This paper describes a software tool called Hydro Planner, being developed as part of CSIRO's Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Program. The main purpose of Hydro Planner is to enable urban water planners and managers to adopt a systems approach to obtain an improved understanding of how water, wastewater and stormwater systems interact with each other and with natural water systems in terms of water, contaminant and nutrient flows at city and regional scale. Hydro Planner can assist development of regional water allocation, river management, land development and urban water supply/demand strategies by allowing practitioners to assess implications of a variety of water management and land development options by considering the influence of factors such as climate change, population growth and technological changes. The aim of this paper is to describe conceptual design and implementation aspects of Hydro Planner.The modelling approach adopted in Hydro Planner utilises E2 model integration framework (www.toolkit.net.au/e2) to link models that can simulate various components of total water cycle in an urban context. The component models included in Hydro Planner support continuous simulation of runoff and constituent generation from water supply and urbanised catchments, urban and environmental water needs, supply system behaviour such as reservoir storage levels and demand shortfalls and routing of both flows and constituents through a stream network down to the tidal limits in estuaries. Hydro Planner is being developed with a view toward generic integration of these components. Our aim is to provide an integrated modelling system of the total water cycle in any given urban area through linking of component models of a complexity appropriate to the questions being addressed and the available data and knowledge.Hydro Planner consists of seven modules: (1) catchment module - supports linking of models that can simulate constituent and runoff generation processes from supply catchments; (2) water supply module - supports linking of models that can simulate water supply system behaviour; (3) consumption module - supports linking of models that can simulate urban water consumption; (4) stormwater module - supports linking of models that can simulate stormwater and associated constituent generation and routing process; (5) wastewater module - supports linking of models that can simulate wastewater and associated constituent generation and routing processes; (6) receiving water module-supports linking of models that can simulate flow and constituent routing through a stream network; and (7) integration module - supports translation and computation of input/output data between modules and the Graphical User Interface.The E2 framework contains component models needed for the catchment and receiving water modules. Hydro Planner adds models to support the remaining modules. Implementation of Hydro Planner is currently in progress. At present, catchment, water consumption, water supply and receiving water modules are nearing completion. The water consumption module provides functionalities to access Water Services Association's End Use Model and the water supply module provides functionalities to communicate with the REALM model. The catchment module supports a number of rainfall/runoff models and constituent generation models. The receiving water module supports a number of routing models.Currently, a case study is underway using Benalla water supply system, to test functionalities of catchment, water consumption, water supply and receiving water modules of Hydro Planner. The test case study is used to assess: potential impacts of 2030 climate change scenarios; and the potential impacts of changing end water use behaviours. The test case considers the effect of climate change, population growth and various demand and supply side management options on the supply system performance such as system yield and the quality of water in Ryans Creek.

Traditionally water reticulation systems have been operated so that pipeline repair/renewal occurs on a reactive basis, based upon the number of failures, the consequence of failure and the cost. Planning for future replacements and the costs associated with these has been based upon a best guess of pipe lifetimes, which have generally been very conservative, when compared to the actual pipe life obtained. Factors such as the required level of customer service, trade-offs between repair and renewal, or operating practices such as pressure reduction or shut-off block reduction have not been widely considered, except when they are required under the water authorities operating licence. To allow long-term strategies to be implemented for the repair/renewal of water pipelines, a Pipeline Asset and Risk Management System (PARMS) is being developed. This planning model has been designed to allow a range of “what if” scenarios to be analysed to determine their effects on water authorities’ long-term costs. This model is based upon whole of life costing and includes data on externality and customer impact costs. It analyses the failures of individual pipe assets, rather than the traditional practice of predicting failure of pipe cohorts, currently used by many authorities. This paper discusses the application of the PARMS planning model to allow selection of pipeline repair/renewal, and briefly analyses the influences that a range of customer service or operating decisions can have on a water authority’s capital and operational expenditure.

