The impacts of sulfate aerosol from volcanic eruptions on the climate have been well recognized and simulated in climate models like the Community Earth System Model (CESM) 2.1.0. However, these models often neglect insoluble volcanic ash despite its substantial emission during eruptions and potential impact on the Earth system through mechanisms such as regional cooling, air quality degradation, and phytoplankton fertilization from deposition. Here, we incorporate volcanic ash into the CESM 2.1.0 for the first time and evaluate the model’s performance against both in situ and remote sensing observations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland. We further assess the impacts of volcanic ash from this eruption by conducting a suite of perturbation experiments to vary key parameters, including ash plume height and size distribution. The preliminary results suggest that the volcanic ash had an average global direct radiative forcing of 0.21 W/m 2 and a regional average of 23.6 W/m 2 during the approximately month-long eruptive phase. The volcano also added 0.08 Tg of soluble iron and increased local iron deposition approximately 28 to 38 times. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating ash into the model to better understand how volcanic ash interacts with the Earth system.

Pit craters are observed throughout the solar system, but are rarely seen forming. Here we document pit crater formation and characteristics following the 2011–2012 Cordón Caulle rhyolitic eruption using satellite and drone data with field observations. Syn-eruptive shallow intrusion (laccolith) uplift and subsequent subsidence at Cordón Caulle are found to be responsible for the creation of faults and fractures as well as at least 349 collapse pits. At Puyehue volcano, we measure nearly 35 m of subsidence within the 2.5 km wide summit caldera from 2016–2024 using digital elevation models leading to ring fractures and pit craters forming inside the caldera. Some pit craters may form from melting snow buried by tephra deposited during 2011–2012. This study offers a unique example of near real-time pit crater formation and evolution, which may be applied to better understanding these processes on Earth and other planetary bodies.

Quantifying topographic changes in volcanoes provides important information about volcanic deposits and mass-wasting processes, with implications for forecasting volcanic hazards. High-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) acquired over time are a powerful tool to develop time-series of topographic changes. Here we use EarthDEM/ArcticDEM DEMs, derived from Maxar satellites stereo-optical data, and DEMs derived from bistatic TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X data to study topographic changes in different volcanoes placed worldwide. These volcanoes experienced different volcanic eruptions, generating a wide range of volcanic deposits and mass-wasting features. The high resolution of these DEMs allowed us to detect many topographic changes not visible with lower resolution DEMs, also in difficult environmental conditions, as long as height changes are ≥0.5-2 m, which is the range of vertical data errors. Pre-eruptive DEMs used to process bistatic data can affect volume estimates, while clouds and artifacts often affect EarthDEM/ArcticDEM. Nevertheless, high-resolution DEMs remain a valuable tool to quantify volcanic deposits and can be combined with other remote sensing data (thermal, InSAR) to better understand the volcanic activity in poorly monitored volcanoes. Acquisition of high resolution DEMs on a more frequent basis could significantly improve our ability to document time-dependent topographic changes at volcanoes worldwide.

Quantifying topographic changes of volcano surfaces provides important information about volcanic deposits and mass wasting processes, which has specific implications for forecasting volcanic hazards. EarthDEM and ArcticDEM are Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from commercial Maxar stereo-optical satellite data. These DEMs allow for potential global volcanic monitoring of topography at a high resolution (2 m) but have not been used routinely to study volcanoes up to now. Here we show how these DEMs may be used to detect and quantify volcanic activity and describe the successes and challenges of using these data. We studied 9 volcanoes, in locations ranging from equatorial to polar in Indonesia, Galápagos (Ecuador), Kamchatka (Russia) and the Aleutian arc (USA). These volcanoes experienced a wide range of volcanic eruptions that generated different eruptive deposits (lava flows, lava domes, pyroclastic density currents), mass-wasting (lahars and debris avalanches), and erosional features (collapse scars, channels, etc.). The 2 m DEM resolution allowed us to detect topographic changes associated with different volcanic activity, often in difficult environmental conditions (e.g. snow cover). Cloudless, artifact-free DEMs are most successful in quantifying height and volumes changes, including for small and narrow regions (e.g. channels). These DEMs perform well in detecting height changes ≥ 0.5–2 m, which is the range of vertical data errors. Our results demonstrate the value of EarthDEM and ArcticDEM in detecting and quantifying unique signals related to volcanic activity in different environments. Acquisition of high resolution DEMs on a more frequent basis could significantly improve our ability to document time-dependent topographic changes at volcanoes worldwide.

