Ocular drug delivery is still an opportunity and a challenge because the eye has unique anatomical, physiological, and immunological barriers that restrict the bioavailability of traditional dosage forms like eye drops and ointments. This review is a critical assessment of the recent developments in nanocarrier-based drug delivery, gene therapy therapeutic approaches, and novel digital twin technologies in the management of the anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. A comprehensive literature review has been carried out on ocular anatomy along with physiological barriers, significant ocular diseases, and constraints of conventional treatment. Recent nanocarrier systems such as polymeric micelles, dendrimers, lipid-based nanoparticles, niosomes, and transferosomes are believed to have more drug solubility, have better corneal permeability, retention and release of drugs and are able to allow penetration over the barrier. There is a great prospect of gene therapy methods, especially viral and non-viral directing systems like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), to execute a specific genetic repair in inherited and degenerative eye disorders. Moreover, digital twin technology offers promising opportunities in predictive diagnostics and personalized ophthalmic treatment, enabling disease-model personalization. Nanotechnology, gene therapy, and digital twin systems offer new opportunities in precision ophthalmology. However, issues related to safety, regulatory approval, and data privacy must be overcome before their successful clinical implementation.

In the article “Revolutionizing Drug Delivery: The Impact of Microsponges in Pharmaceutical Research”, published in Drug Delivery Letters [1], the citation for Figure (3) was inadvertently omitted in the original version of the manuscript. This omission has now been corrected. The original article can be found online at: https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/142406 Details of the correction are as follows: Original: 4. PREPARATION OF MICROSPONGES Drug loading in microsponges can occur through two processes: liquid-liquid suspension polymerization and quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion techniques. The choice between these methods depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the specific drug intended for loading [22, 23]. Corrected: 4. PREPARATION OF MICROSPONGES Drug loading in microsponges can occur through two processes: liquid-liquid suspension polymerization and quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion techniques. The choice between these methods depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the specific drug intended for loading (Fig. 3) [22, 23]. We regret the error and apologize to readers.

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin disorder, poses a significant therapeutic challenge due to its complex Etiology and variable clinical manifestations. This abstract highlights recent advancements in novel carrier systems that revolutionize psoriasis management and pharmacotherapy. These innovative carriers aim to improve drug delivery, enhance therapeutic efficacy, and mitigate the adverse effects of conventional treatments. Psoriasis is characterised by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, inflammation, and immune dysregulation. Conventional treatments often involve topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, or systemic immunosuppressants, each with its limitations, such as variable efficacy and side effects. The emergence of novel carrier systems, including liposomes, nanoparticles, and microneedle arrays, provides a promising avenue for addressing these challenges. Advanced drug delivery systems enable the precise delivery and management of the release of therapeutic agents, enhancing their penetration into the affected skin layers. Liposomal formulations, for instance, offer improved drug stability and sustained release, minimizing the need for frequent applications and reducing side effects. Nanoparticles provide a platform for encapsulating various drugs, offering enhanced solubility and bioavailability. Moreover, the integration of personalized medicine approaches into carrier design allows for tailored treatment regimens based on individual patient characteristics. This shift towards precision medicine holds the potential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse reactions.

SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has inflicted an unprecedented global health crisis, claiming over seven million lives worldwide as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the deployment of efficacious vaccines, the relentless emergence of immune-evasive variants and the limited breadth of existing antiviral arsenals underscore the critical imperative to discover mechanistically novel therapeutic agents. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; nsp12), a catalytic cornerstone of the viral replication-transcription complex, represents an evolutionarily conserved and pharmaceutically tractable target. In the present investigation, a structure-guided blind molecular docking workflow was implemented within the SeeSAR 13.1 platform to evaluate a library of chemically synthesized bridged heterocyclic scaffolds as potential RdRp-targeting candidates. Comprehensive pharmacokinetic profiling was conducted to assess drug-likeness. Among all candidates, compound 1e emerged as the top-ranked hit, exhibiting the highest docking scores (−12.68 and −17.38 in the absence and presence of mRNA, respectively) and favourable contacts with conserved template-interacting region residues (Motifs F and G). Subsequent all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over 100 ns demonstrated conformational stability of both the 1e-RdRp and 1e-RdRp-mRNA ternary complexes throughout the 100 ns simulated trajectory. The computational evidence suggests the predictive binding to the template-interacting region, which necessitates experimental validation for mechanistic confirmation. Collectively, these findings identify compound 1e as a prioritized computational hit and lead RdRp antagonist, warranting rigorous in vitro RdRp inhibition assays, cell-based antiviral evaluations, and full pharmacological validation before any antiviral claim can be made.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most extensively studied materials due to its excellent photocatalytic activity, chemical stability, and cost-effectiveness. The properties and performance of TiO₂ are strongly influenced by the synthesis methods employed, such as hydrothermal and sol-gel techniques, which determine its crystal structure, morphology, and surface characteristics. Advanced characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), play a crucial role in analyzing these properties and optimizing material performance. Solid-state TiO₂-based electrochemical sensors exhibit excellent analytical performance for heavy metal ion detection, achieving sensitivities as high as 0.1276 µA/ppb using LSALV with a TiO₂-modified GCE in 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte, while typical limits of detection (LOD) range from 25 to 36 nM. Among reported systems, Hg²⁺ has been detected with LODs as low as 0.79 nM using DPSAV at a GCE in HCl electrolyte and 2.7 nM using SWASV at an NMG electrode in acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer. Similarly, Pb²⁺ detection has reached LODs of 1.8 nM using SWASV at an NMG electrode in acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer and 44.1 nM using CV at a CPE in 0.1 M HCl containing 10.0 mM Pb²⁺. These findings demonstrate the high sensitivity and suitability of TiO₂-based electrochemical sensors for trace-level heavy metal monitoring. Furthermore, TiO₂ demonstrates remarkable efficiency in the degradation of organic pollutants under light irradiation due to its strong photocatalytic properties. Overall, solid-state materials, particularly TiO₂, offer a promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective platform for next-generation environmental monitoring and pollution control technologies.

Due to its superior physical and chemical characteristics, MXene quantum dots (MXQDs) are regarded as an outstanding zero-dimensional nanomaterial. The excitation of these QDs dependent on emission properties, photostability, biocompatibility...

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermis, resulting in a high turnover rate of the epidermal cells. Apart from its physical manifestations, it also impacts an individual's psychological well-being. Its symptoms, such as pain, itching, and peeling, are more severe than those of other diseases, leading to a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety. Nanosponges are versatile nanoparticle platforms with porous, threedimensional structures that can effectively encapsulate and deliver a wide range of drugs and bioactive molecules, owing to their distinct capabilities, including controlled release patterns and the ability to target delivery. In this review, the advantages of nanosponges as a drug delivery system for treating the disease will be discussed.

Zolpidem (Z1) and zopiclone (Z2) are widely prescribed for insomnia; but their misuse in drug-facilitated crimes presents significant forensic and clinical challenges. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method, coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), for the simultaneous determination of Z1, Z2, and 18 phase I and phase II metabolites (20 species) in human urine. DLLME employed 1 mL of dichloromethane as extractant and 2 mL of acetonitrile as disperser per 2 mL of urine, reducing halogenated-solvent use compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a HyPURITY C18 column with water-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) containing 0.2% formic acid. Z1 and Z2 were validated according to ICH guidelines over 0.1-200 ng/mL, showing linearity (R2 > 0.999), accuracy (96.29%-99.56%), precision (RSD ≤ 3.12%), and recovery (96.12%-98.74%). Because authentic metabolite standards were unavailable, metabolite concentrations were estimated using parent-drug calibration curves and are considered semi-quantitative. In five healthy volunteers, hydroxylated and carboxylated metabolites peaked at 2-12 h and remained detectable up to 84 h. These findings support the method's potential for retrospective urinary screening of Z-drug exposure in forensic and clinical toxicology.

