Today’s lifestyle has led to an increase in infertility. The study investigated the effects of cell phone radiation on oogenesis, folliculogenesis, and gestation stage. Also, its impact on neonates’ ovarian hormones and their ovarian development during gestation was investigated. Fifty-four virgin female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: the study group (conversation and stand-by mode, n = 24), the control group (stand-by mode, n = 24), and the sham (turn off, n = 6). The study and control groups were separated into 4 subgroups, including early stage (1st week), mid-stage (2nd week), late stage (3rd week), and all stages (3 weeks). The results showed that the concentration of plasma estrogen and progesterone, ovarian primordial follicle/primary oocyte, the number of primordial follicles, and nuclei diameters in the study and control subgroups decreased significantly in comparison with the sham group. The most significant reduction was observed in subgroups in which mothers were exposed to radiation for a long period during their pregnancy. Compared to the control and sham groups, the number of primordial follicle apoptosis markedly increased in the study subgroups. The pregnant rats showed significant effects in the entire stages of pregnancy, especially during the first stage (the first week) of development, which has not been reported previously. Exposure to cell phones during the different gestation stages probably decreases ovarian hormone secretion and may harm oogenesis. It also inversely increases the apoptosis of primordial follicles. Therefore, the gestational stages and duration of exposure to cell phone radiation affect the risk of ovarian harm.

Background:In radiology, optimizing radiation protection is crucial, and field collimation plays a critical role in minimizing patient dose. As technology has evolved, electronic collimation has become the preferred method due to its effectiveness in digital imaging systems, replacing traditional film-screen systems. Objective:The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cropping in digital radiography and its potential impact on patient radiation dose because of improper collimation practices. Material and Methods:This retrospective analysis was conducted on digital X-ray machine images. Quality control tests were performed to ensure equipment accuracy, and image cropping was then measured by analyzing archived images. Finally, the cropped image fraction and associated unnecessary radiation doses were calculated. Results:Quality control tests confirmed that all imaging equipment was functioned within acceptable alignment and angle tolerances. The analysis of 911 images revealed a high prevalence of cropping (82%), with significant variation across different projections. Lateral knee images exhibited the highest cropping rate (96.2%), while abdominal images had the lowest (36.1%). Conclusion:Electronic image cropping can lead radiologic technologists to inaccurately define the primary radiation field, affecting image quality and potentially increasing patient radiation exposure. Based on the obtained results, proper collimation can reduce the average Dose Area Product (DAP) by 29.01%. This approach not only enhances patient safety but also minimizes unnecessary radiation exposure and potentially reduces healthcare costs.

Purpose: According to the side effects of invasive cancer treatments, Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) as a noninvasive method for breast adenocarcinoma was considered. Sonosensitizer agents’ encapsulation can improve the accumulation of these drugs in the tumor tissue and reduce treatment side effects. Hence, mice breast adenocarcinoma SDT with Hematoporphyrin (HP) and HP-encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (HP-MSNs) was carried out. Materials and Methods: 96 female breast adenocarcinoma grafted Balb/C mice were randomly divided into 16 groups (n = 6): control, sham, HP, HP-MSN, Ultrasound (US), SDT+HP, and SDT+HP-MSN groups. Sonosensitizer agents were injected intraperitoneally (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, 0.2 ml) 24h before an US radiation (1MHz, 1 or 2 W/cm2, 60 sec). The tumor growth parameters were evaluated 30 days after SDT. Results: The inhibition ratio was enhanced by 23, 18, 18, and 16% relative to the control group in HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), HP-MSN (2.5 mg/kg) HP (5 mg/kg) and US (2 W/cm2) groups, respectively, at 18 days after the injection time; whereas, the analysis of findings revealed an antitumor effect in SDT with HP-MSN groups. The Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) percentages were 45, 42, and 42% for the SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), SDT (1 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), and SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP (2.5 mg/kg) groups, respectively, on the 18th day post-injection, and T2 and T5 times were higher than that of control and sham groups (P<0.05). The estimated 44-day survival time in the Kaplan-Meier test was 95% in the SDT (2 W/ cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) treated group, which had moderately differentiated cells in tumor grading. Conclusion: Based on the findings, SDT with HP-encapsulated MSNs (5 mg/kg) has an antitumor effect on breast adenocarcinoma.

