Identifying the key genes and transcription factors involved in essential oil production in Rosa damascena is an important step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying essential oil biosynthesis. Such knowledge may be applied in breeding programs aimed at improving both the yield and quality of essential oil. Transcriptomic profiles of two R. damascena genotypes were initially characterized using RNA-Seq followed by de novo transcriptome assembly. De novo transcriptome assembly was conducted using four assemblers. Among these assemblers, Trinity showed the best overall performance, generating the highest number of high-quality unigenes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct expression profiles between the two contrasting genotypes. Gene Ontology (GO) classification indicated that catalytic activity and binding were the predominant categories within the molecular function group. Similarly, metabolic and cellular processes were the most represented categories within biological processes. Key genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis (NUDX1, HMGCS, ispH, GCPE, GPS) were significantly upregulated in genotype G2, while FDPS, TPS, and GGPS showed higher expression in genotype G1. Additionally, members of the MYB and NAC transcription factor families were markedly upregulated in genotype G2, suggesting their potential involvement in the regulation of essential oil biosynthesis. This study provides comprehensive insights into the transcriptomic basis of essential oil production in R. damascena. The high essential oil-producing genotype (G2) exhibited enhanced expression of genes associated with the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, including HMGCS and GPS. MYB and NAC transcription factors were also significantly upregulated in G2. Furthermore, the reduced accumulation of sesquiterpenoids in G2 may be associated with preferential utilization of shared metabolic precursors by the monoterpenoid pathway. These findings identify promising candidate genes and transcription factors for future functional studies and metabolic engineering approaches aimed at improving essential oil yield and quality.

The production of valuable bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) would benefit from biotechnological approaches for the cultivation and induction of metabolite-producing hairy roots. Germination trials were tested to overcome seed dormancy, achieving high germination rates with sulfuric acid treatment. Hairy root cultures of cotyledons using Rhizobium rhizogenes strain 1724 showed the highest transformation efficiency. A fast-growing line, line S, was subsequently exposed to light treatments (red, blue, and blue and red combined) to evaluate their effects on growth, phenolic content, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Hairy root cultures grown in blue light and in blue and red light combined had higher growth rates than those grown in red light only or in control conditions (dark). FRAP increased over time under all light treatments, including the control, and those cultures exposed to blue and red light combined had higher FRAP than the control. These findings provide valuable insights into conditions for optimal seed germination and hairy root transformation. Treatment of the line S with different qualities of light induced changes in antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, indicating promise for its use in upregulating secondary metabolite production in G. glabra for future biotechnological applications.

Thymus daenensis Celak., is an ideal model for delving into the intricate regulatory mechanisms involved in polyphenol biosynthesis and thymol-rich essential oil (EO) production. While, there has been an effort to explore metabolic pathways in thyme species at mRNA level, but mechanisms responsible for post-transcriptional control, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), are understood only poorly. Here, the sequencing of approximately 75 million small-RNA reads resulted in identification of 618 conserved miRNAs, 50 multi-member families, and 28 novel miRNAs. A comparative analysis of the small-RNAome profile was conducted between two distinct genotypes: Zagheh-11, characterized by low EO content but rich in carvacrol and triterpenic acids, and Malayer-21, which exhibited higher levels of thymol, EO, and rosmarinate. The divergence in their terpenome appears to stem from a genotype-specific control over MEP and MVA pathways, primarily influenced by 10 differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression patterns of key miRNAs and their putative targets ([miR396c, DXS], [miR477a, ispD], [miR135a, ispE], [miR9b5p, MVD and MVK], [miR181a-3p, ACAT]) were validated using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we uncovered an extensive network consisting of 139 miRNAs that target 47 enzyme genes in the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. The majority of the 13 928 identified target unigenes were enriched in pathways of secondary metabolites, carbon and amino acid metabolism. We found miR166 and miR159 as the most abundantly expressed miRNAs in T. daenensis. We examined the conservation and phylogenetic status of the miR159, miR164, and miR396 families, highlighting their profound impacts on production of specialized metabolites. The putative regulatory behavior of tda-miRNAs herein presents a promising foundation for strategically altering metabolic pathways, enabling the controlled production of targeted drug compounds.

