This work substantiates the transition to biorational systems of plantation protection using low-toxic preparations to ensure high-quality yields. Regularities in the development of codling moth in Krasnodar Krai are revealed. During the period of 2021–2023, a 30% increase in the expenditures on protective measures in horticultural organizations of Krasnodar Krai was established. As a result, the production costs grew by an average of 17%, decreasing the entire efficiency of fruit production. This explains the need to develop modern protection systems for perennial plantations. Differentiated approaches to apple-tree protection from pests (on the example of codling moth), which are based on application of low-toxic chemical and biorational preparations according to phytophage development stages, are reviewed. An integrated system for protection of industrial fruit plantations in the Krasnodar Krai against coddling moth is proposed. The advantages of the proposed system over the existing approaches that apply highly toxic chemicals are described. These relate to the possibility of introducing flexible changes in protective measures in accordance with phytosanitary characteristics of orchards, including activation of local apple varieties and use of agrotechnical and biological methods based on toxicological monitoring. An ecological and economic evaluation of the integrated system of fruit plantation protection from codling moth is provided. This system enables a reduction in the background pesticide content in food chains (a 2-fold and 5-fold decrease in soils and fruits, respectively), a 1.3-fold reduction in pesticide load, the preservation of yield by more than 98% while complying with the regulations of ecological agrocenosis safety regulations, a 1.5-fold reduction in production costs, and a 10.5% increase in the product profitability.

The article presents a rationale for the biological effectiveness of protective measures for apple tree agrocenosis from dominant lepidopteran pests, which are based on the study of a single integral ecosystem of the garden. The patterns of development of fruit-damaging phytophages are presented, and an analysis of low-toxic means of protection is given according to the criteria of adaptability, biologization and rationality of environmental management. It was established that under conditions of increasing chemical and technogenic pressure on apple agrocenoses, under the influence of changing abiotic factors, the manifestation of high plasticity of lepidopteran pests was noted, which manifested itself in the rapid restoration of numbers during one growing season, the absence of a gap between generations; in the second half of the growing season there is a layering of summer of the first and second summer generations, the presence of all stages of pests simultaneously (codling moth and two-striped codling moth). An analysis of insecticides was carried out in order to identify effective drugs for use in adaptive systems for protecting apple tree plantings from lepidopteran pests based on the use of highly effective biorational, low-toxic chemical and biological drugs of a new generation, with updated technological characteristics: reducing pesticide pressure on the agrocenosis, obtaining high quality crops, stabilization phytosanitary situation. It has been established that the most effective and safe method against lepidopteran pests is chemoregulatory, which is based on the use of chitin synthesis inhibitors; they account for 80% of the total number of drugs with this mechanism of action. The effectiveness of such insecticides against codling moth and double-striped codling moth is 90–98%.

The results of the studies of conifers as a material for landscaping of settlements, and as an accent and dominant in decorative compositions or in mono-planting are presented. The expansion of coniferous plant assortment for landscape construction of southern Russia in the 2000s was noted due to the introduction of crops from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted crops are under stress, which has a negative effect on the immune status of the introduced plants. The results of the study of the species composition of sucking pests of coniferous plants in urban landscapes are presented. The world experience in the studies of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the order of homopterous insects (Homoptera). Phytosanitary monitoring of ornamental conifers in urban plantations and park areas in the Kuban zone of the central horticultural subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in 2012-2022 was conducted. As a result of these studies, the species diversity of sucking pests of coniferous plants in the region has been identified, their ranking by the type of feeding has been carried out, and a database is being compiled. It has been found that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the region are: European juniper scale insect ( Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect ( Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), and pine spindle scale insect ( Anamaspis lowi Colvee ). The regularities of food specialization of scales are of not only theoretical but also practical importance. Based on the research, the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop can be predicted. The resulting patterns are one of the theoretical foundations of pest control measures.