Purpose:The present study aimed to assess the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-MF) on structural changes of human osteosarcoma cells by analyzing the stained cytoskeleton for assessing the relationship between the fractal dimension parameter and proliferation rate of radiation-induced cells. Materials and Methods:In this study, 2-mT magnetic fields with various waveforms, including sinusoidal, triangular, and pulsed shapes, were employed to determine the biological effects of ELF-EMF on the human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. All experiments were performed in two modes: continuous exposure at 3 h and fractionated irradiations at 3 consecutive days. Afterward, the proliferation assay was implemented for assessing the cell proliferation in each group. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining and confocal imaging were performed to determine the cell shape index. Furthermore, fractal dimension analysis was carried out by processing morphological images. Results:The proliferation and shape index parameters of radiation-induced osteosarcomas significantly decreased compared with non-irradiated cells. In addition, fractal dimensions significantly increased following fractionated exposure at 3 consecutive days. Conclusions:Assessing the fractal dimensions can be considered as a new morphological index for the prognosis of the structural remodeling of human osteosarcoma cells in response to fractionated irradiation of ELF-MF. In addition, various waveforms induce a similar effect on morphological remodeling and cell proliferation.

Purpose: Numerous studies have described the effect of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) in the promotion of Bone Marrow Stem Cell (BMSC) differentiation. We aimed to investigate the influence of frequency (10 and 100 Hz) and different pulse shapes (sine, rectangular, and triangular) of EMF on rats' BMSCs. Materials and Methods: The BMSCs in 6 groups were exposed to EMF for 1 h/ 7 days. The BMSCs viability was estimated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The cresyl violet labeled the Nissl bodies, and the silver nitrate staining was done to evaluate the BMSCs nucleoli AgNORs. Results: The MTT test verified that EMF and pulse shape did not affect cell viability. In Nissl bodies staining most of the large neurons were related to the rectangular 10 Hz EMF group. The majority of the differentiated BMSCs were astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte in the triangular 100 Hz EMF group. Although the silver nitrate staining confirmed the effect of 10 Hz EMF, pulse shape alteration did not affect AgNOR parameters. In conclusion, we presented a low-magnetic flux density EMF (400 µT) to assess the responses of BMSCs nuclei. Conclusion: The findings showed that BMSCs differentiation was frequency-dependent. Further investigations are recommended for recognizing the function of EMF on BMSCs.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy utilizes low-power lasers to modulate the viability of living human cells and leads to changes in proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and gene expression, even though the rearrangement of cytoskeleton was not previously studied. The present study aims to evaluate the photobiological effects on the elastic behavior of human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) and their morphological changes. Fluorescence staining, confocal imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography were performed to study the effects of PBM therapy with the exposure of 532 nm-25mW, 650 nm-3mW, 650 nm-150mW and 780 nm-70mW beams following the 5-min continuous irradiation. The area of each beam was 3.14cm2 with a source–surface distance of 20 cm. Besides the cell proliferation assessment, the migratory potential of MG-63 was determined with the wound healing technique. The results indicated an increase in stiffness and shape index of radiation-induced cells 24 h after exposure along with the obvious F-actins changes. But, cell stiffening was not observed 72 h after 532 nm laser irradiation. Also, a decrease in the migration rate was seen in all of the groups after 72 h of irradiation except cells treated with 532 nm wavelength. However, 532 nm laser beams increase the migratory potential 24 h after exposure. Within 72 h after irradiation, the cell proliferation was only affected by applying 532 nm and 650 nm-150mW laser beams. It was concluded that applying photobiomodulation with wavelengths of 650 nm (at both utilized powers) and 780 nm alters the migration capability and provides a quantitative description of cytoskeletal changes. Moreover, membrane stiffening can be considered as the biological marker of PBM treatments.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have self-renewal ability while maintaining the proliferation facility. The BMSCs reproducing ability could affect by electromagnetic fields (EMFs) as a physical inducing factor. We focused on the EMF (400 µT, 75 Hz) exposed multi-potential BMSCs which differentiated and successfully implanted in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Parkinson's disease rat model. The purified BMSCs are exposed to sinusoidal and square waveform EMF (1 h/1 week or 7 h/1 day) then injected into the left SNpc of Parkinson's rats. To evaluate the morphology of EMF exposed BMSCs, the cresyl violet staining labeled the Nissl bodies. After evaluation of the rat's activity by behavioral tests (open-field and rotarod tests), the brains were obtained for the preparation of SNpc blocks and carry out the cresyl violet staining. Cell morphology proved most cell differentiation to neurons in the sinusoidal EMF groups. In the sinusoidal EMF exposure groups, large and small neurons were seen with apparent synapses. Although in the square EMF exposed groups some neurons were seen, most of the differentiated cells were astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte. The results confirmed an improvement in locomotors' activity of BMSC alone and sinusoidal EMF exposed groups. We presented a low-frequency EMF (75 Hz) to promote the capability of BMSC proliferation, differentiation to neurons and glial cells, and motor coordination activity in the treatment of hemiparkinsonian rats.

