为了比较裸子植物和被子植物花粉管生长机制,本研究利用激光共聚焦显微镜、全内反射荧光显微镜、透射电子显微镜观测比较了青杄、雪松、烟草和百合花粉管中FM4-64染色的时间变化特性和波动特性、囊泡移动速度、单位时间内细胞壁体积的增加,结果发现:与被子植物烟草和百合花粉管相比,裸子植物青杄和雪松花粉管中FM4-64荧光强度前期增加速度慢,后期降低速度慢,表明裸子植物花粉管的胞吞和胞吐速率明显低于被子植物花粉管.其次,裸子植物中的青杄和雪松花粉管中分别只有28％和34％的囊泡在移动,且多数囊泡移动速度小于被子植物烟草和百合花粉管,揭示了裸子植物花粉管中单位时间内能移动到顶端进行胞吐作用的囊泡的数量要少于被子植物的.然而裸子植物青杄和雪松花粉管单位时间内需要增加的细胞壁体积大于被子植物烟草花粉管.这些结果暗示着来自囊泡的细胞壁前体物质的积累对裸子植物和被子植物花粉管顶端细胞壁的增加的贡献是不同的.

为培养既懂生态学又懂环境学,并能够利用专业知识从事保护环境、恢复生态平衡的环境生态工程专业人才,通过从《土壤学》在环境生态工程课程体系中的位置着手,分析了当前《土壤学》课程教学中存在的问题,并从教材选择、教学内容调整、教学方法优化、实践能力培训等方面提出土壤学课程教学改革的方向.

本文通过比较0.3％细胞外钙浓度下生长的和正常培养基下生长的百合花粉管中F4-64荧光波动特性,研究花粉管顶端FM4-64波动机制.结果发现在0.3％外钙浓度下,花粉管中FM4-64波动平均频率减少为对照花粉管的38％,几乎等于花粉管生长速度减少的值;FM4-64波动的平均振幅增大为对照花粉管中的1.84倍,接近于囊泡胞吐速率增大值(1.42)和单位时间内增加的花粉管内腔体积的减小值(0.48)之和.而在同一根花粉管中越靠近顶端部位FM4-64波动振幅和周期越大.这些结果暗示着花粉管生长速度和囊泡向顶端的聚集速度是调节FM4-64波动周期的重要因素;胞吐速率、花粉管内腔体积的变化速率和顶端囊泡密度是调节FM4-64波动振幅的重要因素.

【目的】茶园土壤中适量的铬（Cr）、锌（Zn）、镍（Ni）有利于茶树的生长,为此,本文探讨武夷岩茶土壤Cr、Zn和Ni元素的生物有效性及其影响因素,以期指导生态茶园建设和提高茶叶品质。【方法】以武夷岩茶土壤和茶叶为研究对象,测定Cr、Zn和Ni在武夷岩茶土壤和茶叶中的含量及土壤中的化学形态,通过生物可利用性系数及富集系数两种方法评价各元素的生物有效性特征,并利用相关系数进行影响因素分析。【结果】研究区土壤Cr、Zn和Ni元素均以残渣态为优势形态,三者的生物可利用性系数与茶叶富集系数的均值大小顺序一致（Zn＞Ni＞Cr）。同时,土壤Ni的生物可利用性系数与土壤pH值和有机质呈显著负相关,茶叶对Zn元素的富集系数与土壤pH值表现出显著负相关,茶叶对Ni元素的富集系数与土壤有机质、海拔、树龄都呈显著负相关。【结论】研究区土壤Cr、Zn和Ni元素主要来源于土壤母质,它们的生物有效性特征直接影响着茶叶对其的吸收。此外,3种元素的生物有效性在不同程度上受土壤pH值、有机质、茶园海拔和茶龄的影响。

The chemical fraction of elements has been widely employed in the study of soil chemistry, plant nutrition, and environmental science. For this study we conducted a comprehensive survey on trace elements (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Mo, Co, etc.) from the rock tea gardens in Wuyishan, southeastern China. Our results demonstrate that: 1) The contents of heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, As, and Cd in the soil meet the environmental requirements for the growing area of tea (NY/T 853-2004), and the soil in the studied area contains sufficient Mn, Mo, and Se for tea plant growth, with a slight lack of Co. 2) The exchangeable fraction is determined to be the dominant fraction of Cd, which originates from an anthropogenic source and possesses high bioavailability from elemental speciation analysis. 3) The heavy metal contents in all the tea leaf samples are within the safe range, and the average values of the element enrichment coefficients of the tea leaves decrease in the order: Mn > Cu > Hg > Zn > Se > Cd > Mo > Co > As > Pb > Cr.