Lilium is one of the most valuable cut flowers in the world. Today, due to the global water crisis, the agricultural challenge is to modify cultivation patterns to reduce water requirements by plants. This research was conducted to optimize soilless cultivation systems and nutritional demands to improve morpho-physiological parameters of Oriental × Trumpet (Orienpet; OT) hybrid lily. Four soilless cultivation systems (aeroponic, ultrasonic, hydroponic in pots, and hydroponic in containers) were evaluated using three nutrient solutions (NS1, NS2, NS3), considering two variables: the ratio of ammonium to total nitrogen (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) and the ratio of calcium to total cations (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). A factorial experiment was used, arranged as a randomized complete block design. Plants grown in the hydroponic (pot) system treated with nutrient solution NS1 showed favorable and consistent results. Additionally, results revealed that the amount of malondialdehyde and, accordingly, the aging process were lower in the bulbs treated by NS3. Therefore, in addition to NS1, NS3 is also recommended for lily cultivation in the hydroponic (pot) system. Considering that photosynthetic performance improved with increasing ammonium in the nutrient solution of the ultrasonic system, it seems that the lily is an ammonium-feeding plant. However, this issue requires further evaluation.

Thymus daenensis is a valuable medicinal plant known for its potent therapeutic properties. This study aimed to identify genetic loci (markers) associated with important morpho-physiological traits under both non-stress (control) and saline conditions, with the goal of detecting stable marker–trait associations in a diverse panel of polycross-derived T. daenensis genotypes. Association analysis was conducted using 111 SCoT and 121 ISSR markers under both the general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM). Population structure analysis classified the genotypes into three distinct subpopulations, which did not correspond to their geographical origins. Under non-stress conditions, 42 significant marker–trait associations were identified through the GLM (18 SCoT and 24 ISSR), while the MLM detected 11 associations (five SCoT and six ISSR). Under salinity stress, the GLM revealed 44 significant associations (18 SCoT and 26 ISSR), and the MLM detected 16 associations (six SCoT and ten ISSR). Among these, several markers—particularly SC36 and UBC835—consistently demonstrated strong associations with traits across environments and models, underscoring their potential value for marker–assisted selection (MAS) and trait-targeted breeding. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in T. daenensis and offer valuable molecular markers for the development of salt-tolerant cultivars.

Given economic and pharmaceutical significance of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), this study aimed to optimize calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentration in nutrient solution for licorice grown hydroponically. Effect of Ca and Mg on growth potential, nutrient uptake and active substances was investigated based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Different concentrations of calcium nitrate and magnesium nitrate (Ca-Mg meq L-1) in nutrient solution including S1 (1-1.5), S2 (1.5-2.5), S3 (2-3.5), S4 (4.5-2.5), S5 (5.5-3), and S6 (6.5-3.5) were applied. Higher concentrations of Ca-Mg decreased plant diameter, rhizome length, root volume, root and rhizome dry weight, while number of lateral roots and root diameter increased up to S5 solution with no significant difference with S1. The S6 decreased shoot fresh and dry weight than control. Rhizome dry weight performed better in control, while root dry weight was highest in S5, with no significant difference with S2. The highest shoot/root + rhizome dry weight observed in S6. The S2 and S1 exhibited the highest shoot Ca content. Feeding by S6 increased Ca-Mg content in root and rhizome. Decrease in Ca-Mg uptake and utilization efficiency observed with increasing of Ca-Mg concentration. Using S6 decreased root and rhizome glycyrrhizin content. Rhizome and root glabridin content weren't remarkable. There were negative correlations between root and rhizome Ca-Mg content with underground parts growth and glycyrrhizin content, demonstrating adverse impact of higher concentrations of Ca-Mg in nutrient solution on licorice growth and quality. These findings revealed feasibility of licorice production under low input production systems.