PURPOSE:Loss of function or expression of the mismatch repair protein MLH1 and the tumor suppressor protein p53 have been implicated in acquired resistance to anticancer drugs. We have compared the expression of MLH1 and p53 in tumors from women with clinically node-positive breast cancer before and after primary (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy. Further, we have assessed the value of these markers as predictors of response to therapy by correlation with disease-free survival.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Immunohistochemistry scores of MLH1 and p53 expression were made on 36 tru-cut prechemotherapy biopsies and 29 paired postchemotherapy tumor samples. The significance of the change in scores and their correlation with disease-free survival were evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, respectively.RESULTS:Primary chemotherapy results in a significant reduction in the percent of cells expressing MLH1 (P =.010). This change in MLH1 expression after chemotherapy is strongly associated with poor disease-free survival (P =.0025). Expression of p53 was not significantly altered by chemotherapy. Neither MLH1 nor p53 expression before chemotherapy predicted disease-free survival or tumor response to chemotherapy. Low MLH1 expression after chemotherapy was an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival on multivariate Cox analysis when considered with other clinicopathologic prognostic factors.CONCLUSION:Tumor cells that have reduced MLH1 expression seem to have a survival advantage during combined chemotherapy of locally advanced breast cancers, which supports the hypothesis that loss of MLH1 has a role in drug resistance. MLH1 expression after chemotherapy is an independent predictive factor for poor disease-free survival and may, therefore, define a group of patients with drug-resistant breast cancer.

HistopathologyVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 389-390 Neuroendocrine differentiation in eccrine carcinoma S.S. Banerjee, S.S. Banerjee Christie Hospital NUS Trust, Wilrnslow Road, Withington, ManchesterSearch for more papers by this authorB.P. Eyden, B.P. Eyden Christie Hospital NUS Trust, Wilrnslow Road, Withington, ManchesterSearch for more papers by this author S.S. Banerjee, S.S. Banerjee Christie Hospital NUS Trust, Wilrnslow Road, Withington, ManchesterSearch for more papers by this authorB.P. Eyden, B.P. Eyden Christie Hospital NUS Trust, Wilrnslow Road, Withington, ManchesterSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1996.tb01429.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume29, Issue4October 1996Pages 389-390 RelatedInformation

We report the case of an 86-year-old man who was admitted with congestive cardiac failure and chronic renal failure. He was previously known to have a thoracic aortic aneurysm and chronic bronchitis. There was no history of myocardial infarction but his heart failure was assumed to be due to ischaemic heart disease. Despite treatment of the heart failure the patient died. At post-mortem he was found to have Toxoplasma gondii myocarditis.

HistopathologyVolume 22, Issue 2 p. 177-179 The prevalence of tubo-endometrial metaplasia and adenomatoid proliferation A. AL-NAFUSSI, Corresponding Author A. AL-NAFUSSI Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKAddress for correspondence: Dr A.Al-Nafussi, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. RAHILLY, M. RAHILLY Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this author A. AL-NAFUSSI, Corresponding Author A. AL-NAFUSSI Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKAddress for correspondence: Dr A.Al-Nafussi, Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. RAHILLY, M. RAHILLY Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00099.xCitations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume22, Issue2February 1993Pages 177-179 RelatedInformation

HistopathologyVolume 23, Issue 3 p. 293c-294c Tubo-endometrioid metaplasia of the cervix may be post-traumatic A. Al-Nafussi, A. Al-Nafussi Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Rahilly, M. Rahilly Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UKSearch for more papers by this author A. Al-Nafussi, A. Al-Nafussi Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. Rahilly, M. Rahilly Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1993.tb01210.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume23, Issue3September 1993Pages 293c-294c RelatedInformation

We describe a solid and cystic right ovarian mass removed from a 38-year-old woman. The solid component, which had a central cavity lined by endometriotic tissue and surrounded by a thick muscle wall, strongly resembled a miniature uterus. The contiguous cystic mass was an endometrioid carcinoma. We review the literature and discuss the theories of histogenesis of uterus-like ovarian masses.

In this study, 20 cases of eccrine spiradenoma have been examined using monoclonal antibodies to identify the nature of the epithelial, as well as the non-epithelial, cellular components of this tumour. The results indicate that there is striking similarity between the epithelial cells of eccrine spiradenoma and the normal cells lining eccrine apparatus. An interesting finding was the presence of abundant T-lymphocytes and Langerhans' cells within the tumour lobules. Additionally, endothelial-lined vascular channels and neurofibrils were prominent in larger lesions.

Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are drug-metabolizing and detoxification enzymes involved in the intracellular transport and metabolism of steroid hormones. We studied expression of pi, alpha, mu and microsomal GST by immunohistochemistry in normal human ovaries at different stages of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and after the menopause. Antibodies were raised in rabbits to purified GST subunits and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Staining density was graded from very strong to negative. All four isoenzymes were identified in the ovary and their distribution was heterogeneous. The staining pattern of follicles varied with the stage of the menstrual cycle for each isoenzyme. All the ovaries contained abundant GST-pi in stroma. GST-alpha is closely associated with the glutathione-dependent enzyme delta-5,3-ketosteroid isomerase, which catalyses the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. GST-alpha was localized to the steroid-producing cells and thus may be useful in studying ovaries in conditions where there are assumed alterations in steroid production.