Rice is a major source of inorganic arsenic (As) exposure for billions of people worldwide. Therefore, strategies to reduce As accumulation in rice should be adopted. Silicon (Si) application can effectively mitigate As accumulation in rice. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to investigate the effect of Si on As speciation and distribution in different rice tissues. The results showed that Si addition significantly increased As and Si concentrations in soil solution and Si concentration in iron plaque formed around rice root surface, whereas As in the iron plaque was significantly decreased. Total As concentrations in the stem, leaf, husk, and brown rice were remarkably decreased by 51.9%, 31.9%, 33.8%, and 24.1%, respectively, after Si addition, and inorganic As concentrations were reduced by 52.3%, 35.5%, 50.1%, and 20.1%, respectively. Moreover, both dimethylarsinic acid concentration and percentage in rice grain were significantly elevated by Si application. Therefore, Si application is promising as a way to mitigate inorganic As accumulation in rice and to reduce consumer health risk.

研究武夷山市五夫镇白莲荷塘底泥中7种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn)的全量和形态分布,运用风险评价编码(RAC)法及次生相与原生相分布比值(RSP)法评价元素生物有效性、判断元素的主要来源,并利用相关系数分析重金属形态受土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:部分荷塘底泥样品的Hg、Cd全量超出NY/T5010-2016《无公害农产品种植业产地环境条件》的标准限值,且均值分别为福建省土壤背景值的3.09、5.37倍,富集较为严重.其中,Hg的残渣态占总量的80.79％,RAC值和RSP值较小,生物有效性较低且以自然来源为主;Cd以离子交换态、碳酸盐态和残渣态三种形态为主,RAC值和RSP值最大,生物有效性最高且受人为污染最为严重;Pb和Cu以残渣态为优势形态,但RAC值和RSP值较大,一定程度受人为来源的影响;As、Cr和Zn以残渣态为主,基本为自然来源.研究区荷塘底泥重金属形态分布在不同程度上受土壤基本理化指标(有机质和pH值)的影响.本研究可为合理地防治武夷山土壤重金属污染提供科学依据.

In order to study protective effect of roadside tree lines on heavy metals pollution (Pb,Zn,Cd,Cu,Cr and Mn) to roadside tea gardens in Wuyishan,samples of soils and tea leaves were collected from two neighboring sections of a roadside tea plantation,of which one has a roadside tree line (Section B) and the other does not (Section A).With an ICP-MS,concentrations of these heavy metals in the samples were measured.Correlation analysis and principal component analysis of heavy metals in the soil and tea leaves differed in result between Section A and Section B,which may be attributed to the effect of the roadside tree lines intercepting pollutants from the road.The principal component analysis reveals that concentrations of the six heavy metals in the samples,that Pb,Cu and Zn was mainly affected by traffic,while that of Mn and Cr by both traffic and geological background,and that of Cd by both traffic and fertilization.Moreover,it was also found that a single row of fir trees along the roadside in Section B could reduce not only the mean concentrations of heavy metals in the tea trees 1-150 m away from the roadbed,but also the range of maximal concentrations of Zn and Pb alongside the road from 50-80 m down to l-10 m,which was possibly attributed directly to the effect of the roadside tree line intercepting pollutants from the traffic and indirect to its interception of carbonate dispersal affecting soil pH.Obviously,decreasing the concentrations of traffic related heavy metals in tea and improving quality of the tea in roadside tea gardens can be achieved through planting roadside trees alongside the road in the tea gardens.

为解决《生态工程学》课程特色不凸显、实践环节薄弱、教学效果不佳等问题,从教学内容的"金课"打造、以设计能力为目的的实践环节、以案例式教学为主的多元化教学方式等方面展开论述,对地方特色化办学提供指导意义,为提高《生态工程学》课程教学质量和效果提供理论支持,并在新工科建设背景下,提出了下一步课程教学改革的方向.