The long-term analysis of the entomocomplex of plum orchards, carried out in Krasnodar Territory, revealed variations in the quantitative composition of entomofauna of harmful species and the level of their harmfulness. It was established that, in the period from 2005 to 2021, the rotation of dominant and secondary species occurred. The main species included plum Grapholitha funebrana Treitschke and oriental Grapholitha molesta Busck fruit moths, plum black Haploca minuta Christ. and yellow Hoplocampa flava L. sawflies, plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr. and twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Associated species included plum gall Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nal.) and hawthorn Tetranuchus viennensis Zacher. mites, fruit-tree Tibicina haematodes Scopoli and citrus flatid Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) planthoppers and leaf roller moths of Tortricidae family. The group characterised by a limited distribution area includes the Californian Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst. and Turanian Diaspidiotus prunorum Laing. scales, plum Sphaerolecanium prunastri Fonsc and European brown Parthenolecanium corni Bouche. scales, seed wasps Eurytoma amygdali End., brown marmorated stinkbug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) and secondary insects (unequal bark beetle Xyleborus dispar F., fruit tree bark beetle Scolytus rugulosus (P.W.J. Müller), wood leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina L). When considering the structure formation of phytophage complex according to phylogenetic specialization, taking into account trophic relationships, it was established that the proportion of polyphages is 2.5 times higher than that of oligophages and 8.5 times higher than that of monophages from the total number of registered pest species. In the past decade, a reduction of pesticide load in plum agrocenoses has been observed due to the wider use of agrotechnical methods and the inclusion of bioregulatory and biological insecticides into protection systems, which contributed to the preservation and increase of beneficial fauna. Entomophages constitute 7–10% of the total number of entomoacrocenosis dominated by Hymenoptera and Coleoptera classes and mites of Acari subclass. The long-term monitoring of species composition, rotation of dominant and secondary pest species and entomophages, variations in their number and harmfulness, seasonal dynamics, trophic relationships of plum entomoacrocenosis under varying environmental conditions and increasing intensification of agricultural production expand the possibility of phytosanitary optimisation strategy of perennial agrocenoses in the south of Russia. This contributes to the preservation of regional biodiversity, as well as to the stable production of high-quality ecologically safe products with minimal negative impact on the environment.

Effective management of phytophagous pests and improvement of crop protection measures can be based on the study of the life cycle under specific conditions. In this respect, a number of issues relating to the biological features of plum moth development under modern conditions require clarification and further study. The life cycle of phytophages is determined by two main parameters: heat availability (the sum of the effective temperature) and the duration of daylight hours. The amount of heat required to complete the different stages of otogenesis is characterised by the sum of average daily temperatures. The article presents the results of observations on the development of Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke, 1835) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in 2017–2020, in the Prikubansky zone of the central horticultural subzone of the Krasnodar Territory. The research objectives included gaining new knowledge about adaptive responses, dynamic processes occurring in the G. funebrana population under conditions of increased abiotic effects in the conditions of southern Russia. In the course of the research it was established that the changing climatic conditions observed in recent years have an impact on the flight of the first butterflies of the overwintering generation and on the set of sum of effective temperatures (SET) necessary for the onset and mass flight of the phytophagus. The specified number of calendar days and the sum of effective temperatures required for the development of the overwintered, first and second summer generations are shown in comparison with the average annual indicators. Several peaks were noted during the mass flight period of phytophagus, due to the interruption of the flight period in spring with wind, precipitation, low temperatures, and in summer with high temperatures combined with atmospheric dryness. Several peaks have been observed during the mass flight period of the phytophage, due to the interruption of flight in the spring by wind, precipitation, lower temperatures, and in the summer by high temperatures combined with atmospheric drought.

Under the influence of weather and climatic conditions, the harmfulness and spread of the fruit tree red spider Panonychus ulmi Koch increases. The early release of imago in 2023 was already noted in the third decade of May. The article presents data on a decrease in the number of fruit tree red spider in the Prikuban zone of the central subzone when using the preparation Shansitek, EC (Abamectin,18 g/l) 1 l/ha and Apollo, SC (Clofentesin 500 g/l) 0.6 l/ha.

