Medea (M) factors and the hybrid incompatibility factor (H) are involved in two incompatibility systems in flour beetles that were previously thought to be independent. M factors are a novel class of selfish genes that act by maternal lethality to nonself. The H factor causes the death of hybrids with a paternally derived H gene and previously uncharacterized maternal cofactors. We now find that M factors exhibit their selfish behavior only in the absence of the H factor. Furthermore, we show that the previously uncharacterized maternal cofactors required for H-associated hybrid inviability are identical to M factors. We propose that incompatibility between H strains and M strains is due to suppression by the H factor of the self-rescuing activity of the lethal M genes. This interaction has the effect of converting M elements from selfish into self-destructive or "suicidal" genes. M factors are globally widespread, but are conspicuously absent from India, the only country where the H factor is known to occur. Such a mechanism could prevent the spread of selfish M elements by establishing an absolute barrier to hybridization in the boundary between M and non-M zones.

A recently isolated, lethal mutation of the homeotic Abdominal gene of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is associated with an insertion of a novel retrotransposen into an intron. Sequence analysis indicates that this retrotransposon, named Woot, is a member of the gypsy family of mobile elements. Most strains of T. castaneum appear to harbor approximately 25-35 copies of Woot per genome. Woot is composed of long terminal repeats of unprecedented length (3.6 kb each), flanking an internal coding region 5.0 kb in length. For most copies of Woot, the internal region includes two open reading frames (ORFs) that correspond to the gag and pol genes of previously described retrotransposons and retroviruses. The copy of Woot inserted into Abdominal bears an apparent single frameshift mutation that separates the normal second ORF into two. Woot does not appear to generate infectious virions by the criterion that no envelop gene is discernible. The association of Woot with a recent mutation suggests that this retroelement is currently transpositionally active in at least some strains.

Hybrid incompatibility and infertility were observed between strains of Tribolium castaneum from India (T-1) and Canada (C), The severity of the syndrome depended on cross direction and temperature, When reared at 32 degrees C, adult hybrids with T-1 fathers produced a high frequency of somatic abnormalities, reduced fertility, and shortened life span, Hybrids with T-1 mothers were normal, At 25 degrees C, abnormalities were more severe and occurred in both reciprocal crosses: hybrids with T-1 fathers died as larvae or pupae, whereas hybrids with T-1 mothers showed a syndrome similar to that produced by T-1 fathers at 32 degrees C, Among a set of strains representing diverse, world-wide geographic origins, eight produced inviable hybrids and nine produced normal hybrids when females were crossed to T-1 males, One of the latter also produced normal hybrids when males were crossed to C females, The syndrome was associated with a dominant factor, H (Hybrid incompatibility factor), which mapped to the ninth linkage group.

Viral mRNA encoding vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein sequences was detected and quantitated using a DNA-hybridization dot-blot technique. This assay was employed to determine if the synthetic double-stranded polynucleotide complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid would elicit viral resistance in vitro in single day 9 bovine embryos. The levels of viral mRNA were assayed in 4 groups of bovine embryos: unexposed, virus-exposed, polynucleotide-treated, and virus plus polynucleotide treated. Reduced quantities of viral mRNA in single polynucleotide treated embryos demonstrated that resistance to viral infection was induced in day 9 bovine embryos.

Electrophoretic comparisons of outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus somnus isolates revealed 2 major protein bands (46 and 14 kilodaltons [kD]) common to all isolates tested. A monoclonal antibody raised against H. somnus reacted to the 46-kD band. Coagglutination tests were performed using a monoclonal antibody coagglutination assay. The monoclonal reagent was produced by incubating Cowan strain Staphylococcus aureus suspension, used as a source of crude protein A, with mouse ascitic fluid monoclonal antibody or goat anti-H. somnus hyperimmune serum. Bacteria to be tested were suspended at a concentration of 4.5 x 10(9) cells/ml. The coagglutination test was performed by the addition of 50 microliters of the monoclonal reagent to 50 microliters of the bacterial suspension on a glass plate and manual rotation for 2-3 minutes. The coagglutination assay using Cowan strain Staphylococcus aureus protein A, coupled with the monoclonal antibody, agglutinated 10 different H. somnus isolates. The antibody reagent did not coagglutinate with Actinobacillus suis, A. equuli, Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida, or P. pneumotropica under similar test conditions.

Preimplantation bovine ova were exposed in vitro to vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, to document adherence of the virus to the zona pellucida. To determine the efficacy of this treatment, some of the ova were treated with trypsin after exposure to the virus. Vesicular stomatitis virus was isolated from 5 of 10 groups of zona pellucida-intact ova after 12 sequential washes without trypsin treatment. Vesicular stomatitis virus was also isolated from 4 of 11 groups of zona pellucida-intact ova after trypsin treatment.

