Received 9 January 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.039905©2023 American Physical Society

Received 2 November 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.106.059902©2022 American Physical Society

PurposeThis paper aims to present a systematic approach for knowledge auditing which is composed of a number of stages with the focus on the establishment of an overall framework and customized tools for knowledge auditing.Design/methodology/approachThe systematic approach for knowledge auditing is composed of eight phases: orientation and background study, cultural assessment, in‐depth investigation, building knowledge inventory and knowledge mapping, knowledge network analysis and social network analysis, recommendation of knowledge management strategy, deploying KM tools and building collaborative culture, and continuous knowledge re‐auditing, respectively.FindingsA systematic approach for knowledge auditing is proposed and trial successfully implemented in a railway company. The results show that the systematic knowledge auditing approach yields a number of benefits that include the identification of the critical knowledge and the subsequent recommendations can be derived for better managing the knowledge in the railway company.Practical implicationsMany KM programs failed because the companies themselves lacked the knowledge on KM and their knowledge organization. The practical implementation of the systematic approach for knowledge auditing allows an organization to reveal its KM needs, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and risks. Hence, appropriate KM strategy can be derived for better managing its knowledge.Originality/valueThe proposed systematic approach for knowledge auditing addresses the shortcomings of some existing knowledge audit approaches which generally lack a systematic approach and have limited practical value for real‐life implementation. The capability of the proposed systematic approach is demonstrated through a successful implementation in a railway company.

New transitions and levels in Ce-148 have been observed in a gamma-gamma-gamma coincidence study from the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with Gammasphere detector array. The ground band has been extended up to I-pi=22(+), and side bands are extended with Delta I=2 stretched transitions and Delta I=1 crossing transitions. The observed level scheme is interpreted in terms of possible octupole correlations. Two sets of interwined positive- and negative- parity bands with the simplex quantum numbers s=+/- 1 are suggested. The results of B(E1)/B(E2) branching ratios indicate that the octupole correlations in Ce-148 are strong.

Levels in the neutron-rich Ru-112 nucleus have been investigated by observing prompt gamma-rays from the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array. The ground-state band and the one-phonon gamma-vibrational band have been confirmed and extended with spin up to 16 h and 15 h, respectively. The other two side bands, one proposed as two-phonon gamma-vibrational band and the other proposed as two-quasiparticle band, have been observed for the first time. The total-Routhian-surface calculations show that rotational 112Ru nucleus has triaxial deformation with parameters beta(2) similar to 0.27 and gamma = -29 degrees. The observed band crossing in the yrast band is due to the alignment of a pair of h(11/2) neutrons according to the cranked shell model calculations. The possible configuration for the quasiparticle band has also been discussed.

High-spin band structures in neutron-rich Mo-105 have been investigated by measuring prompt gamma rays emitted by the spontaneous fission fragments of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array. The yrast band has been confirmed and five new collective bands are observed. The three bands based on the 246.3-, 332.0-, and 310.0-keV levels are proposed as the single-neutron excitation bands built on the 3/2(+)[411], 1/2(+)[411], and 5/2(+)[413] Nilsson orbitals, respectively. The other two bands with band head levels at 870.5 and 1534.6 keV are candidates for one-phonon K=9/2 and two-phonon K=13/2 gamma-vibrational bands, respectively. Systematic comparison of these bands with bands in neighboring nuclei are discussed.

. High-spin states of 137 La have been investigated with the reaction 130 Te( 11 B, 4n) at a beam energy of 50MeV. The level scheme of 137 La has been expanded with spin up to 33/2ℏ. Several new bands have been found in this nucleus. A band crossing in the band based on the 17/2 - level has been observed at a rotational frequency of ℏω ∼ 0.48MeV. From systematic comparison, this band crossing probably originates from the alignment of protons. One of the bands with strong M 1 transitions is proposed as a collective oblate band ( γ ∼ -60 ° ).

High-spin states in the 135Ba nucleus have been studied with the reaction 130Te(9Be, 4n) at a beam energy of 45 MeV. The level scheme based on the h 11/2 isomer has been expanded with spins up to 35/2 ℏ. At low spins, the yrast collective structure built on the ν h 11/2 -1 multiplet may show a transitional shape with γ > 30° according to the systematical behavior observed in neighboring nuclei as well as the calculations of the triaxial rotor-plus-particle model. The configurations for several high-spin states have been discussed from a systematical comparison with neighboring isotones.