INTRODUCTION:In myocardial perfusion imaging, reducing the number of photons in images of obese patients causes poor image quality. To solve this problem, we need to inject the tracer according to the patients' weight. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between myocardial photon counts with patients' weight, BMI, and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 129 patients underwent myocardial perfusion imaging in a twoday stress-first protocol, but only rest images were included in this study. Multiplication factor was used to determine the amount of radiopharmaceutical activity injected into the patients. For evaluating the effect of gender, the photon counts of 22 female patients were also assessed when the breast tissue was pulled upward (Breast Up). The total myocardial detector counts in the raw images were calculated from the summation of 32 projections. A multiple linear regression test was used to simultaneously examine the effects of weight, BMI, and gender on photon counts. RESULTS:There was no significant relationship between photon counts and patients' weight (p=0.129) and BMI (0.406), but gender had significant effects on photon counts, and myocardial detector counts were found to be higher in males (p=0.00). There was a statistically significant difference between the images of Breast Up and Non-Breast Up, and myocardial detector counts were higher in the Breast Up imaging method (p=0.00). CONCLUSION:Using the bodyweight formula, the image quality was comparable in obese and lean patients, but myocardial detector counts were lower in females, and this formula needs to be adjusted according to the patient's gender.

Background: The combination of sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy (SPDT) may be a new hopeful non-invasive method for cancer treatment, which incorporates a combination of low-intensity ultrasound, laser radiation, and a sensitizer agent. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the effects of hematoporphyrin (HP)-mediated SPDT (dual-frequency ultrasound and laser radiation) in the management of mice breast adenocarcinoma. Methods: One hundred and thirty-two female mice with implanted tumors were divided into 22 groups, including sham, laser, 4 groups of dual-frequency ultrasound/laser radiation, 8 groups of HP-mediated SPDT (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), and 8 groups of HP encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HP-MSNs)-mediated SPDT. The sensitizer was administered by intraperitoneal injection and after a 24-hour delay, tumor grafted mice were treated with a combination of dual-frequency ultrasound and laser light. The tumor growth factors were used to assess the treatment outcome. Results: The results indicated that HP or HP-MSNs-mediated SPDT had a delaying tumor growth effect. In the groups treated with dual-frequency ultrasound and laser radiation, the maximum tumor growth inhibition (TGI) ratio was 47.5%, while the maximum TGI ratio in the SPDT groups was 61.6%. The time of T2 and T5 in the case of HP-MSNs-mediated SPDT groups was increased compared with sham and that of HP-mediated SPDT groups (P < 0.05). The inhibition ratio on tumor growth increased in all SPDT groups at 12 days after the treatment. Analysis of experimental data demonstrates that this increase was not declined and persisted over 30 days of treatment. The results indicated that SPDT is effective in relative tumor volume when compared with the sham group (339.1 ± 161 and 1510.8 ± 160, respectively). HP or HP-MSNs-mediated SPDT groups had Grade I (low), while others had Grade III (high) malignancy in the histological study of mice breast adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: The results revealed that when sensitized by dual-frequency SPDT, hematoporphyrin (with and without MSNs), has a promising effect at delaying tumor growth on mice breast cancer. Therefore, it can be appreciated that careful selection of the sensitizer with SPDT will play an eminent role in the success of cancer therapies.