Satellite observations of displacement are critical to any efforts to monitor volcanoes globally given that less than half of world’s potentially active subaerial volcanoes are monitored continuously by ground-based systems. Thermal, gas and displacement measurements all provide important insights for understanding volcanic processes. Displacements measured by synthetic aperture radar in particular, are potentially informative in pre-eruptive periods, but remain especially uneven in their geographical coverage. While this is partially due to variations in sources of uncertainty such as vegetation and atmospheric signals, it is also a consequence of unequal access to data and differences in local capacity to process and analyse it.The Committee for Earth Observation Satellites Working Group on Disasters Volcano Pilot (2014-2017) and Volcano Demonstrator (2019-2023) projects aimed to illustrated the great potential that satellite data have for detection and forecasting of unrest and eruption. These programs have played a particular role in connecting volcano observatory scientists to constellation SAR imagery with a diversity of wavelengths, acquisition strategies and data access policies. This work has had an impact on monitoring decisions at volcanoes, especially in Latin America, but has also resulted in the development of new approaches for integrating and interpreting diverse EO observations and contributed to the development of a strategy for global satellite monitoring of volcanoes.Here, we describe the aims and early progress of the successor initiative G-VEWERS (Global Volcano Early Warning and Eruption Response from Space). This aims to be a permanent partnership between space agencies, researchers at academic institutions, and volcano observatories, with the goal of coordinating the acquisition, access, and utilization of satellite data to support volcano monitoring and early warning at volcano observatories worldwide.

Improving forecasting of eruptive hazards is a top priority of the volcanological community and can be difficult to do in complex eruptions. From 2016 to 2022, Nevados de Chillán, Chile, underwent a complex eruption with multiple transitions between effusive and explosive activity, resulting in four domes and eight lava flows. We combine a decade of InSAR time series data with 4.5 years of data at five local GNSS stations to define three distinct periods of co-eruptive surface subsidence and three periods of co-eruptive uplift. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to invert for the source depth and volume change necessary to cause each surface deformation period. We find evidence for the third uplift phase source to be slightly deeper (6.4 ± 0.4 km below ground level) compared to the first two periods of uplift (4.4 ± 0.2 km and 4.8 ± 0.1 km below ground level). We used topographic data from helicopter overflights and Pléiades and Maxar satellites to derive the total erupted volume ( 1.1 × 107 m3) between December 2017 and November 2022. We compare these data sets with optical imagery from Planet satellites, thermal time series from Terras ASTER instrument, and seismic data. Each effusive phase begins with larger effusion rates that taper off. The episodes of surface uplift coincide with increases in effusion rate and seismicity, indicating a new supply of magma. The combination of ground-based, airborne, and satellite-derived datasets provides dense spatial and temporal information on eruption evolution.

Geologists seek to understand the relationship between volcanic unrest and eruptions by identifying subtle Volcanic Thermal Features (VTFs) in high-resolution satellite imagery. This analysis requires the careful curation of large databases of relevant volcanic thermal information. However, volcanic unrest is characterized by highly subtle thermal anomalies. Manual identification on a global scale is highly labor- and time-intensive. We propose Hotspotter: an end-to-end system to automatically detect subtle volcanic thermal anomalies in satellite images and derive relevant thermal statistics. Previous solutions for automated VTF detection have limited data size and geographic diversity. To accommodate an unprecedentedly large and diverse volcanic dataset, we propose an automated pipeline combining unsupervised anomaly detection with supervised classification to filter anomalous regions. Hotspotter gives 90% anomaly detection accuracy and robust generalization to new volcanoes. Our automated approach can accelerate scientists' search for VTFs to help identify relevant thermal precursors and enable more precise forecasts of global volcanic eruptions.

