For online health communities, community trust is paramount. Yet, advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) generating advice may erode this trust, especially if users cannot identify whether LLMs have been used. We investigate the feasibility of community-based detection of health advice authorship and how self-moderation of LLMs could help enhance advice utilization. In an online experiment, we evaluate people's ability to distinguish AI-generated from human-written advice across two health conditions, considering lived experience with a condition, AI-recognition training, and user attitudes towards transparency and trust around AI use. Our results indicate the need for transparency coupled with trust. We find little evidence of people's ability to discern advice authorship. However, we find a consistent effect of the health condition. Our qualitative findings identify unreliable signals, resulting in flawed heuristic evaluations of the advice. Our findings point to opportunities to improve the self-moderation of LLM-based AI and aid community-based AI moderation.

There is a growing expectation for individuals to challenge misinformation, especially as platforms alter their governance processes around false content, shifting towards community-flagging approaches. While research on how individuals respond to exposure to information is developing, findings often taker a broad-brush approach, treating receivers as a single, undifferentiated category, identifying overarching barriers, motivations and coping mechanisms relating to challenging misinformation as opposed to highlighting how these differ between groups of individuals. In this paper, we draw on empirical findings from interviews and surveys with U.K. residents to develop a set of five behavioural archetypes that allow us to identify how different types of individuals behave when exposure to misinformation.

FemHealth apps have rapidly developed, offering innovative opportunities to track users’ menstrual cycles, fertility, pregnancy, and other aspects of sexual and reproductive health. However, such apps collect a significant amount of sensitive user health data, posing privacy risks to users. In this paper, we conducted 14 in-depth semistructured interviews with current and past users of FemHealth apps in the US to examine their privacy experiences and concerns. We found that participants were concerned about a wider range of risks than was found in prior user research about FemTech, including criminalization related to abortion or contraceptive access; emotional distress related to social stigma; third-party data sharing; and targeted advertising based on processing sensitive health data. Some participants acknowledged that FemHealth apps posed privacy risks and potential harms to users in general but were not necessarily concerned about their own privacy due to privilege (e.g., living in a state with strong reproductive health rights). However, all participants agreed that user privacy and data protection in FemHealth apps should be considered a fundamental right, not subject to legal discourse in specific locales. Most participants felt unsure about the effectiveness of existing data protection regulations and their interplay with anti-abortion laws. Participants suggested several ways to mitigate privacy risks, including disclosures and controls, back-end technical protections, behavioral strategies, and policy improvements. We provide recommendations for extending practical and policy-based privacy protections of sexual and reproductive health data collected by FemHealth apps.

Online dating platforms play a significant role in contemporary dating practices. While these platforms expand dating opportunities, they also expose users to harms. Through a platform-based document review, we analysed formal and informal documentation related to platform behaviours, to examine how the five most popular dating platforms in the UK characterise, address, and safeguard against harms. Our findings reveal the challenges of balancing platform accountability and user responsibility for safety, particularly as the goal of these platforms is for users to meet in-person. Platforms utilise proactive moderation tools and educational resources to enhance safety, yet many of these resources shift the burden of safety onto users. Moreover, we highlight the paradox of self-protection tools that both mitigate and enable harm, as well as identify inconsistencies in safeguarding provisions, for different geographic regions and marginalised groups.

Toxicity detection algorithms, originally designed with reactive content moderation in mind, are increasingly being deployed into proactive end-user interventions to moderate content. Through a socio-technical lens and focusing on contexts in which they are applied, we explore the use of these algorithms in proactive moderation systems. Placing a toxicity detection algorithm in an imagined virtual mobile keyboard, we critically explore how such algorithms could be used to proactively reduce the sending of toxic content. We present findings from design workshops conducted with four distinct stakeholder groups and find concerns around how contextual complexities may exasperate inequalities around content moderation processes. Whilst only specific user groups are likely to directly benefit from these interventions, we highlight the potential for other groups to misuse them to circumvent detection, validate and gamify hate, and manipulate algorithmic models to exasperate harm.