Background:Respiratory movement and the motion range of the diaphragm can affect the quality and quantity of prostate images.Objective:This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of respiratory-induced errors to determine Dominant Intra- prostatic Lesions (DILs) in positron emission tomography (PET) images.Material and Methods:In this simulation study, we employed the 4D NURBS-based cardiac-torso (4D-NCAT) phantom with a realistic breathing model to simulate the respiratory cycles of a patient to assess the displacement, volume, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), signal to noise ratio (SNR), and the contrast of DILs in frames within the respiratory cycle.Results:Respiration in a diaphragm motion resulted in the maximum superior-inferior displacement of 3.9 and 6.1 mm, and the diaphragm motion amplitudes of 20 and 35 mm. In a no-motion image, the volume measurement of DILs had the smallest percentage of errors. Compared with the no-motion method, the percentages of errors in the average method in 20 and 35 mm- diaphragm motion were 25% and 105%, respectively. The motion effect was significantly reduced in terms of the values of SUVmax and SUVmean in comparison with the values of SUVmax and SUVmean in no- motion images. The contrast values in respiratory cycle frames were at a range of 3.3-19.2 mm and 6.5-46 for diaphragm movements' amplitudes of 20 and 35 mm.Conclusion:The respiratory movement errors in quantification and delineation of DILs were highly dependent on the range of motion, while the average method was not suitable to precisely delineate DILs in PET/CT in the dose-painting technique.

Background: Patients diagnosed with dominant intraprostatic lesions (DIL) may need radiation doses over than 80 Gy. Dose-painting by contours (DPC) is a useful technique which helps the patients. Dose-painting approach need to be evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the DCP technique in the case of boosting the DILs by radiobiological parameters, tumor control probability (TCP), and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) via PET/CT images traced by 68Ga-PSMA. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT images were obtained from patients with DILs that were delineated using the Fuzzy c-mean (FCM) algorithm and thresholding methods. The protocol of therapy included two phases; at the first phase (ph1), a total dose of 72 Gy in 36 fractions were delivered to the planning target volume (PTV1); the seconds phase consisted of the application of variable doses to the PTV2. Moreover, two concepts were also considered to calculate the TCP using the Zaider-Minerbo model. Results: The lowest volume in DILs belonged to the DIL1 extracted by the FCM method. According to dose-volume parameters of the rectum and bladder, by the increase in the PTV dose higher than 92 Gy, the amounts of rectum and bladder doses are increased. There was no difference between the TCPs of DILs at doses higher than 86 Gy and 100 Gy for ordinary and high clone density, respectively. Conclusion: Consequently, our dose-painting approach for DILs, extracted by the FCM method via PET/CT images, can reduce the total dose for prostate radiation with 100% tumor control and less normal tissue complications.

Background: Despite the benefits of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans in better tumor volume delineation, it can affect the accuracy of dose calculation in radiation therapy. This study examined this effect on a thorax phantom. Objectives: The influence of different variables including the concentrations of the Visipaque contrast media, tumor sizes, and CT scan energies on the dose measurement was examined. Methods: Transparent cylinders containing the contrast media were inserted in the lung area of the phantom and the CT scans were made. Non-enhanced CT scans were also acquired. Treatment planning using 2 opposite fields was performed on the CT scans and the doses were calculated in the treatment planning system. The results of the 2 sets of enhanced and non-enhanced CT scans were compared. Results: The correlation between concentration and the percentage of mean dose of the tumor volume was significant in 2 of the tumor sizes. The differences in the mean doses of the 2 plans were examined and more than 3% increase was observed in higher concentrations of the contrast media. Conclusions: According to this study, the suitable concentration of the contrast media administered and the CT scan energy should be considered. This would help to decrease the discrepancies between the calculated and delivered dose in radiotherapy treatments to a clinically acceptable level. The importance of time delays for CT scans after administration of the contrast media is emphasized.

In myocardial gated SPECT imaging each cardiac cycle is divided into 8 or 16 temporal frames and the cause of the difference between 8 and 16 frames is not specified exactly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of myocardial detector counts and gender on the difference between 8 and 16 frames and also to compare the LVEF obtained by 8 and 16 frames with echocardiography. The study population included 84 patients who underwent gated SPECT imaging. Left ventricular parameters were assessed on 8 and 16 frames gated SPECT. LVEF was also measured with two-dimensional echocardiography within 5–10 days after gated SPECT imaging. There was a good correlation between 8 and 16 frames for calculation of LVEF (p = 0.00, r = 0.860), EDV (p = 0.00, r = 0.965) and ESV (p = 0.00, r = 0.956) in all patients. But the difference between 8 and 16 frames for calculation of LVEF (p = 0.00), EDV (p = 0.014) and ESV (p = 0.00) was statistically significant. This difference was assessed separately in females, males, patients with high photon counts and patients with low photon counts and in all subgroups was statistically significant difference in the estimation of LVEF and ESV (p < 0.05) but no significant difference in the estimation of EDV (p > 0.05). Echocardiography resulted in smaller LVEF as compared to 8 and 16 frames gated SPECT studies and there was a significant difference between the two methods (p = 0.00). The myocardial detector counts and gender have no effect on the difference between 8 and 16 frames methods and the LVEF on echocardiography is smaller than the gated SPECT, but the 8-frame is closer to echocardiography.

