Internet-of-Things (IoT) Analytics refers to the process of transforming vast amounts of information from heterogeneous internet-connected objects, data sources and devices (e.g., sensors, appliances, cyber-physical systems, Machine-to-Machine systems) to business and application intelligence. Several tools and techniques for IoT analytics have their roots in conventional web analytics, which process and combine data streams from web-connected computers, cell phones and web databases. However, IoT analytics broaden the scope of web analytics on the basis of the collection, processing and analysis of information produced by internet-connected devices, thus enhancing the scope and functionalities of related applications.

When entities share knowledge from their local surroundings, awareness among drivers and automated vehicles can increase immensely and lead to safe and efficient intelligent transport systems (ITS). The ability to connect and share information is the enabler for connected automated driving (CAD) services. Also, non-ITS related services for road users are evolving and require interoperability and trust between service providers. In this chapter, the authors analyze and forecast further research and development (R&D) and standardization needs in C-V2X regarding broader aspects of CAD as well as for connected road users (CRU). They provide stakeholder recommendations to accelerate the development of the CAD ecosystem in terms of regulation, manufacturing, and operation. Overall, CAD enabled by C-V2X will be a paradigm shift in the way transportation is perceived today, and will bring important societal advantages in terms of safer roads, individual time spent commuting, and cleaner air, addressing increasing climate change concerns globally.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies are generally classified into short-range or wide-area technologies. This chapter covers the standardization aspects and status of the V2X landscape and outlines the relevant standardization bodies which work on V2X communication. It presents the spectrum allocation for International Mobile Telecommunications systems and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technologies, the spectrum dedicated for ITS applications, and, finally, considerations for worldwide spectrum harmonization. The chapter gives a brief history and overview of the available communication solutions and an overview of higher-layer ITS standardization on a regional level, with special focus on the standardization status of cellular V2X in 3GPP. V2X applications are applicable to at least one of the communication interfaces, including V2V, V2I, V2P, or V2N. The chapter outlines the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers and European Telecommunications Standards Institute standards for securing V2X messages and ensuring privacy.

Two strong technology trends, one in the mobile communications industry and the other in the automotive industry, are becoming interwoven and will jointly provide new capabilities and functionality for upcoming intelligent transport systems (ITSs) and future driving. The automotive industry is on a path where vehicles are continuously becoming more aware of their environment due to the addition of various types of integrated sensors. At the same time, the amount of automation in vehicles increases, which, with some intermediate steps, will eventually culminate in fully automated driving without human intervention. Along this path, the amount of interactions rises, both in-between vehicles and between vehicles and other road users, and with an increasingly intelligent road infrastructure. As a consequence, the significance and reliance on capable communication systems for vehicleto-anything (V2X) communication is becoming a key asset that will enhance the performance of automated driving and increase further road traffic safety with combination of sensor-based technologies [1].

Cooperative intelligent transport systems (ITS) and connected vehicles are foreseen to change the way mobility is conceived today. Cooperative and connected vehicles will lead to improved road traffic safety and efficiency and will also trigger innovation in the infotainment area. These will foster the design of disruptive new business models for both the telco and automotive industries, triggering a profound impact in society and economy. However, before this can become a reality, many technical challenges still need to be solved. One important challenge relates to the provision of efficient and reliable vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications for the vehicles. The new emerging generation of Mobile communications, the so-called 5G technology, is aimed at giving an answer to this challenge. Among other coordinated efforts, the European-funded 5GCAR project is looking into such V2X technology components and enablers. This paper aims at presenting and describing the technologies that are being considered in 5GCAR to make the vision of the cooperative and connected vehicle a reality.

There are several use cases that claim the need for a connected car. Among them there is the need for connectivity between vehicles and information sources, or V2V and V2X exchanges for accident prevention. In order to cope with the need for novel applications running on top of an interconnected network, the concept of fog computing appears as a realistic solution for both intra-car and inter-car data processing and decision making. This paper describes the proposed architecture and experimental evaluation of an innovative proof-of-concept (PoC) for a connected car, modeled with YANG, which can be remotely controlled using SDN/NFV and fog computing technologies. As an example, the remote control of the car might be based on a service application running on a fog node, which can be located close to a road side unit (RSU). We also propose a fog architecture in order to enable cooperative perception between connected cars. Finally, the performance evaluation uses a RESTCONF server installed in a Raspberry Pi aboard of a small car. This server is responsible for the sensors and actuators of the car and allows for its remote control from a user terminal (e.g., a smartphone, tablet, or laptop) and through the fog node, running a control application as a service.