In this work, we investigate the harmful effect of codling moth in industrial fruit plantations of Krasnodar Krai. An analysis of growing expenditures on protective measures is carried out in connection with the high dynamics of macroeconomic processes and sanction measures. A correlation between the distribution of codling moth and the magnitude of climate change is noted. The need to increase the efficiency of measures aimed at the development and implementation of plantation and crop protection is highlighted. According to long-term research studies into the bioecological features of the phytophage development during vegetation, its following adaptation features are established: high adaptivity to variable weather conditions; high potential of pest resurgence during one vegetation period; changes in the pest phenology; an increase in the overall number of pests in those sections of the orchard where trees grow for 15–16 years and more. A scheme for the automated control of monitoring processes, optimum regime selection, application of biorational systems of efficiency control based on digital technologies is proposed. The technology for managing biotechnological processes of fruit plantation protection is described in terms of functional components, including the formation of a system of ecological and economic parameters of implementing insecticides against harmful pests; development of multivariant models and adaptive instruments of phytosanitary stability management of apple-tree agrocenoses based on the criteria of biologicalization, ecologization, and rational nature management; monitoring of the number of pest populations; phytosanitary stability of apple-tree plantations; regulations for effective and safe use of biorational, low-toxic chemical and biological preparations of new generation in apple-tree plantations; evaluation of the action of the studied preparations on non-target organisms. The latter include fruit analysis for the presence of residual amounts of background and impact pesticides, determination of phytotoxic effects of used preparations on the protected plants, evaluation of the studied preparations action on associated pests. A comparative study of available technologies for crop protection against codling moth is carried out. The efficiency of biological methods in the field of crop protection is substantiated.

The article presents the results of a two-year observation of the biological features of the development of the overwintering infection Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx. It has been established that in 2022 the maturation of thyriothecia was noted at the beginning of the third decade of April, in 2023 - in the second decade of March, which is almost a month earlier than the previous year. Ascospore dispersal in 2022 was recorded from the first decade of May (5.05) until the end of June, in 2023 - at the beginning of the second decade of April (11.04) until mid-June.

The article provides data on the increase in the harmfulness of the two-striped fireworm ( Euzophera bigella Zell) in all countries cultivating fruit crops. During the growing season of 2023, research is being conducted on the study of bioecological features of the development of Euzophera bigella Zell., it is noted that in the conditions of the Prikubansky gardening zone of the Krasnodar region, the beginning of the summer of the phytophagus was recorded on May 10 at the sum of effective temperatures of 184.8 °C, the peak of the summer of the pest on June 5, the SET was 432.7 °C.

The results of daily phytosanitary monitoring of fruit plantations and literature data on biology, ecology, harmfulness of tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) are presented. In the apple agrocenoses of the Kuban and Black Sea zones of Krasnodar Territory, an increase in the harmfulness of representatives of the order Thysanoptera is observed. An increase in the number of tobacco thrips was noted, which led to a decrease in the quality of fruits. In the growing season of 2018, isolated symptoms of fruit damage by phytophagous were noted, in the growing season of 2019, fruit damage reached up to 2 %, in 2020 — 5-30 %. It was revealed that during the flowering period the number of T. tabaci Lind was 1-2 specimens per inflorescence; at the end of flowering, the amount of the pest increased by 5 times. High temperatures and lack of precipitation led to an outbreak of the pest population; in the first decade of June, 15 to 40 individuals were fixed per leaf. A high degree of damage to the tops of shoots, leaves and fruits was observed, the tissue in the feeding places of the pest was deformed, discolored, acquiring the appearance of whitish spots, which grew during the growth and ripening of fruits. It is known that the intensive development of thrips takes place in dry and hot years; the optimum temperature for the development of T. tabaci Lind is +25 °C. As a result of our monitoring, it was revealed that the maximum amount of the pest was observed during the period when high temperatures and low relative air humidity were noted — June and early July. The greatest number of the pest was found in areas bordering the fields of grain and tilled crops, while the number of phytophages at the time of registration reached 45 individuals per leaf and more. It should be noted that when the air temperature rises above +35 °C, the development of the phytophage stops, and the mortality rate of all stages sharply increases. To ensure a stable phytosanitary situation in fruit agrocenoses and prevent loss of fruit quality from damage by thrips, it is necessary to develop a set of measures to control the number of pests.

В агроценозах яблони Краснодарского края отмечено увеличение численности и вредоносности представителей отряда Thysanoptera. Приведены результаты фитосанитарного мониторинга и литературные данные по биологии, экологии, вредоносности табачного трипса (Thrips tabaci Lind.) в насаждениях яблони.