Cornell University intends to use a deep direct-use geothermal system to heat its Ithaca, New York, campus. In preparation for this project, the Cornell Seismic Network has been monitoring the background seismicity in this intraplate region since 2019. From January 2020 to June 2023, 95 events were detected within 20 km of the proposed geothermal well site, with local magnitudes ranging from -1.02 to 0.56. None of these events appear in regional or national catalogs. Events locate in a narrow geographic band, with onefourth exhibiting multimodal hypocentral probability peaks both near the surface and at 1-4 km depth. We relocate events with a joint hypocenter and 1D velocity model inversion, in addition to a fully nonlinear method, and then compare observations with synthetic waveforms. Together, these approaches provide strong evidence for >95% of events locating at the surface or within the 3-km-thick sedimentary sequence. We explore how anthropogenic activity and regional topographic stress may contribute to frequent surficial events. This information is critical for characterizing the background microseismicity for comparison during future geothermal operations. Ithaca's geology of Paleozoic sediments overlying Precambrian crystalline basement is typical of many continental interiors, so these results also provide insight into intraplate microseismicity patterns.

The 2011–2012 eruption at Cordón Caulle, Chile offers an exceptional opportunity to investigate topographic evolution of a laccolith, lava flows, and tephra during and after rhyolitic eruptions using satellite TanDEM-X and Plèiades data. We find distinct phases: rapid surface uplift from the laccolith and tephra (June–August 2011) and lava (June 2011–March 2012), followed by a reduction in the elevation of the laccolith and tephra (up to 19 m yr−1) until February 2013, and slower subsidence of all deposits until 2019 (the most recent data). The spatial distribution of subsidence-to-uplift ratios shows different volcanic and geomorphological processes occurring (degassing, cooling, crystallization, lateral movement, compaction, erosion). Pre-eruptive river channels showed elevation increases of up to 10–50 m due to tephra deposition, but this tephra was largely removed within three to four years. This research shows the potential of repeating high-resolution remote sensing elevation data to elucidate volcanic landscape evolution and yields insights into the co- and post-eruptive evolution of deposits.

Quantifying erupted masses of magma is fundamental to determine the size of eruptions. Pre- and post- eruptive Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from satellite data can quantify erupted masses, even in remote areas. Here we used bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the TanDEM-X satellite and EarthDEMs derived by stereo-optical data, to investigate topographic changes and the erupted mass at the caldera of Raung (Indonesia), which is one of the most frequently erupting volcanoes on Java. We found that erupted masses associated with Magnitude ≤ 2 eruptions occurred from 2000 to mid-2014 are difficult to be estimated with these DEMs, due to the difficultly to separate the signal of the limited amount of ash deposited within the caldera from data errors. On the contrary, these DEMs mapped at high resolution deposits of Magnitude ≥ 3 eruptions. The November 2014 – August 2015 eruption produced 11.72 ± 1.58 x1010 kg of magma (Magnitude 4.06 ± 0.06), generating lava flows with a maximum height of ~ 46–50 meters and a new intra-caldera cone. The January-April 2021 eruption, never studied before, erupted at least 2.29 ± 0.76 x1010 kg of magma (Magnitude 3.34 ± 0.15), generating lava flows (maximum thickness ~ 16–21 meters) and the growth of the intra-caldera cone. Our analysis reveals that the different pre-eruptive DEMs used to process SAR data and calculate topographic and volume changes can affect extrusive mass estimates by up to ~ 60%. Erupted masses at Raung here estimated could be used in future studies to develop physics-based models coupling extrusion rates with other monitoring parameters to further improve the knowledge of this frequently erupting volcano.

