This experiment, including greenhouse and laboratory experiments, was carried out by the faculty of plant breeding at Mohaghegh Ardabili University, containing forty-five promising lines of durum wheat in 2018–2019. The factorial experimental design was in the complete blocks form with three replications. The result of the variance analysis of LT50 showed a significant difference between the genotypes at the 1 percent. The mean comparison by the LSD test method showed varied LT50 between –0.754 and –26.609 values. Lines 34 and 37 were identified as resistant lines in the mean LT50. Genotypes are divided into five groups in clustering based on the LT50. 117 bands of ISSR primer were created, of which 93 bands were polymorphic and 24 bands were monomorphic. The PIC, the MI, the EMR, the RP, the Nei, and the Shannon indexes were measured. General cluster analysis was performed with all genotypes to determine the relationship between the studied genotypes. Dice genetic similarity distance and the UPGMA method were selected based on the highest cophenetic correlation coefficient. The studied lines were divided into five groups. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between measured traits and molecular markers. All traits in the four stress levels showed a significant correlation with some ISSR markers. The LT50 was correlated with nine markers; the highest positive correlation was with marker 5d, and the highest negative correlation was with marker 2i.

Addressing the effects of climate change and water scarcity is crucial for maintaining global wheat production. This study evaluated 60 spring wheat genotypes from the CIMMYT Core Germplasm (CIMCOG) under both terminal water stress and optimal irrigation at two semi-arid field locations. Researchers analyzed 31 agronomic, morphological, and seed quality traits. Significant genetic diversity was observed, with path analysis identifying biomass (β = 0.642) and harvest index (β = 0.287) as the main direct factors influencing grain yield. Using multivariate methods such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the genotypes were effectively grouped into distinct phenotypic categories. Importantly, six drought-tolerant genotypes—CIMCOG_03, CIMCOG_19, CIMCOG_29, CIMCOG_47, CIMCOG_10, and CIMCOG_13—were singled out for their stable performance under water stress. These results define a refined “core collection” of genotypes and emphasize key traits affecting yield, offering a valuable resource for focused breeding efforts, genome-wide association studies, and marker-assisted selection aimed at enhancing wheat resilience and productivity in water-limited environments.

Deciphering genetic diversity and population structure is crucial for development of sustainable crop breeding programs. Wheat, as one of the most important staple crops, plays a pivotal role in providing essential energy and ensuring food security. The development of new cultivars or the expansion of the genetic basis for improved cultivars depends on the discovery of novel allelic variations within germplasm resources. In this study, a molecular assessment was conducted on 325 selected accessions representing 13 species of Triticum and Aegilops using CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers. Fifteen primers generated 199 fragments across the accessions studied, of which 196 were polymorphic. Key genetic parameters, including the number of amplified fragments and polymorphic fragments (NAF and NPF), polymorphic information content (PIC), resolving power (Rp), and marker index (MI) were estimated at 13.27, 13.07, 0.38, 16.06, and 5.01, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that genetic variations within genera and species exceeded variation among them. At the species level, T. boeoticum, T. urartu, and Ae. triuncialis exhibited the highest values for genetic variation compared to other species. Multivariate analyses, including cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), demonstrated that individual groupings were consistent with their genetic backgrounds. These findings were corroborated by population structure analysis, which revealed that two sub-species of Ae. tauschii formed distinct sub-groups. The results suggest that CBDP markers represent a valuable genotyping tool with substantial potential for phylogenetic research. Furthermore, they may prove particularly effective for genetic investigations, such as mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) and association analyses, particularly when combined with co-dominant marker techniques.