Background Here, we investigated the underlying transcriptional-level evidence behind phytochemical differences between two metabolically extreme genotypes of Thymus daenensis. The genotypes ‘Zagheh-11’ (thymol/carvacrol type, poor in essential oil [EO] [2.9%] but rich in triterpenic acids) and ‘Malayer-21’ (thymol type and rich in EO [3.8%]) were selected from an ongoing breeding program and then clonally propagated for further experimental use. Materials and methods GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-PDA were utilized to monitor the fluctuation of secondary metabolites at four phenological stages (vegetative, bud burst, early, and full-flowering stages). The highest phytochemical divergence was observed at early flowering stage. Both genotypes were subjected to mRNA sequencing (approximately 100 million paired reads) at the aforementioned stage. The expression patterns of four key genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids were also validated using qRT-PCR. Results Carvacrol content in ‘Zagheh-11’ (26.13%) was approximately 23 times higher than ‘Malayer-21’ (1.12%). Reciprocally, about 10% higher thymol was found in ‘Malayer-21’ (62.15%). Moreover, the concentrations of three major triterpenic acids in ‘Zagheh-11’ were approximately as twice as those found in ‘Malayer-21’. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 1840 unigenes that were differentially expressed, including terpene synthases, cytochrome P450, and terpenoid backbone genes. Several differentially expressed transcription factors (such as MYB , bZIP , HB - HD - ZIP , and WRKY families) were also identified. These results suggest that an active cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway may be linked to higher levels of sesquiterpenes, triterpenic acids, and carvacrol in ‘Zagheh-11’. The chloroplastic pathway of methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) may have also contributed to a higher accumulation of thymol in Malayer-21. Indeed, ‘Zagheh-11’ showed higher expression of certain genes ( HMGR , CYP71D180 , β-amyrin 28-monooxygenase , and sesquiterpene synthases ) in the MVA pathway, while some genes in the MEP pathway (including DXR, ispG , and γ- terpinene synthase ) were distinctly expressed in Malayer-21. Future efforts in metabolic engineering of MVA/MEP pathways may benefit from these findings to produce increased levels of desired secondary metabolites at commercial scale.

Background: There is a research gap about applying titania–graphene oxide (GO-TiO2) nanocomposite and coronatine as elicitors in the cell suspension culture of T. baccata. Objective: The effects of two elicitors of GO-TiO2 (30 µg/L) and coronatine (10 µM) were examined to improve the production of five different taxanes in the cell suspension culture of T. baccata. Methods: The suspension culture was prepared from the callus of T. baccata leaf explant. Next, both elicitors of coronatine (10 µM) and GO-TiO2 (30 µg/L) were applied, sampling occurred 2, 4, 16 days after elicitation, and all five taxanes were quantified using HPLC. Results: The amounts of 10-DAB III ranged from 0.84 mg/L (for control) to 9.17 mg/L (day 16 after elicitation with GO-TiO2). The production of BAC III ranged from zero (for control) to 7.69 mg/L (day 4 with GO-TiO2). The maximum production of 10-deacetyltaxol was observed in control on day 16 with the amount of 1.85 mg/L, followed by a lower level of 0.825 mg/L on day 2 with coronatine treatment. Considering cephalomannine, only elicitation of GO-TiO2 over all three different sampling times (i.e., days 2, 4, and 16) resulted in sensible quantities. The maximum magnitudes of taxol were acquired when GO-TiO2 was applied on day 4 and day 16 (1.345 mg/L and 0.965 mg/L, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicated the potential positive effects of both elicitors, particularly GOTiO2 nanocomposite, to improve taxanes production.

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) micro-propagation enhances the plant materials generation that are true to type and disease free. Here is the response of six hazelnut cvs optimized to standard culture media. The best culture medium from five studied media Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS), Driver and Kuniyuki Medium (DKW), Nas and Read Medium (NRM), modified MS medium (HM), and Woody Plant Medium (WPM), with the optimum concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for six hazelnut cultivars ‘Negret,’ ‘Segorb,’ ‘Ronde de Piemant,’ ‘Fertile de Coutard,’ ‘Merveille de Bollwiller,’ and ‘Long de Espagne’ has been determined. The best results of bud initiation, shoot numbers, number of leaves per bud, leaf area, and survival rate were found in the DKW medium. DKW and MS media supplemented with 4 mgL−1 of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 230 µM of Fe-EDDHA were suitable for the initiation phase of single-node explants. Whereas, DKW medium with 25

