Introduction Breathing mechanic is determined by tonus and flexibility, correct contraction amplitude of the thoracic diaphragm, relaxation, and the activity of auxiliary muscles. Respiratory muscle strength is evaluated by measuring the static maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between MIP and MEP and body posture in female soccer players. Material and methods The research involved a group of 57 women aged 16-20 years (42 soccer players and 15 controls) without disorders in the movement apparatus, cardiovascular system, or respiratory system. MIP and MEP were measured and analyzed with respect to body posture in three different positions. MIP and MEP values were evaluated with Micro Respiratory Muscle Analyzer (CareFusion). The body posture in the coronal plane from the back measured with a non-contact 3D photogrammetry system. Results Asymmetries in body posture were also measured and compared between groups. Asymmetry was observed at all anatomical locations in each of the postural positions, with an increase in asymmetry of the scapulae in the soccer players (p = 0.008). The control group had increased asymmetry at the skull nuchal line. Conclusions These results draw attention to the need for standardizing the evaluation procedure for respiratory muscle strength and interpretation of results. Postural measurements allow linkage of specific postural errors to the maximum strength of inspiratory and expiratory muscles. The asymmetrical location of the scapulae may be followed by a disturbance in the maximum strength of the inspiratory muscles.

The unambiguous identification of persons is one of the key aspects of police work. Biometric data find their application here due to the uniqueness of personal characteristics, which has a decisive impact on the certainty of identification of a person under investigation. Both the expansion of the set of biometric characteristics and advances in the quality (accuracy) of their representation in archives affect the correctness of identification and increase the chances of identification based on even fragmentary data. Through the practical application of modern technology, we can achieve significant advances in the effectiveness of person identification for forensic purposes and the search for missing persons.StreszczenieJednoznaczna identyfikacja osób jest jednym z kluczowych aspektów pracy policji. Dane biometryczne znajdują tu swoje zastosowanie ze względu na niepowtarzalność cech osobowych, co ma decydujący wpływ na pewność identyfikacji badanej osoby. Zarówno poszerzanie zbioru cech biometrycznych, jak i postęp w jakości (dokładności) ich odwzorowania w archiwach wpływają na poprawność identyfikacji i zwiększają szanse na identyfikację na podstawie nawet fragmentarycznych danych. Dzięki praktycznemu zastosowaniu nowoczesnych technologii jesteśmy w stanie osiągnąć znaczący postęp w skuteczności identyfikacji osób na potrzeby kryminalistyki i poszukiwań osób zaginionych.ResumenLa identificación inequívoca de las personas es uno de los aspectos fundamentales del trabajo policial. Los datos biométricos encuentran aquí su aplicación debido a la unicidad de los rasgos personales, que tiene un impacto decisivo en la certeza de la identificación de la persona investigada. Tanto la ampliación del conjunto de características biométricas como los avances en la calidad (precisión) de su reproducción en los archivos afectan a la corrección de la identificación y aumentan las posibilidades de identificación a partir incluso de datos fragmentarios. Gracias a la aplicación práctica de la tecnología moderna, podemos hacer avances significativos en la eficacia de la identificación de personas para la ciencia forense y la búsqueda de personas desaparecidas.ZusammenfassungDie eindeutige Identifizierung von Personen ist einer der wichtigsten Aspekte der Polizeiarbeit. Biometrische Daten finden hier ihre Anwendung aufgrund der Einzigartigkeit der persönlichen Merkmale, die einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Sicherheit der Identifizierung der untersuchten Person hat. Sowohl die Erweiterung der Menge biometrischer Merkmale als auch die Fortschritte bei der Qualität (Genauigkeit) ihrer Wiedergabe in den Archiven beeinflussen die Richtigkeit der Identifizierung und erhöhen die Chancen der Identifizierung auf der Grundlage selbst bruchstückhafter Daten. Durch die praktische Anwendung moderner Technologien sind wir in der Lage, die Effizienz der Personenidentifizierung in der Forensik und bei der Suche nach vermissten Personen erheblich zu steigern.РезюмеОднозначная идентификация личности - это один из ключевых аспектов работы полиции. Биометрические данные находят здесь свое применение благодаря уникальности персональных черт, что оказывает решающее влияние на уверенность в идентификации человека. Как расширение набора биометрических характеристик, так и повышение качества (точности) их воспроизведения в архивах влияют на правильность идентификации и повышают шансы на установление личности на основе даже фрагментарных данных. Практическое применение современных технологий позволяет значительно повысить эффективность идентификации личности в криминалистике и поиске лиц, пропавших без вести.