In order to analyze the physiological responses of different tea trees to Pb stress and accumulation characteristics of Pb with different chemical forms in different tissues of tea trees,photosynthesis rate,chlorophyll content,Pb content in different tissues and Pb content with different chemical forms of Tieguanyin and Rougui tea plants were measured under Pb stess with different concentrations in pot culture.Results showed that the photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content of tea plants descended with the increase of Pb stress concentration,but the falling range of Tieguanyin was higher than Rougui as compared with the control.At the same concentration of Pb stress,Pb contents in tea plant roots and leaves performed root＞ leaf.Analysis of Pb contents with different chemical forms showed that the content percentages of exchangeable Pb,carbonate-bound Pb,residual Pb from two tea tree roots had downward trends,while organic-bound Pb and Pb with Fe-Mn oxidation state had upward trends as stress concentration increased.Content percentages of exchangeable Pb,carbonate-bound Pb,organicbound Pb and Pb with Fe-Mn oxidation state in the leaf appeared to be rising,while residual Pb declined.Further analysis indicated that detoxification patterns of different tea plant varieties exhibited variance under Pb stress.

实践教学是工科类专业实现人才培养目标的重要环节,对培养学生的实践和创新能力起着重要作用.在实践教学改革的背景下,以本校新一轮人才培养方案制定为契机,结合环境生态工程对应的社会岗位需求,分析了环境生态工程实践教学的人才培养理念、培养目标,构建了由实验教学、实习教学、社会实践、科研训练四大模块组成的环境生态工程专业实践教学体系,从而培养学生满足现代社会对应用型人才的需求.

作为教师要“修身、养性、齐家、治国、平天下”,以天下为己任的情怀、修养和实践.在这其中,修身是本,是齐家、治国、平天下的基础和前提.个人的修身立德,不仅包含着为人、处世的人生智慧,也包含着对待自己职业和工作的基本态度.

Risk evaluation and source tracing on the environmental pollution from heavy metal contamination in soil at tea plantations in Wuyishan were conducted.Contents of 8 major heavy metals in the soil samples were analyzed using multivariate statistics,evaluated according to the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment index,and traced to their origins by a principal component analysis.The results indicated that (1)the average concentrations of Pb,Cd,and Hg were 2.2,3.6,and 2.6 times,respectively,higher than the respective reference values for Fujian standards on these elements,while,although less severe,those of Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,and Pb also apparently showed their presences in the surface soils;(2)using the potential ecological risk assessment index,the risk levels of Cd and Hg were categorized as " medium" and " moderately heavy," those of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni and As graded as "low," and overall,the soils at the plantations were under" medium" and" heavy" levels (78.9%);and,(3)the principal component analysis suggested that the main source of Pb contamination stemmed from traffic pollution, those of Cu,Cr,and Ni from the natural components in soil at the sites,that of Hg from agricultural sources,that of Zn from natural, geological background and/or traffic at the surrounding areas, and, that of Cd from transportation and/or agricultural origins.Consequently,special attention must be paid on Cd and Hg as they also inherently post greater risks than others on human health.

In order to study the distribution characteristics of trace elements in the soils and tea leaves in Wuyi Yantea provenance ( Mingyan and Danyan) of Wuyishan City, tea garden soils and the corresponding tea samples were collected, and the contents of 10 trace elements including Co, Mo, Se, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were determined. In addition, correlation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of the content of trace element in tea garden soils on the trace element enrichment in tea leaves. The results showed that:there were higher contents of trace element, except As, in Danyan soil than that of Mingyan soil. Enrichment factors in tea leaves varied fiercely among elements. The enrichment ability of Cu and Hg is the highest, followed by Zn, Se and Cd, and non￣essential elements such as As, Pb and Cr is the lowest. Between Mingyan and Danyan, the most obvious difference of trace element content was found at Hg and Co. The trace element contents in soil had a great influence on that in tea leaves. Element contents of soil and tea leaves from Mingyan were all under the national standard. In Danyan, contents of Cu and Cr of several soil samples were beyond the permitted limit of national standard, while element contents of tea samples were conformed to the safe range, although with high Co content.

测定了武夷山茶园土壤中5种有毒重金属(汞、镉、铅、铬和砷)的总量和形态分布,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)评价与比较重金属生物有效性,通过次生相与原生相分布比值(RSP)法解析重金属的自然与人为来源,并利用相关系数分析土壤理化性质对重金属形态组分的影响.结果表明:(1)Cd以离子交换态为优势形态;Hg和Pb以残渣态为优势形态;Cr和As元素以残渣态为主.(2)RAG法评价的污染程度大小排序为:Cd＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Hg.其中,Cd以人为来源为主,Hg在很大程度上受农业活动的影响,Pb受人为来源影响不显著,Cr和As以自然来源为主,基本未受人为来源的影响.(3)重金属形态受土壤理化性质的影响与元素属性有关.(4)5种重金属对比得出,武夷茶区土壤Cd富集最显著,生物有效性最高.因此,该茶区应首要关注Cd的污染并采取相应防控措施.

