基于化学反应动力学及三维计算流体动力学(CFD)耦合开展了低压氨/柴油双燃料低速机的燃烧和排放仿真研究.构建了氨/柴油双燃料机理,其滞燃期、层流火焰速度及重要组分浓度的计算结果与试验结果吻合良好;在CONVERGE中建立了低速船机的三维CFD模型,确定了 G方程模型中NH3燃料层流火焰速度的经验参数,研究了压缩比和当量比对氨/柴油双燃料低速机性能的影响.结果表明:适当提高压缩比可以改善氨着火燃烧的稳定性,压缩比为14.5可获得较高效率并将最大爆发压力控制在合理范围;氨燃料当量比在0.410附近性能达到最优,当量比更高使着火过于提前、燃烧温度大幅提高,导致热效率下降和NOx排放明显升高,而当量比更低时指示热效率降低.在当量比为0.410、压缩比为14.5时氨/柴油双燃料低速机获得了效率及排放相互折衷下的最优值.

基于三维CFD仿真软件模拟了高压直喷天然气船机的燃烧过程,探讨了四种不同简化程度机理对燃烧和排放的影响规律.结果表明:四种机理均能很好的预测高压直喷天然气船机在不同喷射时刻下的缸压和放热率.四个机理预测的燃烧相位和最高爆发压力随喷射时刻提前或推迟变化趋势一致;预测的不同燃烧相位的温度、当量比和NOx分布存在较小差异.但35步机理和27步机理预测的碳烟排放比334步机理和250步机理高.整体上,受船机大尺度计算资源高限制,耦合简化的35步和27步机理的CFD模型预测的燃烧参数最大误差小于4.3％,预测的NOx排放最大误差小于12.0％,能够满足船机工程开发需求.

基于CONVERGE软件建立了预燃室式柴油、天然气双燃料船用二冲程发动机的三维计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,研究了压缩比、引燃柴油质量、喷射压力及引燃柴油喷射角度对燃烧过程的影响,探索了提高柴油、天然气双燃料船用发动机热效率的燃烧策略.结果 表明:提高压缩比可以提高缸内的最高燃烧压力,从而有效提高热效率,但受发动机机械强度的限制,压缩比为12.5时可以获得较佳的效果;适当增大引燃油量和喷射压力,可以增加射流火焰的着火点,增强点火能量,对热效率略有改善;调节引燃柴油的喷射角度,将引燃油喷射到CH4浓度较高区域可以获得更好的引燃效果,降低指示燃料消耗率;提高压缩比至12.5结合推迟喷油策略可以明显地改善热效率.

In order to fully understand contact dynamics on a trampoline, a simulation approach using a musculoskeletal model coupled with a dynamic model of the trampoline is essential. The purpose of the study was to examine dynamics and selected lower extremity muscle forces in a landing and jumping movement on a trampoline, using a combination of finite element modeling and musculoskeletal modeling. The rigid frame of the trampoline was modeled in ADAMS and coupled with a finite element model of the elastic trampoline net surface in ANSYS. A musculoskeletal model of an elite trampoline athlete was further developed in LifeMod and combined with the finite element model of the trampoline. The results showed that the peak trampoline reaction forces (TRF) were 3400 N (6.6 BW) and 2900 N (5.6 BW) for the left and right limb, respectively. The right hip, knee and ankle joint reaction forces reached the maximum between 3000-4000 N (5.8 - 7.7 BW). The gluteus maximum and quadriceps reached the maximum muscle force of 380 N (0.7 BW) and 780 N (1.5 BW), respectively. Asymmetric loading patterns between left and right TRFs and lower extremities joint reaction forces were observed due to the need to generate the rotational movement during the takeoff. The observed rigid and erect body posture suggested that the hip and knee extensors played important roles in minimizing energy absorption and maximizing energy generation during the trampoline takeoff.