TerraSAR-X (TSX), TanDEM-X (TDX), and PAZ Synthetic Aperture Radar data have been used at over 120 volcanoes to assess surface characteristics and change over time. We examine previous work, adding additional examples to understand where and when these data are most useful for volcanology. We focus on volcanoes as part of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Volcano Demonstrator Project. TSX/TDX/PAZ data provide a valuable means of detecting small surface changes from amplitude images and topographic changes from bistatic TSX/TDX data. For short temporal and perpendicular baselines, TDX/TSX/PAZ can also provide useful deformation data, even in presence of vegetation. No global background mission currently acquires TSX/TDX/PAZ data at volcanoes: 70 % high spatial resolution data, limiting their suitability for studying pre-eruptive unrest. Coordinated targeting by SAR constellations of priority volcanoes would provide data and insights valuable for forecasting eruptions and associated hazards.

Quantifying erupted volumes of magma is fundamental to determine the size of eruptions. Pre- and post-eruptive digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from satellite data can quantify erupted volumes, even in remote areas. Here we used bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the TanDEM-X satellite and EarthDEMs derived by stereo-optical data, to investigate topographic changes and the erupted volume at the caldera of Raung (Indonesia), which is one of the most frequently erupting volcanoes on Java. We found that erupted volumes associated with Volcano Explosivity Index ≤ 2 eruptions occurred from 2000 to mid-2014 are difficult to be estimated with these DEMs, due to the difficulty of separating the signal of the limited amount of ash deposited within the caldera from data errors. On the contrary, these DEMs mapped at high-resolution deposits of bigger eruptions. The November 2014–August 2015 eruption produced a bulk volume of 61.24 ± 8.38 × 106 m3 of magma, generating lava flows with a maximum height of 46 to 50 m and a new intra-caldera cone. The January–April 2021 eruption erupted a minimum bulk volume of 11.96 ± 3.95 × 106 m3 of magma, generating lava flows (maximum thickness 16 to 21 m) and the growth of the intra-caldera cone. Pre-eruptive DEMs used to process SAR data and calculate topographic and volume changes can affect volume estimates by up to 60

Abstract Up‐to‐date topography data sets are essential for forecasting volcanic hazards and monitoring deformation. Digital elevation models are used to quantify eruption rates, used in flow modeling programs, and are necessary to accurately process interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for surface deformation. We can track topographic change at volcanoes through fieldwork, airborne instruments, and satellite data, with the last providing the greatest potential for global coverage. Despite this global coverage, we do not know the characteristics of topographic change at volcanoes over a given time interval. We define the specific acquisition needs for topography data using topographic change detected from recent eruptions. We review existing literature and compile a data set of eruptive products (121 lava flows, 99 domes and 163 pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)) from eruptions between 1980 and 2019. We find that different sensing capabilities are required for different use cases. A vertical accuracy of 1 m would detect 92% of all eruptive products including 100% of lava domes and lava flows, but only 78% of PDCs. A horizontal resolution of 13 × 13 m pixels is the minimum necessary to detect 90% of all eruptive products. Explosive eruptions (with PDC products) typically lasted less than 1 day and would need a temporal resolution of 1 day while a longer repeat interval is acceptable at effusive eruptions (lava domes and flows), which could last weeks to years. We find a lack of consistent data acquisition, with 45% of the 383 eruptive products reported not having published spatial dimensions.