Rosa damascena Mill., commonly known as the King Flower, is a fragrant and important species of the Rosaceae family. It is widely used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The scent and color of the flowers are significant characteristics of this ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the relative expression of MYB1, CCD1, FLS, PAL, CER1, GT1, ANS and PAR genes under two growth stages (S1 and S2) in two morphs. The CCD1 gene pathway is highly correlated with the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. The results showed that the overexpression of MYB1, one of the important transcription factors in the production of fragrance and color, in the Hot pink morph of sample S2 increased the expression of PAR, PAL, FLS, RhGT1, CCD1, ANS, CER1, and GGPPS. The methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulant had a positive and cumulative effect on gene expression in most genes, such as FLS in ACC.26 of the S2 sample, RhGT1, MYB1, CCD1, PAR, ANS, CER1, and PAL in ACC.1. To further study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the principal volatile compounds and colors. Our data suggest that the rose with pink flowers had a higher accumulation content of flavonoids and anthocyanin. To separate essential oil compounds, GC/MS analysis identified 26 compounds in four samples. The highest amount of geraniol, one of the main components of damask rose, was found in the Hot pink flower, 23.54%, under the influence of the MeJA hormone.

Saffron is a spice derived from its flower (Crocus sativus L.) and it is grown for its medicinal and culinary uses worldwide. Callus is an intermediate stage between explant and in vitro organogenesis. The fate of embryogenesis and organogenesis depends on the quality of the callus. Callogenesis is a complex biological process and is affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Machine learning (ML), can effectively cope with the time and cost constraints of experiments. In this study, we emphasized the effects of sucrose and phytohormones (auxin, and abscisic acid) on callogenesis with the aid of a machine-learning algorithm. Among the different tested hormone combinations, maximum callus proliferation was observed in the MS media plate containing 3 % sucrose, supplemented with 100 µM ABA, 2 and 4 mg/L NAA, and 2,4-D. A total of eight different ML tools were used to predict the efficacy of inputs on callogenesis. Out of all applied algorithms, Xtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and Gradient Boosted Regression (GBR) provide better prediction performance than other models on callus induction and proliferation. SHAP analysis reveals the significance of sucrose, plant growth regulators (NAA, 2,4-D, and ABA), and time on callogenesis. Therefore, machine learning programs can effectively save cost and time by guiding experiments and facilitating optimization.

Due to its economic value and antioxidant phenolic compositions, there is a growing interest for Thymus daenensis in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The current study was motivated by the paucity of studies on the molecular regulation of polyphenols and flavonoids in T. daenensis. From breeding materials, we selected and explored the transcriptome profiles of two chemotypes (‘Zagheh-11’ and ‘Malayer-21’). Tandem mass spectrometry identified 14 phenolic and flavonoid compounds in T. daenensis. Quantitative HPLC-PDA also revealed that ‘Zagheh-11’ contains higher amounts of flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin derivatives), while ‘Malayer-21’ was a rich source of rosmarinic acid. RNA-seq data mining indicated that 1840 unigenes have differential expression (DE) patterns between these chemotypes. Mapping of unigenes in flavonoids and phenylpropanoids pathways identified a total of 74% and 45% of structural genes, respectively. Four out of 15 DE unigenes in the aforementioned pathways played a key role in the metabolic divergence of these genotypes. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR indicated that the richness of flavonoids in ‘Zagheh-11’ was driven by higher expression of chalcone isomerase (CHI) and flavonoid 3′-hydroxlase (F3′H). In contrast, overexpression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) coincided with enhanced accumulation of rosmarinic acid in ‘Malayer-21’. To further understanding of these four key genes, we performed bioinformatic and structural analysis on their complete coding sequences. These findings should improve knowledge on how specialized metabolites are governed by transcriptional regulators and which are suitable for targeted metabolic engineering.