The numerous factors regulate the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) self-renewal and differentiation response. We aimed to analyze the influence of electromagnetic field (EMF) as an external inducing factor on rat BMMSC differentiation and proliferation to neuron and astrocyte cells. BMMSCs extracted from the rats femurs and tibias and incubated in a cell-cultured CO2 incubator. After the third passages, the plates selected randomly and then divided into seven groups (Sham exposed, three groups of square, and three groups of sinusoidal waveform EMF (25, 50, and 75 Hz, 400 μT, 1 h/day). The BMMSCs exposed to EMF at the middle of a Helmholtz coil for 7 days. The viable cell counting and proliferation performed by the MTT test and BMMSC differentiation into the neuron and the astrocyte cell was studied by immunocytochemistry staining. The results confirmed BMMSC viability and proliferation rate reduction in sinusoidal 25 Hz, square 50 Hz and sinusoidal 75 Hz EMF groups compare to sham. The maximum BMMSC differentiation to neuron was considered in sinusoidal 50 Hz and 75 Hz EMF groups. The increase of BMMSC differentiation to astrocyte cell was frequency dependent and the most differentiation was shown in square 75 Hz, and sinusoidal 75 Hz EMF groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that both square and sinusoidal EMF could affect BMMSC development and differentiation to neuron and astrocyte cells. Further studies for the consequence of EMF with wider flux density and frequency on BMMSC are recommended.

Purpose: Despite the two decades of using cell phones, there are still considerable controversies about the biological effects of the Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) produced by cell phones. Sleep disorder among hospital staff is an important issue for the health care system not only due to the health of its employees but also to the reduction of the staff performance quality and the increase in medical errors. This study aimed to explore factors that may affect the sleep quality of hospital staff and to examine the association between sleep quality and cell phone usage. Materials and Methods: In this study, participants consisted of 288 employees (35.51 ± 8.42 years old) of two hospitals, and their sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Results: Sixty-six percent of participants had good sleep quality and nearly 68% of the employees worked in shifts. The cell phone use among participants averaged 10.74 ± 3.03 years, and less than half of the staff stated that call durations of their cell phones were less than 5 h/day. More than 90% of the staff mentioned no use of hands-free. There were no statistically significant differences between job characteristics, sleep quality, and items related to cell phones, except the use of hands-free. Conclusion: In our study, using hands-free during phone calls was associated with poor quality sleep. Different factors, such as decreased levels of electromagnetic fields reaching the brain, can be involved in this effect. These results must be interpreted with caution due to the low number of subjects and the limitations of our study.

Fractal dimension analysis and surface topography mapping to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy on the physical behavior of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells

Sonodynamic therapy was appeared as a minimally invasive treatment that is based on the use of low-intensity ultrasound waves with a chemical agent that can be activated by ultrasound (US). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hematoporphyrin (HP) and hematoporphyrin-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticle (HP-MSN) with sonodynamic therapy in an animal model of breast adenocarcinoma. In this study, 96 Balb/C female mice with grafted breast adenocarcinoma were divided to 16 groups each containing 6 mice including: control, sham, HP (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), HP-MSN (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), 3 MHz US (1 and 2 W/cm2), US + HP (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and US + HP-MSN (2.5 and 5 mg/kg). The tumor relative volume, tumor growth inhibition ratio (TGI), the time of tumor growth (T2 and T5-times) and tumor grading were used to evaluate the treatment outcome. The relative volume parameters and TGI% of 3 MHz US (2 W/cm2) and HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) groups were effective in delaying tumor growth when compared with control and sham at the middle of observation. The time required for tumor to reach two-times (T2) the initial volume in the case of HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) group was greater than that sham and control groups. Analysis of data showed that the groups of US (2 W/cm2) + HP (5 mg/kg), US (1 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) and US (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) indicated antitumor effects from days 18 to 30 after treatment. TGI% in these groups is 54, 45 and 39%, respectively, and the time of T2 and T5 is greater than that in the control and sham. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the 45-day survival was 60% for the group treated with US (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg). In histopathological study, all experimental groups had a poorly differentiated grading except of US (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) group which has a moderately differentiated degree based on Bloom-Richardson classification. Based on the results, we found that sonodynamic therapy with HP-MSN have an antitumor effect on mice breast adenocarcinoma. Conventional treatments for cancer are still far from ideal in terms of systemic toxicity, tumor-selectivity and side effects. Therefore, the development of highly selective and minimally invasive therapies such as sonodynamic therapy is necessary.