Obituary| March 23, 2023 Muawia Barazangi (1941–2022) Matthew E. Pritchard Matthew E. Pritchard * 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. *Corresponding author: pritchard@cornell.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-3373 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Matthew E. Pritchard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-3373 * 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. *Corresponding author: pritchard@cornell.edu Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 23 Mar 2023 Online ISSN: 1938-2057 Print ISSN: 0895-0695 © Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2023) 94 (3): 1315–1317. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230045 Article history First Online: 23 Mar 2023 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Matthew E. Pritchard; Muawia Barazangi (1941–2022). Seismological Research Letters 2023;; 94 (3): 1315–1317. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230045 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search Muawia Barazangi, professor emeritus of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University and pioneering seismologist, died on 30 March 2022. Muawia was born to Badeah Sukkar and Muhamed Nor Al‐Deen Barazangi on 14 September 1941. He grew up in the city of Damascus, Syria, and graduated in 1965 from the University of Damascus with a bachelor’s degree in physics and earth sciences with distinction. Subsequently, he received a scholarship from the University of Minnesota to earn a master’s degree in applied geophysics in 1967, working with Harold Mooney. Following graduation, he received a scholarship from Columbia University, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Volcanism is one of the main mechanisms transferring mass and energy between the interior of the Earth and the Earth's surface. However, the global mass flux of lava, volcanic ash and explosive pyroclastic deposits is not well constrained. Here we review published estimates of the mass of the erupted products from 1980 to 2019 by a global compilation. We identified 1,064 magmatic eruptions that occurred between 1980 and 2019 from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program database. For each eruption, we reported both the total erupted mass and its partitioning into the different volcanic products. Using this data set, we quantified the temporal and spatial evolution of subaerial volcanism and its products from 1980 to 2019 at a global and regional scale. The mass of magma erupted in each analyzed decade ranged from 1.1-4.9 x 10(13) kg. Lava is the main subaerial erupted product representing similar to 57% of the total erupted mass of magma. The products related to the biggest eruptions (Magnitude >= 6), with long recurrence times, can temporarily make explosive products more abundant than lava (e.g., decade 1990-1999). Twenty-three volcanoes produced similar to 72% of the total mass, while two different sets of 15 volcanoes erupted >70% of the total mass of either effusive or explosive products. At a global scale, the 10 and 40-year average eruptive rates calculated from 1980 to 2019 have the same magnitude as the long-term average eruptive rates (from thousand to millions of years), because in both cases rates are scaled for times comparable to the recurrence time of the biggest eruptions occurred.

SUMMARY The 2011–2012 eruption at Cordón Caulle in Chile produced crystal-poor rhyolitic magma with crystal-rich mafic enclaves whose interstitial glass is of identical composition to the host rhyolite. Eruptible rhyolites are thought to be genetically associated with crystal-rich magma mushes, and the enclaves within the Cordón Caulle rhyolite support the existence of a magma mush from which the erupted magma was derived. Moreover, towards the end of the 2011–2012 eruption, subsidence gave way to inflation that has on average been continuous through at least 2020. We hypothesize that magma segregation from a crystal mush could be the source of the observed inflation. Conceptually, magma withdrawal from a crystal-poor rhyolite reservoir caused its depressurization, which could have led to upward flow of interstitial melt within an underlying crystal mush, causing a new batch of magma to segregate and partially recharge the crystal-poor rhyolite body. Because the compressibility of the crystalline matrix of the mush is expected to be lower than that of the interstitial melt, which likely contains some fraction of volatile bubbles, this redistribution of melt would result in a net increase in volume of the system and in the observed inflation. We use numerical modelling of subsurface magma flow and storage to show under which conditions such a scenario is supported by geodetic and petrologic observations.

With more than 30 million people living within 10 km of active or dormant volcanoes, eruptions are a natural socio-economic hazard that can have devastating consequences for society. Hence, the timely forecasting of volcanic unrest has real-world, and potentially, life and death implications. A major challenge is the identification and monitoring of precursors to forthcoming volcanic eruptions. The observation and measurement of thermal anomalies is one of the answer to this challenge, with some volcanoes exhibiting signs of thermal unrest over extensive areas of their edifice for several years prior to an eruptive event. Glaciers that sits on volcanoes are likely to respond to the increased heat and could therefore be used as complementary volcano thermometers but a large scale study is missing. Our study, which covers 600 Andean glaciers and 37 ice-clad volcanoes, demonstrate glacier mass balance sensitivity to volcanic heat. We distinguish between ‘volcanic-glaciers’ (located ≤1 km from volcanic centres), and ‘proximal glaciers’ (1-15 km) and calculate their equilibrium line altitude (ELA). In most instances, proximal glacier ELAs are lower than those of nearby volcanic-glaciers. In some cases, the ELA decrease proportionally with increasing glacier distance from the volcanic edifice, and a quantitative relationship between ΔELAmean (i.e., the difference in mean ELA between the proximal and volcanic-glaciers) and ASTER-based measurements of volcanic thermal anomalies could be established. These results highlight the impact of volcanic heat on glacier mass balance; emphasise the need to exclude volcanic-glaciers from glacier-climate investigations; and demonstrate the first-order potential of glaciers as ‘volcanic thermometers’, with the ΔELAmean representing a proxy for volcanic heat.