Thymus daenensis is an important aromatic and medicinal plant endemic to Iran, with high biological and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation pattern of 12 polycross-derived populations comprising 103 half-sib progenies of T. daenensis using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Although both marker systems showed a high level of polymorphism, SCoT was more efficient in the detection of polymorphism for this species. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results of the two marker systems assigned higher genetic variation to progenies within in each population (88

Linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. as one of the endemic perennial plants in Iran is a natural source of lignan compounds. In the present study, the seeds of L. album were collected from its natural habitats in four regions of Iran (Aliabad, Jowkar, Dasht-e Arzhan, Taleqan). The effects of ecotype and gibberellic acid (GA) pretreatment were evaluated on germination traits of L. album seeds in a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. Also, the capacity of studied ecotypes in regard to secoisolariciresinol (SECO), podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxy-podophyllotoxin (6-MPTOX) production was assayed under in vitro condition by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on completely randomized design with four replications. In all studied ecotypes of L. album, seed germination percentage, germination rate and seedling growth was significantly improved in response to GA pretreatment. The obtained sterilized seedlings were used as in vitro explants that were successfully propagated in MS medium without any growth regulators. The in vitro proliferation rate in ecotype of Jowkar in terms of shoot number and plantlet biomass was significantly higher than the other ecotypes. The highest SECO and PTOX contents were extracted in the Dasht-e Arzhan plantlets which were higher (up to four times) than the other ecotypes. Also, the plantlets of Dasht-e Arzhan, Taleqan and Jowkar ecotypes showed the highest content of 6-MPTOX. According to germination, morphological and phytochemicals traits, the ecotype of Dasht-e Arzhan can be considered as a good candidate for breeding programs of improving PTOX production in this plant.

Identification and improvement of salt-tolerant melon ( Cucumis melo L.) genotypes is needed to temper salinization threats to growth and physiological development under cultivation conditions. To assess the potential of five inbred lines of melon, a factorial experiment with different salinity treatments was performed. Plants exposed to NaCl showed a different leaf color and phenotypic changes compared to plants in the control group. The inbred line Cm.UT.Kh at 14 ds. m −1 had the highest significant necrosis ratio compared to other inbreeds. LAB and RGB leaf colors showed a significant high coefficient of determination for the regression models selected, which indicated their useful information for assessing salinity effects in melon leaves. Generally, the drawbacks of high-salt treatment in all five inbred lines manifested in decreased total dry and fresh weight of shoots and roots as well as reduced leaf area and plant height compared to the controls. The lowest reduction in leaf leakage was recorded for Cm.UT.Gr and Cm.UT.Jaf. Furthermore, Cm.UT.Gr and Cm.UT.1025 showed the highest membrane stability with increasing salt concentration. The potassium content of leaves revealed positive correlations with high biomass production and membrane stability index, but negative correlations with Na + leaf content and electrolyte leakage. Principal component analysis (PCA) results for growth parameters, leaf ion content, membrane stability index, and root characteristics could help to indirectly identify salt-tolerant plants. The results of appropriate inbred melon lines implies that selecting the right varieties might lead to higher salinity tolerance in future melon hybridization and breeding programs.

Non-erroneous and well-optimized transcriptome assembly is a crucial prerequisite for authentic downstream analyses. Each de novo assembler has its own algorithm-dependent pros and cons to handle the assembly issues and should be specifically tested for each dataset. Here, we examined efficiency of seven state-of-art assemblers on ~ 30 Gb data obtained from mRNA-sequencing of Thymus daenensis . In an ensemble workflow, combining the outputs of different assemblers associated with an additional redundancy-reducing step could generate an optimized outcome in terms of completeness, annotatability, and ORF richness. Based on the normalized scores of 16 benchmarking metrics, EvidentialGene, BinPacker, Trinity, rnaSPAdes, CAP3, IDBA-trans, and Velvet-Oases performed better, respectively. EvidentialGene, as the best assembler, totally produced 316,786 transcripts, of which 235,730 (74%) were predicted to have a unique protein hit (on uniref100), and also half of its transcripts contained an ORF. The total number of unique BLAST hits for EvidentialGene was approximately three times greater than that of the worst assembler (Velvet-Oases). EvidentialGene could even capture 17% and 7% more average BLAST hits than BinPacker and Trinity. Although BinPacker and CAP3 produced longer transcripts, the EvidentialGene showed a higher collinearity between transcript size and ORF length. Compared with the other programs, EvidentialGene yielded a higher number of optimal transcript sets, further full-length transcripts, and lower possible misassemblies. Our finding corroborates that in non-model species, relying on a single assembler may not give an entirely satisfactory result. Therefore, this study proposes an ensemble approach of accompanying EvidentialGene pipelines to acquire a superior assembly for T. daenensis .