Extended Abstract Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the important cereal crops, which is ranked fourth globally after wheat, rice, and maize. Superior genotypes must be accurately identified in any breeding program. Improvement of some traits, such as grain yield, may be efficient through indirect selection pathways due to their high correlations with other traits. Therefore, this study aimed to select the best barley genotypes with desirable agronomic traits by using and finally comparing a combination of different selection indices. Methods: To evaluate some superior barley genotypes using multi-trait selection indices, an experiment was conducted at the Darab Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, Darab, Iran, in the 2020-2021 cropping year. The plant genetic materials consisted of 51 barley genotypes, along with nine check genotypes. The experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines of 5 m long and 15 cm space between them. Seed density was determined as 300 seeds per square meter, and seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Austria). Before seed sowing, the fertilizer composition was 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate were 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively. After removing the border effect, all experimental plots were harvested using an experimental combine (Wintersteiger, Austria). Three selection indices, including selection of ideal genotype (SIIG), multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP), and Smith-Hazel (SH), were estimated based on 12 morpho-phenological traits to select superior genotypes. The measured traits included grain yield, the number of spikes per square meter, the number of grains per spike, weight of spike, thousand-grain weight, grain filling period, spike length, plant height, the number of days to heading, the number of days to maturity, grain filling rate, and the spike type. Results: The results of the likelihood ratio test (LRT) showed that the genotype effect was significant for all measured traits at the 1% probability level. The results of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) showed that the lowest heritability was recorded for the grain filling period (0.505), grain yield (0.611), and grain filling rate (0.649), while the highest values were observed for thousand-grain weight (0.884) and the number of days to heading (0.877). The results of comparing the adjusted mean using the REML-BLUP model revealed that the highest grain yield belonged to genotypes 3, 1, 50, and 30, respectively. The grain yields of these genotypes were higher than all the check genotypes. Based on the MGIDI index, genotypes 39, 14, 43, 49, 6, 35, 19, 32, 41, 50, 55 (Auxin), 38, 44, 60 (Nimrooz), 28, 42, 40, and 34 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Genotypes 39, 35, 43, 14, 32, 6, 41, 44, 50, and 42 with the highest FAI-BLUP values were selected as the best genotypes. The results of the Smith-Hazel index showed that the genotypes 30, 55, 1, 2, 3, 40, 38, 12, 10, and 13 with the highest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, genotypes 3, 50, 30, 1, 55, 10, 13, 2, 11, 39, 12, 38, 31, 35, 36, and 44 with the highest SIIG index were superior genotypes in terms of most measured traits. The results of the correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with the number of days to maturity (0.35*), plant height (0.37*), grain filling period (0.26*), the number of spikes per square meter (0.61**), and grain filling rate (0.96**). All selection indices were significantly correlated with grain yield, and the highest correlation value was found between grain yield and the SIIG (0.92**) and Smith-Hazel (0.78**) indices. FAI-BLUP and MGIDI indices were significantly associated with all traits, except for thousand-grain weight, length of ripening period, spike length, and the number of spikes per square meter traits. Only the thousand-grain weight and spike length traits did not show significant correlations with any of the selection indices. Conclusion: In conclusion, genotypes 3, 50, 30, 1, 55, 10, 13, 2, 11, 12, and 38 were identified as superior genotypes using both SIIG and Smith-Hazel indices, and genotypes 39, 35, 50, 38, and 44 were identified as superior genotypes by FAI-BLUP and MGIDI indices. Finally, our results revealed that SIIG and Smith-Hazel indices were better than FAI-BLUP and MGIDI indices to identify superior genotypes.

Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses constraining crop production in rapeseed. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to this stress is essential for the development and production of drought-tolerant genotypes. For this reason, this research study aims to investigate the importance of genetic diversity in identifying genotypes with a high degree of drought tolerance through assessing effectiveness of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers on 14 genotypes of rapeseed in a factorial design. Morphological and physiological characteristics were studied after the early stages of growth; in order to evaluate the genetic diversity among genotypes, 18 different ISSR markers were used. A total of 106 clear and scalable loci were amplified, of which 60 bands (56.6%) were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism information content belonged to marker number 9 with the amount of 0.365 (85.7%). Gene variation ranged from 0.081 to 0.365 and the rapeseed genotypes were divided into three groups by cluster analysis (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method). The analysis of molecular variance showed that 70% of the total variation was observed within populations and 30% of this variation occurred among populations. In addition, t-test was used for comparing oil content percentage among different genotypes in control and stress levels. Adriana had the highest amount of seed oil with 36.47%, whereas Karaj 2 had the lowest amount with 27.28 and Cooper had the highest decrease in oil content percentage under stress conditions. Overall, the genotypes Likord, Hyola 401 and Sarigol 32 were identified as the most drought-tolerant.