Research studies indicate that biodegradable polymers play a crucial role in effective drug delivery, helping to manage drug release and decreasing potential toxic reactions. It thoroughly reviews different types of biodegradable polymers, the ways they are produced, and how they work for releasing drugs. The article begins by outlining drug-delivery polymers and then categorizes them into natural, synthetic, and biodegradable types. Eco-friendliness and biocompatibility are crucial attributes of degradable polymers, enhancing treatment outcomes significantly. The review covers the ways to develop and design biodegradable substances and how they are used in controlled-release medicines. The study delivers detailed descriptions of how controlled drugs are released through diffusion, degradation, and swelling. Different forms of polymer micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and hydrogels are used to assess whether they can boost drug delivery methods. Polymeric nanocarriers improve targeting drugs, ensure their release over a long time, and enhance the solubility of some hydrophobic drugs. They are suitable for use in various types of therapy. The review points out that biodegradable polymers play a role in drug delivery for cancer and ocular disorders. This article aims to examine and evaluate biodegradable polymers, sharing their impacts on the development of controlled-release drug delivery technologies.

The consumption and utilization of Ginkgo biloba leaves and seeds in traditional herbal treatments have left an indelible mark. Their rich chemical makeup and remarkable pharmacological effects, particularly in the form of EGb761 leaf extracts, have captivated researchers seeking novel treatments for degenerative nerve illnesses like Alzheimer's disease. However, the story of Ginkgo biloba doesn't end there. The Ginkgo biloba seeds, which were once highly regarded as sustenance and medicine but are often overlooked, hold ancient wisdom that awaits discovery and understanding, also, it is advised to consume one to two seeds per day because of the ginkgo toxin side effect. Traditional Chinese medicine has harnessed its potential to combat intestinal tract worm infections, pyogenic skin diseases, enuresis, asthma, cough, and more, owing to its abundant reserves of carbs, protein, fat, and polyphenols. Moreover, recent studies have emerged, suggesting their neuroprotective properties. Fostering awareness and encouraging the consumption of Ginkgo biloba seeds thus becomes paramount. As we embark on a quest to delve into the depths of Ginkgo biloba seeds, this comprehensive review aims to shed light on their key components, bioactivities, processing techniques, and the latest insights into their pharmacological actions. By embracing a holistic understanding of Ginkgo biloba seeds, we lay the foundation for their scientific advancement and the development of this remarkable edible seed. Furthermore, it is essential to acknowledge that while Ginkgo biloba holds immense potential, caution is warranted, as adverse effects such as allergies have been reported, particularly in individuals with known allergies.

AIM:To develop gallic acid loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (GA-NLCs) using sea buckthorn oil (SBO) for topical delivery to manage adjuvant induced rheumatic inflammation in rats. METHODS:Designed GA-NLCs were optimised by the Box-Behnken model and characterised by dynamic light scattering, DSC, XRD, and evaluated for drug permeation, hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and in vivo anti-arthritic potential. RESULTS:GA-NLCs exhibited particle size 188.4 ± 35nm, zeta potential -19.13 + 0.5 mV, entrapment efficiency 89.35 ± 2.46%, drug content 14.00 ± 1.36 mg/gm, and 87.74 ± 3.4% of drug permeation across skin. GA-NLCs showed significantly improved (p ≤ 0.05) skin enhancement ratios in comparison to gallic acid dispersion in aqueous medium (4.53 fold) and SBO (3.40 fold). GA-NLCs showed hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Topical application of GA-NLC gel significantly (p < 0.05) reduced arthritic score and paw edoema, comparable to diclofenac gel. CONCLUSION:GA-NLCs exhibited enhanced skin permeation, reduced arthritic score, and synergistic anti-inflammatory effects, offering a promising intervention for the effective management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Concerns about environmental contamination and food safety are driving the need for fast, sensitive, and simple screening methods. Conventional analytical methods are highly accurate and reliable, but their routine use is limited due to complex instrumentation, labor-intensive sample preparation, and centralized laboratory facilities. By integrating the multidimensional response capability of array-based sensing systems with the catalytic adaptability of nanozymes, colorimetric nanozyme sensor arrays have emerged as a promising sensing paradigm. Unlike traditional single-analyte sensors, nanozyme sensor arrays rely on interactions between analytes and multiple catalytic components to generate unique colorimetric response patterns. Differences in catalytic activity, substrate affinity, and surface interactions enable these cross-reactive platforms to produce distinct visual fingerprints, allowing differentiation of chemically similar targets. Advances in catalytic engineering—including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, surface functionalization, morphology control, and construction of metal-, carbon-, MOF-, COF-, and hybrid nanozyme architectures—have enhanced catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and signal diversity, improving array performance. The analytical capability of these systems is further strengthened by pattern-recognition methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). These techniques enable accurate classification and quantitative analysis of toxic analytes by interpreting differences in absorbance spectra, and RGB/HSV features. This paper reviews the design principles, catalytic strategies, and sensing mechanisms of colorimetric nanozyme sensor arrays for detection of food and environmental pollutants. Lastly, prospects for next-generation high-performance nanozyme sensor arrays enabling rapid, reliable, and intelligent food and environmental monitoring are outlined, along with key challenges, emerging opportunities, and future directions.