Background: Exposure to different frequencies would have a profound effect on the brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density and hexakis-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) build-up. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the blood-brain barrier permeability after electromagnetic field irradiation. Methods: In this study, 150 male albino rats were randomly divided into 25 groups. They had an intraperitoneal injection of Evans blue 24 hours before experiments. Before 15 or 30-min Electromagnetic Field (EMF) irradiation (900, 1700, and 1900 MHz), 500 μCi (18.5 MBq) of 99mTc -MIBI was injected via the caudal vein. The rats decapitated 15, 30, 45, or 60 min after radiotracer injection to evaluate the brain-specific activity and brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density. Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in 60-min post-injection activity after 15-min EMF radiation at 900, 1700, and 1900 MHz. The brain-specific activity with 30-min EMF radiation showed a significant increase in the 900 MHz group compared to others. Brain/whole body-specific activity in all experimental groups after 15-min EMF radiation showed no significant differences. On the other hand, the brain/whole body-specific activity ratio with 30-min EMF radiation showed a significant increase in the 900 MHz group compared to other groups. A comparison between the brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density in the experimental groups after 15 and 30-min EMF radiation showed no significant difference in Evans blue accumulations in brains. Conclusions: It may be concluded that mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation may increase the blood-brain barrier permeability. As most humans use mobile phones for daily communications, all users around the world need to be advised of the effects of modern call devices.

Background: Today, due to ever-expanding of using electronic systems and electromagnetic fields in the living environment and it can be used in treatment of some neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electromagnetic waves on cord blood stem cells. Materials and methods: The newborn's umbilical cord was transferred to a cell culture laboratory under sterile conditions. Then, using hyaluronidase, trypsin and collagenase enzymes, the cells were separated and cultured. For purification and removal of additional cells, the flasks were passaged three times. Then, flasks were incubated in the incubator with electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 50 Hz and intensity 0.25, 0.5, and 1 millitesla, two hours per day for a consecutive 14 days. Then, neuronal specific antibodies and MTT assay were tested for neuronal proliferation and differentiation of the cells. Results: The results showed that the intensity of 0.5 and 1 significantly decreased the number of cells, but in the 0.25 millitesla, there was no significant decrease in the number of cells in comparison with the control group. In addition, differentiation was observed only in 0.25 and 0.5 millitesla groups, but not in group 1 millitesla. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that electromagnetic waves can differentiate and expand the umbilical mesenchymal stem cells.

99mTc-MIBI is a radiopharmaceutical which has trend to accumulate in the heart, but its absorption in pulmonary system may alter heart accumulation and so affect the heart imaging. We aimed to assess the effects of cell phone EMF on lung accumulation of 99mTc-MIBI and oxidative stress. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 groups: four for 99mTc and 99mTc-MIBI control, four for 99mTc 900 and 1800 MHz, four for 99mTc-MIBI 900 and 1800 MHz. After injection of radiopharmaceutical in rats’ tail vein, the animals were housed in standard cages for expose to 900 or 1800 MHz in time of 15 or 30 min. Activity of 99mTc and 99mTc-MIBI in the lungs was being assayed using a dose calibrator. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) was measured in serum. After 15 and 30 min EMF radiation, in both groups of 900 and 1800 MHz, lung specific activity was increased the same as control group; meanwhile, in 15 min 900 MHz group, there was a significant increase in lung-to-heart specific activity ratio compared to other groups. Data showed a permanent increase in 900 MHz group CAT activity. MDA level had not any significant changes. The use of cell phone EMF during the preparation and imaging process could increase absorption of radiopharmaceutical by the pulmonary system and may affect lung-to-heart specific activity ratio, so affect to correct diagnosis by the physician.