Although evidence-based interventions exist, estimates suggest that about 60% percent of children and adolescents with mental health disorders do not receive the treatment they need. In this context, one expanding strategy for increasing access to mental health care for children and adolescents is the use therapeutic, or serious, games. REThink is one such therapeutic game, developed to offer a CBT-based prevention that was documented in a controlled trial to develop psychological resilience in children and adolescents, aged between 10 and 16, helping them learn healthy strategies for coping with dysfunctional negative emotions such as anxiety, anger and depression. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the REThink therapeutic online video game in promoting emotional health in children and adolescents in a pilot study.Participants (N = 31), aged between 10 and 16 years, were recruited on a volunteer basis from a school. Emotional problems, irrational beliefs, negative automatic thoughts, rational beliefs, and problem solving abilities were assessed pre- and post-using the therapeutic game. We also measured participants' satisfaction with the game. Results obtained show improvements in terms of emotional problems of the youths, their irrational beliefs, negative automatic thoughts and high levels of intervention satisfaction. of this study are in support of the previous findings suggesting that the REThink online game can be a valuable tool for large-scale mental health efforts aimed at the prevention of emotional disorders in children and adolescents, in accordance with evidence-based prevention protocols.

Preimplantation bovine embryos were exposed in vitro to Haemophilus somnus to determine whether the bacteria would adhere to zona pellucida-intact embryos or would adhere to or infect zona pellucida-free embryos. The effect of H somnus on in vitro embryonic development also was investigated. After exposure to H somnus and before washing, some of the zona pellucida-intact embryos were held in antibiotic-containing medium. Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 10 to 42 zona pellucida-intact embryos and none of the zona pellucida-free embryos. Haemophilus somnus was not recovered from any of the 32 antibiotic-treated embryos. The coculture system was not compatible with normal embryonic development, and all embryos had begun to degenerate by the end of the 18-hour exposure period.

The objective of this study was to establish a method by which trophectodermal cells originating from individual preimplantation bovine embryos could be perpetuated in monolayer culture. A single, Day-11 bovine embryo collected nonsurgically from a mixed-breed beef cow was cultured in Ham's F10 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, insulin and epidermal growth factor. After 13 d in culture the embryo had adhered to the surface of the plastic culture vessel and a monolayer covering 0.3 cm2 had developed in the manner of a tissue explant. The monolayer was successfully dispersed using trypsin-EDTA and the cells were passaged Expansion to a 25-cm2 flask was achieved by the 4th passage. By passaging cultures at a dilution ratio of 1∶2, cells were maintained for 38 passages before growth slowed. Transfers beyond the 44th passage were unsuccessful. The cell line, designated BE-13, was successfully frozen and thawed at the 9th, 12th, 15th, and 20th passages. The cell line contains both mono- and binucleate cells with a prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum characteristic of ruminant trophoblast cells. Susceptibility to eight bovine viruses was demonstrated. Such cell lines may provide inexpensive systems for the study of trophoblast metabolism and for investigation of the role of the trophoblast in the pathogenesis of selected bovine abortifacient diseases. Because of their range of viral susceptibility, these cells might also be useful for diagnostic purposes.

Spermatozoa from 22 presumably fertile donors and from the male partners of 43 infertile couples were evaluated for their ability to fertilize zona pellucida-free hamster ova. All “fertile” donors gave positive results in the interspecies in vitro fertilization test; 26% of the male partners (patients) gave negative results. Correlations of in vitro fertilization rates and standard semen analysis results indicate that, except for extremely low semen values, sperm fertilizing capacity in vitro could not be predicted accurately from ejaculate sperm number, motility, or morphology. Sperm motility evaluation agreed better with in vitro fertilization test results than did either sperm number or morphology; however, 9 of 31 patients (29%) with normal sperm motility in the ejaculate were judged subfertile in vitro. Also, although higher in vitro fertilization rates were related to greater numbers of normal parameters in a semen sample, 8 of 25 male patients (32%) appraised as “normal” according to the usual semen analysis yielded below-normal in vitro fertilization results. These results support the idea that deficient sperm fertilizing capacity often is a characteristic of poor-quality semen. However, deficiencies in fertilizing capacity also were observed in patient semen samples with excellent properties. Therefore, the interspecies in vitro fertilization test might be useful as an additional tool in clinical investigations of the fertility of the male partners of childless couples, particularly in cases in which infertility continues for no readily apparent reason.

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyVolume 28, Issue 2 p. 190-203 The Harlequin Fœtus M. S. Thomson MA., M.B., B.Ch. (Cantab), M.R.C.P. (Lond.), M. S. Thomson MA., M.B., B.Ch. (Cantab), M.R.C.P. (Lond.) Assistant Physician, Belgrave Hospital for Children; Clinical Assistant, Dermatological Department, King's College HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorC. P. G. Wakeley F.R.C.S. (Eng.), C. P. G. Wakeley F.R.C.S. (Eng.) Assistant Physician, Belgrave Hospital for Children; Clinical Assistant, Dermatological Department, King's College Hospital Surgical Tutor and Registrar, King's College Hospital.Search for more papers by this author M. S. Thomson MA., M.B., B.Ch. (Cantab), M.R.C.P. (Lond.), M. S. Thomson MA., M.B., B.Ch. (Cantab), M.R.C.P. (Lond.) Assistant Physician, Belgrave Hospital for Children; Clinical Assistant, Dermatological Department, King's College HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorC. P. G. Wakeley F.R.C.S. (Eng.), C. P. G. Wakeley F.R.C.S. (Eng.) Assistant Physician, Belgrave Hospital for Children; Clinical Assistant, Dermatological Department, King's College Hospital Surgical Tutor and Registrar, King's College Hospital.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1921 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1921.tb07781.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume28, Issue2June 1921Pages 190-203 RelatedInformation