Functional SNPs serve as biological markers that aid biologists and breeders in identifying genes linked to specific traits. This study explored the relationship between QTLs associated with drought tolerance and functional SNPs using two populations: Vada × Susptrit (V × S) and Cebada Cappa × Susptrit (C. Cappa × S). Bioinformatics tools were employed to analyze significant SNPs within QTL regions, revealing markers on chromosomes 1H, 2H, 3H, 5H, and 7H for the V × S population, and on 4H and 6H for C. Cappa × S. In total, 24 proteins/enzymes related to drought tolerance were characterized in the V × S population. At the same time, 10 were identified in C. Cappa × S. Notable proteins, including Phytochrome B and SAPK7, were located on chromosome 4H. These proteins play crucial roles in the plant's response to drought stress, with documented regulatory effects. Gene ontology analysis indicated four cellular components—membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, and proteasome complex—and five biological processes, such as oxidation-reduction and protein phosphorylation. The proteins exhibited diverse molecular functions, including ATP binding and kinase activity. Overall, the study highlights potential functional SNP markers for validating QTLs related to drought tolerance in barley.

In order to investigate the effect of priming on aspects of germination of aged pumpkin seeds under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the laboratory. Treatments included of aging (control, 85% and 75% of control germination), drought stress (0, -0.75 and -1.5 MPa), and priming (control, hydro, gibberellin, GR24, benzyl aminopurine and spermidine). Results of mean comparison showed that the lowest germination percentage (43.6%), protein (0.82 mg.g-1Fw), radical length (RL, 9.24 mm), plumule length (PL, 1.19 mm), relative water content (RWC, 35.5%), carotenoid (1.253 mg.g-1Fw), catalase (CAT, 7.03 µmol.gmin-1.mgprotein-1), peroxidase (POX, 47.72 µmol.gmin-1.mgprotein-1) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, 53.48 mmol.gmin-1.mgprotein-1) were related to drought treatment with an intensity of -1.5 MPa and with 75% aging in the absence of priming. Also, the lowest content of malone dialdehyde (MDA, 3.75 mmol.g-1Fw) and proline (1.573 µg.g-1Fw) were obtained in the absence of drought and aging with priming by spermidine. The highest germination percentage (98.03%) and protein (9.54 mg.g-1Fw) were obtained in gibberellin treatment, RL (15.73 mm) and PL (4.26 mm) in priming with GR24 hormone, RWC (83.64%), carotenoid (6.277 mg.g-1Fw), CAT (40.44 µmol.gmin-1.mg protein-1), POX (95.71 µmol.gmin-1.mgprotein-1) and SOD activity (131.68 µmol.gmin-1.mg protein-1) in priming with spermidine with Non-drought stress and aging conditions. The highest MDA (32.42 mmol.g-1Fw) and proline (0.55 µg.g-1Fw) were observed in drought with an intensity of -1.5 MPa and 75% aging in the absence of priming.

Chickpea is one of the most important plants of the legume family and is very important in the diet. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea, an experiment was conducted with 18 chickpea genotypes in the form of a completely randomized block design. After acclimatization of plants to cold, freezing treatment was applied at temperatures of -6, -8 and -10 and their 50% lethality temperature (LT50) was determined by probit transformation. Before and after the habituation stage, a leaf sample was taken and the relative content of leaf water, photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugar, protein percentage, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and greenness index were measured. Genotype number 5 with the lowest LT50 (-8.86) and the highest survival percentage (80%) was the most resistant genotype and genotype 10 with the highest LT50 (-3.57) and the lowest survival percentage along with genotype 15 were recognized as the most sensitive genotypes. In order to evaluate genetic diversity, DNA extraction was utilized and 21 different ISSR primers were used in the investigation. The results showed the presence of polymorphism among the cultivars studied. A total of 101 clear bands were produced, of which 94 were polymorphic bands. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.332 (initiator 7) to 0.049 (initiator 16). The amount of gene diversity was between 0.126 and 0.977 changes. Cluster analysis of genotypes was done using Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method

