directives to decrease the impact of substance abuse on military personnel. Recent DoD policies largely are based on preventing problems from occurring rather than treating problems after they occur. The DoD recognizes that prevention is the most effective policy, and preventive efforts are initiated at recruitment and continue throughout military service.

Abstract : In this report, we present the findings from the 1995 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel, conducted by the Research Triangle Institute of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. We describe substance use, health behaviors related to selected Healthy People 2000 subjects (Public Health Service (PHS), 1991), and progress since 1980 toward achieving health-related goals set forth by the DoD. For this report, 'substance use' includes use of alcohol, other drugs, and tobacco (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and pipes and cigars). This study is the sixth in a series of surveys of military personnel across the world conducted in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1992, and 1995 under the guidance of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs or OAsD(HA). Ml of the surveys have assessed the prevalence of alcohol use, drug use, and tobacco use; adverse consequences associated with substance use; and since 1982, trends in substance use and related adverse consequences of use. Beginning in 1985, the surveys examined the effect of health behaviors other than substance use on the quality of life of military personnel. In 1988, this emphasis was expanded and oriented around the DoD health promotion objectives and provided information about knowledge of and attitudes toward the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1992, in collaboration with the DoD and the Services, we broadened this aspect of the survey even further to give greater emphasis to health risks, knowledge and beliefs about MDS transmission, and nutrition, as well as other special issues, including the impact of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm on substance use rates and the effects of problem gambling in the Military.