In this Letter, a method for shape visualization of small objects (microscopic) in the form of a hologram is presented. It consists of a standard optical set-up for small object registration (i.e., stereoscopic or biological microscope). The focus stacking technique is used to obtain a series of images with increased depth of field and on them a shape reconstruction procedure (structure from motion, SfM) is made. With use of a dense cloud of points, a sequence of parallax-related images suitable for Geola's digital holographic printing is generated. The holographic printer produces single-parallax holographic (full three-dimensional) images of real or virtual objects.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the correctness of the body posture of female soccer players in the frontal plane from the back based on selected body points in two static positions (habitual and actively corrected) using a non-contact optical measurement method. Forty-two young women (aged 16–20) playing soccer in a sports club in Poland were examined and compared with controls. The spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of the selected body points were determined. Four points (Oc L , Oc R , Pv L and Pv R ) were extracted and used to calculate vectors Oc=Oc_L-Oc_R and Pv=Pv_L-Pv_R for analysis. The results show that median of the pelvic line angle was positive (Pv R was lower than Pv L ) in both groups. For the habitual posture, the absolute value of the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles in the pelvic line was almost three times greater among the soccer players than the controls (ratio between soccer players and controls: 2.93). Static postural imbalances in female soccer players require diagnosis of the sacroiliac joints with analysis of lumbar-pelvic system support and inhibition in the context of myofascial connection integration. Exercises can be implemented to stabilize the lumbar-pelvis complex as prophylaxis for spinal overload during the training cycle.

In spray studies related to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems a common approach is to replace the urea–water solution (UWS) with pure water, even though there is very limited detailed information on the spray properties for these two liquids obtained under the same conditions using the same experimental equipment. Neither is it known how the possible differences in spray properties influence computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In this study, besides the flow characteristics, we compare both global and local spray parameters measured for UWS and pure water in the same conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first study which examines the influence on the injection process of replacing UWS with water over such a wide range. Moreover, the influence of different spray properties on CFD simulations is also examined. The experimental studies showed differences in almost all considered spray parameters. Moreover, different spray behaviour was noticed in terms of primary break-up. One important finding is that water and UWS sprays do have a similar Sauter mean diameter, but at the same time the droplet size distribution is considerably different. The simulation results indicated noticeable differences in terms of wall film formation; nevertheless, the overall mixing performance was not significantly affected.

Digital images provide to determine photometric and colorimetric properties of objects subject to validation all elements of a measuring channel (digital camera, software, display) and solve the problem of their limited dynamic ranges. The aim of the study was to explore the dynamic range of a digital camera for use in photometric and colorimetric measurements.The Laboratory of Photonics at the Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics (Warsaw Technical University, Poland) conducted a comparative experiment to determine the threshold of sensitivity, linearity and range of application the digital camera. Color target sets with certified brightness and chromaticity were created at the terminals and recorded with a digital camera with different exposure times. The authors propose a method to extend the dynamic range of a digital camera for red, green and blue color channel of intensities by pairing the calibration dependencies, and determine the true brightness and color of a point on the object by calculation.Calibration dependencies (triads) of digital camera for red, green and blue color channels intensities were constructed. These dependences allow determining lower and upper bounds of the dynamic range. Each triad has a form of the hysteresis loop. The experiment showed that the accuracy of this method is ± 3–5 %.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate mutual influence of selected postural parameters onto movement of the line of the human body gravity point with use of noncontact optical tool (photogrammetry based). This study constitutes a part of the wider observational cross-sectional study of body posture of healthy people. A specially designed measurement set-up was developed to determine the 3D location of selected characteristic points of the human body. The photogrammetry tool was applied to calculate (x, y, z) coordinates of the points marked on the examined body, e.g., processus mastoideus and angulus superior scapulae. With these assumptions postural parameters in the sagittal and coronal planes can be determined, respectively. The 3D coordinates were used to evaluate the correlation between position of the examined body points and movement of the line of the examined’ body gravity point. It can be seen that it is impossible to determine the correlation of the absolute values of the angles of rotation as simple subject to analysis. To demonstrate the interdependence, it is necessary to take into account the sign of the angle of rotation. In the presented study, this factor can be analyzed. Obtained results suggest the usefulness of presented system in physiotherapy of body posture.