Community norms are important in regulating online identity-based communities as they help shape both online and offline discourse. Yet, not all expressions of identity are treated equally as acceptable forms of speech and expression of identity differ among communities. We used mixed-methods to understand how implicit norms within a set of non-binary communities are reinforced and shaped through influence within these communities. We analyzed approximately 2 million Reddit posts and comments to measure the effect of scores, replies, and self-disclosures, on user editing behaviors, which we use as means to observe norm regulation. We find self-disclosures and the number of replies a post receives is positively associated with editing behaviors, while the influence of scores on the likelihood of a message being edited is highly dependent on whether the message is a post or comment. Our qualitative analysis of posts, comments, and threads finds community norms are created, contested, and reinforced through the interactions between community and individual-level understanding of what it means to be non-binary. We propose a model for implicit norms as governance in identity-based communities, and discuss how platform designers can better use implicit norms to support governance in identity-based communities.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in conversational agents (CAs) due to their ability to generate coherent and human-like text. However, their deployment raises significant privacy concerns, as users often share sensitive data in prompts. This data can be used to train the underlying LLM, introducing memorisation risks and challenging users' right to be forgotten. While these issues have been explored from a technical standpoint, little is known about how users perceive and navigate privacy issues in their day-to-day use of LLM-based CAs. To address this research gap, we conducted a survey of UK-based CA users (n=211) that focused on their privacy behaviours, self-disclosure boundaries, concerns, and awareness of LLM-specific privacy issues. We found that engagement with protective behaviours was low overall, and that many participants held inaccurate beliefs about the effects of deleting data and opting out of model training. Although participants were generally reluctant to share sensitive information during interactions, we identified several challenges to limiting self-disclosure in practice, such as balancing privacy with app utility. Lastly, we observed a nuanced relationship between privacy awareness and concern, and identified significant demographic effects. We propose design avenues for privacy-supportive tools, and discuss the implications of our work for regulation and governance.

Mobile apps which support women’s health have developed rapidly alongside the increasing de-stigmatisation of female reproductive wellbeing. However, the ubiquity of these apps has advanced the practice of intimate surveillance and the commodification of sensitive user data. While the overturning of Roe v. Wade has prompted reflection on the privacy and safety implications of female mobile health (mHealth) apps, the privacy practices of these apps have yet to be thoroughly examined in a post-Roe world. We investigated the privacy practices of 20 popular female mHealth apps, combining a thematic analysis of Data safety sections and privacy policies with a privacy-focused usability inspection. Our findings revealed problematic practices, including inconsistencies across privacy policy content and privacy-related app features, flawed consent and data deletion mechanisms, and covert gathering of sensitive data. We present recommendations for improving privacy practices, and call for a dedicated focus not only on user privacy, but also safety.

Field schools are foundational training for archaeologists and the corresponding methods for instruction are largely consistent within the discipline. The expectation is that at some point early in their careers students will enroll in a field school. To participate, students must pay summer tuition, dedicate a minimum of four weeks (usually longer) to full-time fieldwork, and in many cases travel to remote locations. The reality is that for many students such expectations make field school participation an impossibility-and ultimately make archaeology a nonviable career option for students from historically underrepresented backgrounds. Offering local field opportunities within the context of a regular school year alleviates those problems. A recent field school in north Idaho demonstrated how traditional field school structure excludes many students and how archaeologists can adjust instruction to make field training more accessible to students. Las escuelas de campo proporcionan capacitaci & oacute;n fundamental para los/as arque & oacute;logos/as y los correspondientes m & eacute;todos de instrucci & oacute;n son mayormente consistentes dentro de la disciplina. La expectativa es que, en alg & uacute;n momento temprano de sus carreras, los estudiantes se matriculen en una escuela de campo. Para participar, los estudiantes deben pagar la matr & iacute;cula de verano, dedicar un m & iacute;nimo de cuatro semanas (normalmente m & aacute;s) al trabajo de campo a tiempo completo y, en muchos casos, viajar a lugares remotos. La realidad es que para muchos estudiantes tales expectativas hacen que la participaci & oacute;n en una escuela de campo sea imposible -y, en & uacute;ltima instancia, que la arqueolog & iacute;a no sea una carrera viable para estudiantes de grupos hist & oacute;ricamente subrepresentados. Ofrecer oportunidades de campo locales en el contexto del a & ntilde;o escolar regular alivia esos problemas. Una escuela de campo reciente en el norte de Idaho demostr & oacute; c & oacute;mo la estructura tradicional de las escuelas de campo excluye a muchos estudiantes y c & oacute;mo los/as arque & oacute;logos/as pueden modificar la instrucci & oacute;n para que la capacitaci & oacute;n en el campo sea m & aacute;s accesible para los estudiantes.