. High-spin states of 136 La have been investigated with the reaction 130 Te( 11 B, 5n) at a beam energy of 60 MeV. The level scheme with three collective bands has been updated with spin up to 20 ℏ. The observed π h 11/2 ⊗ ν h 11/2 band shows γ-instability with increasing spin according to the TRS calculations. The band crossing and the signature splitting and inversion have been discussed. Other two collective bands based on 12 - and 16 + levels were proposed as oblate deformation with γ ∼ -60 ° . They most probably originate from four- and six-quasiparticle configurations, that is, π h 11/2 ⊗ ν g 7/2 h 11/2 2 and π g 7/2 ⊗ ν g 7/2 2 d 5/2 h 11/2 2 respectively.

Through analyzing the data with high statistics from measuring high-fold prompt gamma-ray coincidence events following the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array. the level schemes in neutron-rich odd-A(109.111)Ru nuclei have been extended up to higher spin states. Based on the data analysis of the coincidence matrices with different delay times 1 the fife times for many low excited levels have been obtained in Ru-107,Ru-109,Ru-111,Ru-113 nuclei, among them, the 96.4 KeV level in Ru-109 is an isomer with life time value 1300ns. It is shows that the observed backbending in the yrast band of the neighboring even-even Ru-110 is indeed originated front the alignment of a pair of neutrons through analyzing the moments of inertia J((1))vs. rotational frequencies homega of the observed collective bands in Ru-107,Ru-109 nuclei. Triaxial rotor plus particle model has been employed to calculate some levels of the collective bands as well as the B(M1)/B(E2) values. The calculated results basically accord with the experimental ones.

High spin states in the odd-odd nucleus Cs-122 have been studied by in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy with a Ag-107(F-19,1p3n) fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 85 MeV. A previously known pih (11/2) circle times vh(11/2) yrast band was confirmed and its spin I was re-examined. A DeltaI = 2 band was identified, which together with another known DeltaI = 2 band forms a side band of the pih(11/2) circle times vh(11/2) yrast band. The two observed pih(11/2) circle times vh(11/2) bands are proposed as a pair of chiral doublet bands in Cs-122 based on a systematic comparison with those in the neighbouring odd-odd Cs isotopes, as well as the relativistic mean field and the triaxial particle-rotor-model calculations.

Through measuring high-fold prompt gamma-ray coincidence events following the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array, new level scheme in the very neutron-rich Ru-108 nucleus has been established. The ground-state band,the one-phone gamma-vibrational band and a two-quasi-particle band have been confirmed and expanded. Besides, a two-phonon gamma-vibrational band has been identified. From cranked shell model calculations, Ru-108 nucleus may have triaxial deformation with parameters beta(2) = 0.29, gamma = -22 degrees and the band crossing in the yrast band is due to the alignment of two h(11/2) neutrons. The possible configurations for the two-quasiparticle collective band were also discussed.

Through measuring high-fold prompt gamma-ray coincidence events of the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with the Cammasphere detector array, rotational bands in neutron-rich Sr-98 nucleus have been investigated. A deformed K = 3 band built on 1838 keV level has been confirmed and extended. Another deformed K = 6 band based on 2535 keV level ha,; been established. Both bands originate most probably from the nu(9/2) [404] nu(3/2) [411] two-quasiparticle configuration with Omega = broken vertical bar ohm(1)-ohm(2)broken vertical bar and ohm = broken vertical bar ohm(1) + ohm(2 broken vertical bar), respectively. Based on the delay-coincidence measurements, the half-lives for the K = 3 and K = 6 band head levels has bee obtained to be 13 +/- 3 ns and 4.5 +/- 1.0 ns, respectively.

High spin states in the neutron-rich 108Ru nucleus have been studied through measuring prompt γ-ray coincidences following the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. The yrast band has been confirmed. The one-phonon γ-vibrational band and the two-quasiparticle band based on the 5− level have been extended up to 13+ and 15−, respectively. In addition, two levels at 1644.8 keV and 1826.5 keV excitation energies are newly identified and proposed to be the members of a two-phonon γ-vibrational band. It is shown that the 108Ru nucleus has triaxial deformation with parameters β2~0.29 and γ = −22 degrees from the total Routhian surface calculations. The observed band crossing in the yrast band is due to the alignment of a pair of h11/2 neutrons according to the cranked shell model calculations. The possible configuration for the two-quasiparticle band has been discussed.