Introduction: The paper shows the mutual dependencies of height and angles of the neck triangle and selected points of the spine for straightened and habitual postures with the use of a non-contact optical tool. A group of 39 healthy, adult volunteers participated in the study, which was conducted in Warsaw, Poland. Results show relationships between the habitual posture in the sagittal plane, the angle of the triangle between the cervical and upper thoracic kyphosis and the vertical line defined by spine points C7/Th1.Methods: Measurement system based on photogrammetry was used for spatial determination of specific points. Specially designed non-invasive markers were used. The presented paper shows a new approach for analysis of the geometry of the upper part of the human musculoskeletal system with the use of optical systems in biomedical applications.Results: Results are presented as series of 14 defined parameters and calculated for habitual and straighten postures. Results were analyzed as a values of correlation coefficients and significance level.Discussion: An analysis of measurements results based on a triangle represented by three points: two outermost points of the superior nuchal line of the skull and the C7 point are presented. This approach allow to characterize individual positioning of the head in space and is sensitive to many changes in the musculoskeletal system - i.e. the individual way of "standing up straight". (C) 2017 Anatomical Society of India. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this work was to estimate limitations related of the actual resolution of images taken into the object reconstruction procedure (using Structure from Motion method) applied for anthropometric measurements. This is necessary to define technical parameters of equipment used for this application. A series of 42 images of the sample static object were taken with use of high resolution camera. The object was in a stable position, properly illuminated with stable, diffused light sources. With use of VisualSFM software a virtual cloud of points representing real points of examined object was calculated. During tests a resolution of input images were changed then the calculation time and influence of the number of points in the cloud onto deviation of selected anthropometric parameters were analyzed. In conditions of the performed experiment decreasing of the resolution of input images to the level of 80 % of initial value (or lower) has significant influence onto results of the measurements of selected anthropometric parameters. Structure from Motion (SfM) technique can be adopted for anthropometric measurement systems when the input images are taken with high resolution imaging device (over a dozen of million pixels). Presented measurement method for anthropometry is characterized by ease of use, do not need any calibration before measurements or specialized equipment. Thank to this can be adopted in practice in any conditions and operated by unskilled operator.

Surface stabilized ( anti) ferroelectric liquid crystal cells can be used as an optically addressed media for optical data processing. The structure of the cell has to contain a photo sensible agent, i.e., an absorbing dye-doped orienting layer. The all-optical generation of the diffractive grating can be done due to the switching parameters of the smectic slab within cells with a sensitive layer. This Letter considers a study of the optically induced charge generation into the dye-doped layer, and the explanation of the phenomena of the selective molecular director reorientation, while cell driving what leads to the induction of phase grating.

High-birefringence nematic liquid crystals recently developed in the Military University of Technology (Poland) are examined for selected physical properties. In particular, for six liquid crystal mixtures there were determined: two components of dielectric permittivity for voltage frequencies in the range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz; rotational viscosity; splay, twist and bend elastic constants; ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices for light wavelengths in the range from 0.3 mu m to 1.6 mu m. The properties are discussed in terms of applicability of the new liquid crystals to electro-optical devices.

A holographic grating's recording onto liquid crystal (LC) cells filled with nematic mixtures was widely discussed over the last decade (Sutkowski et al., 2006) [1] . Recently, the optical recordings using polar liquid crystals – synclinic SmC ⁎ and anticlinic SmC A ⁎ phases at the surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal structures (SSFLC) were reported (Sutkowski et al., 2009) [2] . Among the others, SSFLCs provide such attractive properties like submicrosecond switching and the easily induced memory effect, which are desired at contemporary re-writable holography applications. Using SS(A)FLC the micrometer size gratings are also generated (Clark and Lagerwal, 1980) [3] . Here we present a study of the performance of recording of a phase grating of 20 micron resolution using custom fabricated measuring cells with photosensitive orienting layers. The photo- and electro-optical properties of the selected synclinic SmC ⁎ and anticlinic SmC A ⁎ structures have been examined and presented. Various operating modes of studied structures are shown and described. The charge transfer mechanism of the optically driven switching is proposed and discussed.