L-Methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes vascular anomalies such as endothelial dysfunction and mitochondrial impairment that triggers vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Nesgatin-1 is an anorexigenic peptide that might protect the brain against neurotoxicity of L-methionine (LM). The present work investigated the mitochondria-targeted neuroprotective potential of nesfatin-1 in an L-methionine–induced rat model of HHcy-associated VCID. LM (1.7 g/kg/day) was administered for 8 weeks in Wistar rats (adult males) to induced VCID. Nesfatin-1 (0.3, 1, and 3 µg/kg) was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) for 2 weeks. We observed that LM-induced HHcy defunctionalized mitochondrial enzyme activity, lowered ATP levels, and triggered oxidative stress and inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β) in the brain of rats. LM induced a rise in vascular injury markers (matrix metalloproteinase-9) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in the brain. Nesfatin-1 ICV treatment attenuated L-Met–induced brain oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular injury, and chemokine levels. The activity of acetylcholinesterase and glutamate levels were decreased and GABA was increased significantly by nesfatin-1. Nesfatin-1 significantly improved brain mitochondrial respiratory chain activity (complex I, II, IV, and V), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, PGC-1α, and attenuated apoptotic factors (caspase3/-9 and cytochrome-c). Nesfatin-1 significantly improved spatial learning and memory and working memory in rats against LM in HHcy-induced VCID model. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence that nesfatin-1 confers robust neuroprotection against HHcy-induced VCID. Nesfatin-1 emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in VCID.

As an advancement of 3D printing, 4D printing introduces a time dimension, enabling the fabrication of dynamic, adaptable biological devices. In contrast to stable 3D-printed systems, 4D-printed systems employ intelligent materials, such as shape-memory polymers and hydrogels, that respond to environmental stimuli, such as pH, temperature, and light. Major developments include adaptable implants for applications like tracheal support and cancer therapy, as well as customized, stimuli-responsive hydrogel capsules that enable controlled drug release, thereby enhancing the patient's health, decreasing adverse effects, and increasing accuracy. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, specifically in managing degradation rates, ensuring biocompatibility, and optimizing material selection for clinical studies. As research continues, 4D bioprinting is anticipated to become the main tool for creating personalized, efficient, and adaptive biomedical systems, thereby changing the face of future healthcare and treatment methods. This editorial provides an overview of innovative approaches and demonstrates the importance of 4D printing in the medical field. It highlights the crucial role of 4D printing over 3D printing by incorporating the time dimension, making the resulting devices dynamic and adaptive rather than static. These smart features of the innovative 4D-printed tool have led to significant advancements in medical applications, including customized tracheal support implants and personalized drug-delivery capsules.