Software-Anteile als integraler Produktbestandteil pragen zunehmend sowohl die Funktionalitat als auch die Qualitat eines Automobils. Gerade der Einsatz programmierbarer Steuerungen versetzt Ingenieure in die Lage, eine grose Zahl von Eingangsgrosen, wie sie im Automobil durch eine standig verbesserte Sensortechnik zur Verfugung gestellt wird, durch Algorithmen zu verknupfen, um so neue Funktionen zu erhalten, die sonst weder mechanisch noch hydraulisch zu realisieren waren. Die Tatsache, das die Kosten der im Auto verbauten Elektronik heute beinahe 30% der Gesamtherstellkosten ausmachen, unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Software im Automobilbau. Die gegenwartige Wettbewerbssituation bewirkt einen zunehmenden Trend, eigene Systemkomponenten zu entwickeln und mit zugelieferten Einzelsystemen in ein zunehmend komplexeres Endprodukt zu integrieren. Zur Beherrschung dieser Komplexitat vor dem Hintergrund hoher Anforderungen an Sicherheit und Stabilitat der Systeme, sowie zur Steigerung der Effizienz des Entwurfsprozesses, schlagt die vorliegende Arbeit den Einsatz formaler Verifikationstechniken vor und berichtet uber Erfahrungen anhand eines konkreten Beispiels aus der Automobilelektronik. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf die Verifikation von Systemanforderungen gelegt. Die zum Einsatz vorgeschlagenen Verifikationswerkzeuge zeichnen sich durch hohen Automatisierungsgrad, Bereitstellung von genauen Fehlerdiagnoseinformationen, sowie eine vollstandige Integration in das Statemate System der Firma I-Logix aus, das innerhalb BMW in der Systemkonzeptionsphase eingesetzt wird. Der zugrunde liegende Verifikationskern ist ein von Siemens entwickelter symbolischer Modelchecking Algorithmus, der bereits in zahlreichen industriellen Applikationen eingesetzt wurde.

The diets of Rhinolophus rouxi and Hipposideros lankadiva were studied during October 1984 in Sri Lanka, by analysing the faeces collected from individuals. As a comparison, insects were collected with a light trap at different sites in the study area.Rhinolophus rouxi showed no specialization for any particular insect prey. The diet composition in this species shows a good correspondence to the composition in dry weight of insects collected by light traps. Dipterans were under‐represented in the faeces compared to the numbers trapped. This suggests that R. rouxi forages unselectively on prey larger than the generally very small dipterans. After the first monsoon showers, the remains of beetles, especially scarabaeids, and termites were more common in the faeces of R. rouxi. Bats caught at hourly intervals during one night showed an increase in the proportion of moths consumed.In contrast, H. lankadiva was found to feed mainly on beetles, particularly scarabaeids, together with large, slow‐flying insects such as bugs or nuptial ants. The proportion of beetles (79%‐100%) in the faeces of this species was about three times higher than their representation in the insect collections. This suggests that H. lankudiuu forages selectively.

In October 1984 foraging areas and foraging behaviour of the rufous horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, were studied around a nursery colony on the hill slopes of Sri Lanka. The bats only foraged in dense forest and were not found in open woodlands (Fig. 1). This strongly supports the hypothesis that detection of fluttering prey is by pure tone echolocation within or close to echo-cluttering foliage. During a first activity period after sunset for about 30–60 min, the bats mainly caught insects on the wing. This was followed by a period of inactivity for another 60–120 min. Thereafter the bats resumed foraging throughout the night. They mainly alighted on specific twigs and foraged in flycatcher style. Individual bats maintained individual foraging areas of about 20x20 m. They stayed in this area throughout the night and returned to the same area on subsequent nights. Within this area the bats generally alighted on twigs at the same spots. Foraging areas were not defended against intruders. The bats echolocated throughout the night at an average repetition rate of 9.6±1.4 sounds/s. While hanging on twigs they scanned the surrounding area for flying prey by turning their bodies continuously around their legs. On average they performed one brief catching flight every 2 min and immediately returned to one of their favourite vantage points. Echolocation sounds may consist of up to three parts, a brief initial frequency-modulated (FM) component, a long constant frequency (CF) part lasting for about 40–50 ms, and a final FM part again (Fig. 4b, c). Adult males and females emitted pure tone frequencies in separate bands, the males from 73.5–77 kHz and the females from 76.5–79 kHz (Fig. 5). During scanning for prey from vantage points, the bats mostly emitted pure tones without any FM component (Fig. 4a). The last few pure tones emitted before take-off were prolonged to about 60 ms duration. The final FM part was therefore not an obligatory component of the echolocation signals in horseshoe bats. During flight and especially during emergence from the cave, most sounds consisted of a pure tone and loud initial and final FM sweeps. We therefore suggest that the initial FM part might also be relevant for echolocation. From our observations we conclude that the FM components are especially important during obstacle avoidance. In most sounds emitted in the field a fainter first harmonic was present. It was usually up to 30 dB fainter than the second harmonic, but in some instances it was as loud or even distinctly louder than the second one (Fig. 6a). Even within one sound the intensity relationship between the two harmonics may be reversed. We therefore suggest that the first harmonic is an integral part of the signal and relevant for information analysis in echolocation.