Background Maintaining genetic diversity is of the most essential principle for a long-term conservation of plant genetic resources and could play a crucial role in their management. The genus Aegilops is one important member of wheat germplasm, and there are evidences that novel genes of this genus’ species can be studied/utilized as ideal sources for the wheat cultivar improvement. The objective of this study was to dissect the genetic diversity and population structure among a set of Iranian Aegilops using two gene-based molecular markers. Methods and results This study investigated the level of genetic diversity among 157 Aegilops accessions consisting of Ae. tauschii Coss. (DD genome), Ae. crassa Boiss. (DDMM genome), and Ae. cylindrica Host. (CCDD genome) belonging to NPGBI using two sets of CBDP and SCoT markers. The SCoT and CBDP primers yielded 171 and 174 fragments, out of which 145 (90.23%) and 167 (97.66%) fragments were polymorphic, respectively. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC)/ marker index (MI)/resolving power (Rp) for SCoT and CBDP markers were 0.32/3.59/16.03 and 0.29/3.01/16.26, respectively. Results of AMOVA revealed the genetic variability within species was greater than the variation observed among them (SCoT: 88% vs. 12%; CBDP: 72% vs. 28%; SCoT + CBDP: 80% vs. 20%). Based on the information obtained from both markers, the higher level of genetic diversity was found in Ae. tauschii as compared to other species. The grouping patterns obtained by Neighbor-joining algorithms, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and Bayesian-model-based structure were consistent with each other and resulted in grouping all studied accessions according to their genomic constitutions. Conclusion The results of this study revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Iranian Aegilops germplasm. Moreover, SCoT and CBDP marker systems were efficient in deciphering DNA polymorphism and classification of Aegilops germplasm.

Application of the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index in the Selection of top Barley Genotypes in the Warm and Dry Region of Darab

Gene Expression Analysis of some Resistance Genes in Ascochyta Blight Infected Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Abstract Background and Objective:This study was conducted to evaluate freezing stress tolerance and identify tolerant genotypes among a number of rapeseed genotypes. Materials and Methods:The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397 in a field with an area the 2000 square meters, in the form of autumn cultivation in the agricultural lands of Tikmehdash section of Bostanabad city. The main plot consisted of two dates of common cultivation (September 1) and delayed (September 16) and the sub-plot included 19 rapeseed genotypes. The mentioned genotypes are: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, Nima, KH4, Talaya, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101 and L1008. Results: The results of analysis of variance of yield per hectare under frost stress conditions showed that the effect of stress on the yield per hectare, it was significant at the level of 1% probability. The effect of genotype on plant height and yield per hectare was significant at the level of 1% probability and for 1000-seed weight at the level of 5% probability and was not significant for other traits. Genotype × planting date interaction was not significant in all traits. Also, the comparison of the mean of traits showed that Opera and HW101 genotypes had the highest value in plant height, 1000-seed weight and KS7 genotype in grain yield. Among the indices, MP, GMP, STI, HM and SNPI showed the highest correlation with grain yield under both stress and non-stress conditions and were introduced as the best indices to achieve high yielding and frost tolerant cultivars. Were. Based on the three-dimensional diagram, Opera, Licord, L1008 and Talaye genotypes were identified as the most ideal genotypes under frost stress conditions with above-average total yield under both stress and stress conditions as well as high SIIG values. Conclusion: The results showed that Opera genotype with the highest amount of SIIG was one of the most tolerant genotypes and Nima genotype with the lowest amount of SIIG was one of the most sensitive genotypes to frost stress. The results also showed that the highest grain yield (kg.ha-1) in non-stress conditions was observed in KS7 genotype and the lowest grain yield was observed in KR18 genotype. Under frost stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Opera genotype and the lowest grain yield belonged to KR18 genotype.