We present a continentwide study of 600 glaciers located on and near 37 ice-clad volcanoes in South America. Results demonstrate glacier sensitivity to volcanic heat. We distinguished between "volcanic glaciers" (& LE;1 km from volcanic centers; n = 74), and "proximal glaciers" (1-15 km; n = 526) and calculated their equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs). For each ice-clad volcano, we compared the ELAs of its volcanic glaciers to those of its proximal glaciers, which showed that the ELAs of the former are higher than the ELAs of the latter. & UDelta;ELAmean, defined as the offset between the mean ELA of the volcanic glaciers compared with that of the proximal glaciers, was calculated for each ice-clad volcano. & UDelta;ELAmean was positive for 92% of the 37 volcanoes, and a quantitative relationship between & UDelta;ELAmean and volcanic thermal anomaly was established. Results highlight the impact of volcanic heat on glacier elevation; emphasize the need to exclude glaciers on, or near, volcanoes from glacier-climate investigations; and demonstrate the first-order potential for glaciers as "volcanic thermometers." Volcanic-glacier monitoring could contribute to our understanding of magmatic and thermal activity, with changes in glacier geometries potentially reflecting long-term fluctuations in volcanic heat and unrest.

In this study, we investigated the quality of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data to measure surface displacements in upstate New York, an area with dense vegetation, snowy winters, and strong seasonal signals. We used data from the German Space Agency’s TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites (X-band, 3.1 cm radar wavelength) as well as the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 satellite (C-band, 5.6 cm radar wavelength); both datasets covered a ~3-year time period from 2018 to 2021. Using persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), we were able to observe several deforming features in the region with sub-centimeter/year deformation rates. We also examined a version of the X-band data that we spatially averaged to the same pixel size as the Sentinel-1 imagery in order to separate out the effects of wavelength and pixel size on PSI accuracy and coverage. Overall, the largest number of stable PS points was found in the full-resolution X-band data, which was followed by the C-band data and then by the downsampled X-band data. Our analysis also included a subset of snow-free imagery so that we could assess the effect that snow-covered images had on the distribution and accuracy of PS points and the resulting time series. This analysis revealed that PS populations increased by 50–60% for the snow-free data when compared with analyses using the full datasets. The average deformation rates inferred from the time series generated using only snow-free images were nearly identical to those estimated from the full time series. We assessed the accuracy of the inferred rates through comparisons between the results of different datasets and with limited ground survey data. We found that all of the inferred deformation rates from each of the datasets agreed with in situ measurements in an area of known ground subsidence above an underground salt mine in Lansing, NY. The S1 datasets, however, had higher levels of noise.

Uturuncu volcano in southern Bolivia last erupted around 250 ka but is exhibiting signs of recent activity, including over 50 yr of surface uplift, elevated seismic activity, and fumarolic activity. We studied the spatial and temporal scales of surface deformation from 1992 to 2021 to better understand subsurface activity. We tracked Uturuncu’s recent deformation using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) station UTUR, located near Uturuncu’s summit. We observed a spatially coherent signal of uplift from 2014 to 2021 from Sentinel-1 A/B satellites that indicates the Altiplano-Puna magma body, located 19–24 km below ground level, and previously noted as the source of the large region of deformation, is still active. The ground is now uplifting at a rate of ~3 mm/yr compared to prior rates of ~10 mm/yr. We corroborated this waning uplift with in situ data from station UTUR. We combined the Sentinel-1 data with TerraSAR-X interferograms to constrain an ~25 km2 region of subsidence located 11 km SSW of Uturuncu, with a source depth of 2.1 km below ground level to an active period of ~2.5 yr with ~5 mm/yr subsidence. We developed a conceptual model that relates these varying depths and time scales of activity in a transcrustal magmatic system. We associate the surface uplift with pressurization from ascending gases and brines from magmatic reservoirs in the midcrust. We infer the existence of brine lenses in the shallow hydrothermal system based on low subsurface resistivity correlated with surface subsidence.