Growing evidence shows that proactive content moderation supported by AI can help improve online discourse. However, we know little about designing these systems, how design impacts efficacy and user experience, and how people perceive proactive moderation across public and private platforms. We developed a mobile keyboard with built-in proactive content moderation which we tested (N=575) within a semi-functional simulation of a public and private communication platform. Where toxic content was detected, we used different interventions that embedded three design factors: timing, friction, and the presentation of the AI model output. We found moderation to be effective, regardless of the design. However, friction was a source of annoyance while prompts with no friction that occurred during typing were more effective. Follow-up interviews highlight the differences in how these systems are perceived across public and private platforms, and how they can offer more than moderation by acting as educational and communication support tools.

Sex-social applications used by men who have sex with men (MSM) often provide options to disclose HIV status to encourage more positive language and reduce stigma. Yet, little research has sought to understand how in-app disclosure fields impact on disclosure motivation. We interviewed MSM living with HIV and those who self-reported being HIV-negative ( N=27 ) in the UK and applied a hierarchical model of motivation to interpret our data. We found conflicting motivations for disclosure and point to HIV status disclosure fields having shifted disclosure norms, limiting their perceived optionality. Moreover, the pairwise and location-aware nature of these apps fails to support narrative forms of disclosure, reducing motivation. We highlight an opportunity to support users in disclosing by linking apps more explicitly to the social narratives developed through public health campaigns. This could reduce the required effort to explain “the science" behind different treatment and prevention options and promote a more consistent narrative.

People typically enhance their online personas by sharing favourable personal information. Nevertheless, sharing of unfavourable information about oneself still occurs and is essential in some online contexts (e.g. allowing negative reviews). It remains unclear why people reveal potentially damaging information. We conducted an online experiment ($N = 462$N=462) to explore the effects of feedback properties and individual characteristics on online information sharing in two contexts (social and socioeconomic) where personal ratings are essential. We allowed users to conceal their personal rating if it dropped below a threshold. The context was the primary determinant of the threshold users chose. Control availability and feedback content triggered additional considerations and caused some users to change their (non)disclosure choices. However, many users relied on their priors (experience, assumptions) rather than on new information. Our findings show how people may fail to identify the impact of nondisclosure, which may signal undesirable information to others. These findings challenge the reliance on holding users solely accountable for their 'informedness' vis-a-vis disclosure of their personal information.

There is much discussion in archaeological circles about challenges associated with the millions of artifacts generated by fieldwork. Most of these discussions are limited to issues within the profession, such as care of collections, accessibility for research, orphaned collections, and shortcomings in training on collections awareness. An underrecognized third party in these discussions is the public. Despite a broadly held ethos of the importance of archaeology for all, archaeologists have paid comparatively little attention to sharing/exposing collections (and the outcomes of excavations) with audiences outside of the profession. This research discusses negative ramifications of not sharing collections with broader audiences and then presents some options for broadening this much-needed engagement through developing more public outreach efforts, providing alternative uses of collections, collaborating with private collectors, and using digital technology to increase access to collections. Hay mucho debate en los circulos arqueologicos sobre los desafios asociados con los millones de artefactos generados por el trabajo de campo. La mayoria de estos debates se limita a temas dentro de la profesion, como la gestion de colecciones, su accesibilidad para la investigacion, las colecciones abandonadas, y los defectos en la capacitacion sobre la gestion de colecciones. Otra parte poco reconocida en estos debates es el publico. A pesar de una muy difundida creencia en la importancia de la arqueologia para todos, los arqueologos han prestado relativamente poca atencion a compartir/exponer las colecciones (y los resultados de las excavaciones) con publicos ajenos a la profesion. Esta investigacion analiza las ramificaciones negativas de no compartir colecciones con publicos mas amplios y luego presenta unas opciones para ampliar este compromiso muy necesario a traves del desarrollo de mas esfuerzos de divulgacion publica, usos alternativos de colecciones, la colaboracion con coleccionistas privados, y el uso de la tecnologia digital para aumentar el acceso a las colecciones.