Understanding the volatile profile of melon is an ever increasingly important task for breeders for enhancing their flavour component. For this purpose, F1 progeny and parental lines were analysed using headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis. Diallel analysis showed that most of the investigated compounds were controlled via non-additive genetic effects with general combining ability to specific combining ability ratios of less than 0.4. High heterosis results were observed in alcohols such as ethanol and octanol in both rind and mesocarp samples and benzylalcohol in the rind. It was also noted that the ester-based compounds with high heterosis values in mesocarp samples differed from those with heterosis in rind samples. These observations further emphasize the non-additive control of these compounds. It can be concluded that non-additive genetic control is strongly governing the genetic profile within the studied progeny. This finding indicated that dudaim lines as a valuable genetic material enhanced the volatile profile of odourless commercial types of ameri and inodorus melon.

Increasing production efficiency is necessary for the industrialization of plant cultivation which includes the type and content of metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. In the present study, the metabolic diversity of twenty-four Iranian Rosa damascena genotypes (G1-G24) was studied. The essential oils isolated from fresh flowers and methanolic extracts from dried petal samples were analyzed by chromatographic techniques. In total, forty-three chemical compounds were identified in the essential oil samples. Geraniol (0.2-45.8%), 13-citronellol (1.9-22.3%), and nerol (1.4-15.2%) were the major compounds identified in the studied oils especially in G5, G7, and G22, respectively. Twelve flavonoids and four anthocyanins were identified in the extracts. The highest flavonoid content (48.9 mg/g DW) was recorded in G2. Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (6.1-12.9 mg/g DW), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (0.9-11.4 mg/g DW), and quercetin 7-(6"-galloylglucoside) (0.3-9.2 mg/g DW) were identified as the main flavonoids in the studied genotypes. The highest content of anthocyanin (37.0 mg/g DW) was observed in G1. Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside was found only in G17 and G18, while cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside was unique in G1. 13-Citronellol and methyl eugenol had positive (8 > 0.5) and negative (8 > - 0.6) correlations with flavonoids kaempferol 3-O-galactoside 7-O-rhamnoside (K3g7r) and Q3g in the studied samples, respectively; so, this finding can be interestingly used as a phytochemical marker to select the damask rose genotypes producing high-quality essential oil. In conclusion, G21, G2, and G1 can be distinguished and used as adequate genotypes for further commercial cultivation to obtain the essential oil, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, respectively.

Medicinal plants are stores of active and valuable secondary metabolites that have been economically beneficial for pharmacy and medicine. However, it is challenging to start large-scale and commercial cultivation of these plants since most of the arable land is mainly used to produce strategically essential crops. Other uncultivable lands are often affected by various abiotic stresses, one of the most important of which is salinity. Germination of plants is one of the critical stages during their growth period that is often affected by environmental stresses, especially salinity. In the present study, the seeds of medicinal plants such as Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), and Scrophularia (Scrophularia striata) were subjected to salinity stress at 20, 25, and 30 °C to determine the germination characteristics of their seeds. At each temperature, to create salinity stress, five levels of salinity potential, including 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl were applied, prepared using sodium chloride salt with the required amounts. The results of this experiment generally showed that with increasing salinity concentration at different temperatures, all germination characteristics, including germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, dry root weight, and seed vigor index, decreased. Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in areas with saline soil and water, which reduces the quality and yield of plants, especially medicinal plants, and weakens them against other environmental stresses. It seems that low salinity soil and water are needed to get the best yield for the commercial growth of plants.