The problem of 3D shape acquisition has received increasing attention in recent years. Recently the structure light measurements system based on digital light projection supported by processing allow to rapid acquisition of data about 3D real objects. Obtaining 3D shape of objects in optically scattering media presents a challenging set of problems. Many applications for 3D imaging through fog, dust, mist, rain and turbid water require improving the quality of data obtained in scattered media. Presented 3D shape measurement system is supported by polarization image analysis. Enhancement of image quality is realized using the detector unit with special liquid crystal filter.

Numerous methods of re-writable optical recordings using nematic mixtures for holographic media have been presented. A new approach to this problem is possible by using surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal structures (SSFLC). This is very promising from the theoretical point of view because the surface stabilized the structure of ferroelectric smectic SmC* material inherently consists of a memory effect while driving by external electric field. Moreover, due to the layered structure of the surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal there is a possibility of obtaining high resolution of the written gratings. In the paper, some theoretical basis regarding possibility of optical addressing of SSFCL cells are discussed. Methods of preparation of the optically addressed SSFLC cells in room temperature bistable SmC* structure are presented. Experiments with these cells in simple holographic two-beam set-up (DWTM) are described.

During investigations concerning application of LC cells as a media for dynamic holographic recording,,;, unwanted permanent recordings were observed on NLC cells with photosensitive layer (i.e., PVK-polivinylocarbazol). Applications of optically addressed NLC based cells with photosensitive layer as a re-writable media for holographic recording have been noticed. However, recent work has proved that it? these cells optical addressing can produce permanent, quasi-permanent and erasable holographic gratings, the mechanism of these phenomena was not explained. In this paper, conditions of the optical recordings in NLC cells are presented. Some basic discussion regarding physical phenomena of permanency are discussed.

Image analysis using polarizing methods allows removing the polarized light component from recorded images. This is known as polarization difference imaging (PDI). The use of liquid crystals (LC) in PDI was proposed in 2002. Modified LC unit with a properly oriented LC layer was proposed by the authors. The main parameters which characterize an imaging system, employing a circular LC filter, were determined and presented in previous papers.In this work, the basics of the circular LC filter construction and theory are presented. Two application configurations of PDI imaging systems are shown. Experimental results of image processing based on object's polarization properties are discussed.

Liquid crystal devices as a medium for holograms storage have been investigated. Long term memory effects in LC cells have been observed. Experiments proved that certain combination of insulating alignment layers has a major influence on the long term memory effect. Optimal liquid crystal cell construction allows us to achieve sufficient diffraction efficiency to record holographic patterns and to develop a re-writable holographic medium. The configuration of PVK and polyimide layers in LC cell construction with specific LC mixture was tested. The method of permanent and re-writable recording of optical data (holographic pattern) onto LC cells was achieved. However, the method of erasing recorded data was realized but mechanisms of this phenomenon are not clearly understood yet.

Our previous investigation regarding liquid crystal mixtures, used as a medium for dynamic holography, has proved the influence of addition of PVK (polivinylocarbazol) layer to the LC cell structure as a sensitivity amplifier [1]. This modification was very useful for bettering the dynamic properties of these modulators. In some cases (of LC Cells) we observe some kind of memory effect - holograms written before could be observed months after writing. We decided to examine different cells to determine CL Cell construction as rewritable holographic media.

The possibility of diffraction pattern generation in pure and dye-doped LC (Liquid Crystal) cells as a media was proven. Newly developed projection method of optoelectronic reconstruction of holograms expands possible applications of liquid crystals in dynamic holography. The presented works goat is to check the physical and optical parameters of isothiocyanate nematic liquid crystal mixtures and cell construction in reference to projection set-up of hologram presentation. The experimental results of holographic image registration are discussed. Sample reconstructions of synthetic holograms are shown.