Cancer treatment using medicinal plants has long been of interest to researchers. In the meantime, some plant species contain substances which can inhibit or eliminate cancer cells through apoptosis or necrosis. The family of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae are among the medicinal plants that have many biological effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect of Pennyroyal and Artemisia extracts on gastric cancer cell line (AGS). In this study, aerial parts of plants were extracted. AGS cells were treated with different concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract (50-1000 μg/ml) over 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell motility was estimated using MTT assay and rate of apoptosis induction was measured by flow cytometry with The Annexin-V. The results of MTT assay indicated strong and concentration dependent prevention of cancer cell proliferation by various concentrations of Pennyroyal and Artemisia extracts. These extracts had a dose and time dependent anticancer effect on AGS cells. By increasing the concentration of the extract and incubation for 72 hours, the highest percentage of cell death was observed. In the study of apoptosis in treated cells, Pennyroyal extract was more effective. Due to the cytotoxic effects of hydro-alcoholic extracts on AGS cells, these plants could be used as potential option for further studies on cancer treatment. Therefore, the purification of the active substances in these extracts and the determination of their effect mechanism are recommended.

Most of agricultural lands in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and are considered as saline soils. In order to investigate the interaction of salinity as well as potassium and calcium on the growth and yield of tomato plants, a factorial experiment was perfected in the form of randomized complete blocks, in hydroponic conditions, with three replicates per treatment. Experimental factors include salinity at three levels (0, 20, and 40 mM NaCl), potassium content form chloride, nitrate (0 and 15 mM), and calcium from chloride, and nitrate (with 0 and 10 mM) . The studied growth factors, including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers and fruits and leaf chlorophyll decreased Received 28.03.2021/ Revised 26.05.2021/ Accepted 27.06.2021/ Published 22.10.2021 :تفایرد 08 / 01 / 1400 / :حلاصا 05 / 03 / 1400 / :شریذپ 06 / 04 / 1400 / :راشتنا 30 / 07 / 1400 [ D O I: 1 0. 52 54 7/ nb r. 8. 3. 20 6 ] [ D O R : 2 0. 10 01 .1 .2 42 36 33 0. 14 00 .8 .3 .5 .8 ] [ D ow nl oa de d fr om n br .k hu .a c. ir o n 20 21 -1 203 ]

Evaluation of Frost Stress Resistance in Various Promising lines of Durum Wheat using Stress Resistance Indices

Evaluation of Grain Yield Stability and Genotype- Environment Interaction of Barley Promising Lines in Warm and Humid Regions of the Country

Drought tolerance of 18 advanced lines durum wheat were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications under dryland and complementary irrigation conditions in GachsaranAgriculturalResearchCenter at 2016-2017. In this study, traits like days to spike formation, days to maturity, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, spike number, spike number per m2, canopy temperature reduction of two stages of spike and seed filling, rate of greenness at two stages of spike and grain filling, were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among lines under study for days to spike formation, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, crop score, number of seeds per spike, temperature reductions of canopy at two spike stages seed and greenery content in two stages of spike and grain filling were significantly different. Mean comparisons showed that lines 4, 9, 13, 15, 16 and 17 were better than other lines in most traits. Evaluation of sensitive and tolerant lines according to tolerance index (Ti) showed that lines 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 15 and 17, had high Ti index in most traits, were tolerant. Selection for superior lines, based on SIIG and selection of ideal genotype (SIIG) index, were performed. The results of variance analysis of traits based on Ti index showed that difference among lines in terms of 1000 seed weight, reduction of canopy temperature at grain filling stage, seed yield, grain filling period, chlorophyll content at both clustering and grain filling stage, days to reach and number of days to clustering were significant at 1% probability level. Lines 4, 5, 9 and 15 were the highest values of this index and were suitable for growing under dryland conditions. Lines 7, 8, 10 and 14 having lowest value of the SIIG index were sensitive to rainfed condition. The results of this ranking are similar to the results of cluster decomposition based on Ti index.