To study the spatial variation of heavy metal distribution in the tea garden soil of Wuyishan, the total amount of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg elements were analyzed in the soil samples collected from different ecological conditions of Wuyishan tea gardens. And the ecological risk of those heavy metals was evaluated using single pollution index, comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological risk index. The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents between different types of heavy metal elements. The same element also displayed a certain degree of spatial differentiation characteristics under different ecological conditions. The significant accumulation of Cd and Hg was found in the tea garden soils of the nature reserve. The slight accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr were found in the ecological zones. The content of Pb, Cr, Cd and As in the scenic areas could meet the environmental condition criteria for organic tea production. But, Hg showed slight accumulation in the scenic areas. Soil pollution index assessment showed that the tea garden soils of the nature reserve had been polluted most seriously, followed by the ecological zones. The scenic areas soils were free of pollution. Pollutants sharing situations were different in various studied areas. But, Hg sharing rates were high ( more than 25% ) and it should be particularly concerned. Potential ecological risk index assessment showed that the risk level of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and As was “low” and they had slight ecological harm to the tea garden. But, the risk levels of both Cd and Hg were mainly “heavy” in nature reserve, “medium” or “heavy” in ecological zones, and“low” or “medium” in scenic areas, respectively. Therefore, the order of comprehensive ecological risk harm level was that:nature reserve > ecological zones > scenic areas, and we should pay more attention to the potential ecological risks of Hg and Cd elements in Wuyishan tea garden soil.

通过测试武夷山19个茶园土壤及茶叶中的Hg、Cd和As元素全量及土壤元素化学形态组成,分析3种元素对茶叶的有效性。结果表明:土壤Hg存在一定程度的富集,以残渣态和强有机态为优势形态;Cd富集最严重,且以离子交换态为优势形态;As符合无公害茶产地环境标准（NY/T 853-2004）,且以残渣态为主,占总量的70.35%。茶叶Hg、Cd、As含量属于安全范围内,均值远低于《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量（NY659-2003）》标准限值。土壤Hg、Cd和As的生物可利用性系数及富集系数值比较得出,土壤Cd生物可利用能力最强,As次之,Hg最弱;茶叶对土壤Cd、Hg富集能力较强,对As富集较弱。总之,土壤元素种类和化学形态组成更大程度上决定了元素活性、迁移与转移能力。

Level of negative oxygen ions concentration reflects not only the air quality, but also directly affect the comfort and health.This paper studied distribution and evaluation of negative oxygen ions concentration in campus of Wuyi university.The re-sults showed that negative oxygen ions concentration was affected by human activity, altitude, the air flow, dynamic water and vege-tation distribution and other comprehensive factors in the different functional areas of the campus.Meanwhile, negative oxygen ions changes according to weather and diurnal variations.Ranges of negative oxygen ion concentration are as follows:heavy rain days>rain days>rain cloudy>clear;diurnal variation order:AM>evening>noon.In summary, the measurement results showed that the air quality levels achieved stability three or four, air was fresh and conducive to human health.

In order to decipher the mechanism underlying pollen tube growth,exocytosis / endocytosis rates of Lili pollen tubes cultured in medium with excellular calcium at different concentrations were first quantitatively compared base on an algorithm using growth velocities of pollen tubes,widths of pollen tube lumens,thicknesses of cell walls,and diameters of endocytosis and exocytosis vesicles.The results showed that pollen tubes cultured in medium with 0. 01% calcium grew at mean velocity of( 8. 74 ± 1. 83) μm / min,which required exocytosis rate of 9 043 events / min and endocytosis rate of 344 749 events / min; while as in 0. 3% calcium,pollen tubes grew at mean velocity of( 3. 47 ± 0. 93) μm / min,which required exocytosis rate of 12 873 events / min and endocytosis rate of 517 738 events / min,suggesting there is no certain positive correlation between growth velocity of pollen tube and exocytosis / endocytosis rate.Moreover,fluorescence labeling of cell wall components revealed that,compared with 0. 01% calcium in medium,0. 03% calcium obviously induced callose in cell walls along whole pollen tubes,and caused a bit of increase of cellulose and acidic pectin at apical cell walls,indicating that cell wall components played important roles in the regulation of growth velocity of pollen tube.