A major problem in collections management is the lack of training about collections in all facets of archaeology. Ignorance about both ethical obligations and practical steps associated with collections is arguably the leading contributor to the ongoing curation crisis. This work summarizes shortcomings in collections training in academia and in cultural resource management, and it proceeds to identify some steps that can be taken to provide training for students and professional archaeologists. The overriding argument is that more training in all aspects of collections is absolutely essential to addressing and beginning to mitigate the overwhelming problems the discipline faces in caring for archaeological collections. Un problema importante en la gestion de colecciones es la falta de formacion sobre las colecciones en todos los aspectos de la arqueologia. Podria decirse que la ignorancia sobre tanto las obligaciones eticas como los pasos practicos asociados con las colecciones es el factor que mas contribuye a la actual crisis de curaduria. Este trabajo resume las deficiencias en la capacitacion en la gestion de colecciones en el mundo academico y en la gestion de recursos culturales y luego procede a identificar unos pasos que se puede tomar para proveer capacitacion a estudiantes y arqueologos profesionales. El argumento principal es que una mayor capacitacion en todos los aspectos de las colecciones es absolutamente esencial para abordar y empezar a mitigar los abrumadores problemas que el campo tiene que enfrentar en el momento de gestionar las colecciones arqueologicas.

With the growing availability of online health resources and the widespread use of social media to better understand health conditions, people are increasingly making sense of and managing their health conditions using resources beyond their health professionals and personal networks. However, where the condition is complex and poorly understood, this can involve extensive “patient work” to locate, interpret and test the information available. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate how women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) across two healthcare systems engage with online health resources and social media to better understand this complex and poorly understood lifelong endocrine disorder. A semi-structured interview study was conducted with women from the US ( N=8 ) and UK ( N=7 ) who had been diagnosed with PCOS within the previous five years. Transcribed data was analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis method. We highlight the information needs and information-seeking strategies women use to make sense of how PCOS affects them, to gain emotional support, and to help them find an effective treatment. We also show how women with PCOS use online health and social media resources to compare themselves to women they view as “normal” and other women with PCOS, to find their sense of “normal for me” along a spectrum of this disorder. We draw on previous models of sense-making and finding normal for other complex and sensitive health conditions to capture the nuances of making sense of PCOS. We also discuss implications for the design and use of social media to support people managing PCOS.

For 15 years, the University of Idaho has conducted chemical testing of excavated materials from historical sites throughout North America. The most common artifacts tested are sealed containers. Some come from current excavations, but most are from repository shelves. The immediate purpose of the archaeochemistry work is twofold: to identify the contents of the containers for researchers and to provide training for students in analytical chemistry. After testing more than 500 items, project personnel have recognized some unexpected outcomes that have implications for institutions housing the artifacts. Specifically, tested materials identified the small, yet consistent, presence of certain artifacts that can have health implications for personnel working with the items. The article concludes with general guidance on identifying and assessing those risks.

Misinformation has proliferated throughout our digital ecosystem, through social media feeds and group chats with friends and family members. However, a gap exists in the current literature on how individuals challenge misinformed views outside of social media platforms. Through an online survey, we exposed multi ( $$n=50$$ ) and mono-cultural ( $$n=50$$ ) participants to misinformation scenarios involving close and weak relationship ties, to understand how tie strength and cultural background affects people's behavioural responses. We found that both the tie strength between the misinformed individual and the cultural background of the challenger has a significant effect on the barriers that individuals foresee affecting their discussions about misinformation, and in the misinformed challenging behaviours. Our findings offer new insights into how relationship tie strength and culture affect misinformation challenging behaviours.

Misinformation has become a regular occurrence in our lives with many different approaches being sought to address it. One effective way to combat misinformation is for trusted individuals (e.g., family members) to challenge the misinformed person. However, less is known about how these conversations between trusted individuals occur, and how they may impact on relationships. We look to address this gap by conducting semi-structured interviews with family members in the UK who have experienced misinformation within their family networks. We identify several barriers individuals face when challenging misinformed family members, such as the misinformed person's personality and the extent that pre-conceptions influence beliefs. We also find individuals developing strategies to overcome these barriers, and to cope with difficulties that arise through these conversations. Despite technology being the main driver for misinformation spread, we find it has limitations when used to facilitate or mediate conversations for challenging misinformation between family members.

ABSTRACTFor 15 years, the University of Idaho has conducted chemical testing of excavated materials from historical sites throughout North America. The most common artifacts tested are sealed containers. Some come from current excavations, but most are from repository shelves. The immediate purpose of the archaeochemistry work is twofold: to identify the contents of the containers for researchers and to provide training for students in analytical chemistry. After testing more than 500 items, project personnel have recognized some unexpected outcomes that have implications for institutions housing the artifacts. Specifically, tested materials identified the small, yet consistent, presence of certain artifacts that can have health implications for personnel working with the items. The article concludes with general guidance on identifying and assessing those risks.