This paper discusses the role of 5G technologies for the connected car. 5G technologies will enable cars and vehicles to be connected to the networks and also to be able to talk to each other ensuring ultra high reliability and very low latency. Enabling such kind of connectivity will leverage disruptive new applications that will allow to improve driving efficiency and boost road safety. First preliminary results from the EC-funded 5GPPP 5GCAR project are presented with regard to certain technologies that will enable the connected car, including channel measurement and modeling, advanced V2X communications, and fog computing. Also, a business perspective is provided, where the transformation of the automotive sector due to 5G is discussed.

We propose a novel unified radio frame structure and medium access control (MAC) protocol for low-latency and highly reliable vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications. The radio frame structure enables short latency transmission and the unified device-to-device (D2D) communication for V2X services. The unified MAC protocol simultaneously enables the cellular-assisted and ad-hoc D2D communications to enable reliable V2X services in full / partial / out-of-cellular-coverage scenario. The initial system-level simulations show promising performance results in benchmarking scenarios: Unified D2D MAC can achieve radio transmission latency below 5 ms at high reliability of 90% packet reception ratio and with high availability of coverage radius of up to 200 meter. Our on-going work is expected to provide further evaluation results of the unified D2D MAC in heterogeneous V2X scenarios.

The Internet of Things will comprise billions of randomly placed devices, forming a dense and unstructured network environment with overlapping wireless topologies. In such demanding environment, the grouping of IoT devices into clusters is a promising approach for the management and the control of network resources in the context of an autonomous system. This paper proposes the SYSTAS algorithm for the distributed discovery and formation of clusters in random geometric graphs of fixed wireless nodes by exploiting local topology knowledge and without having any information about the expected number of clusters. The density of the network graph, discovered by interacting with neighboring nodes and the topological features, as well as the model of preferential attachment are used by the proposed scheme. The effectiveness of SYSTAS is evaluated in various topologies. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that SYSTAS outperforms other clustering schemes; in some occasions these solutions have comparable results with SYSTAS but they require global network view, which leads to higher signaling cost.

Creating context-aware ad hoc collaborative systems remains to be one of the primary hurdles hampering the ubiquitous deployment of IT and communication services. Especially under mission-critical scenarios, these services must often adhere to strict timing deadlines. We believe empowering such realtime collaboration systems requires context-aware application platforms working in conjunction with ultra-low latency data transmissions. In this paper, we make a strong case that this could be accomplished by combining the novel communication architectures being proposed for 5G with the principles of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). We show that combining 5G with MEC would enable inter- and intra-domain use cases that are otherwise not feasible.

Smart/precision farming systems are expected to play an important role in improving farming activities. During the past years, sophisticated farm management systems have emerged to replace outdated complex and monolithic farm systems and software tools. The latest trend is to enable these management systems to operate over the Internet. However, the Internet, in its current operation form, faces a number of shortcomings especially in handling vast numbers of networked devices (i.e., Internet of Things) or allowing a simplified integration of systems and services developed by different players. Currently, a number of research initiatives aim at addressing these shortcomings. Such an example is the “Future Internet” program launched by the European Commission. In the context of our work, we have specified a farm management system that takes advantage of the new characteristics that “Future Internet” offers. These come in terms of generic software modules that can be used to build farming related specialized modules. We present the functional architecture of this farm management system and provide an operational example. We also analyze the technological enablers that will make this architecture a reality.

The mobile communication technologies beyond the third generation are characterized by flexibility. Due to rapid growth of spectrum demand, future wireless networks should be able to dynamically allocate resources to maintain the quality of service (QoS) and promote the efficient use of radio spectrum. The dynamic spectrum management is an effective solution for approaching this goal. In this paper, we propose a new heuristic method for sharing spectrum between two different radio access technologies (RAT) in an intra-operator scenario. We designed a new dynamic spectrum manager that aims to prevent overload in RATs and improves spectrum utilization of RATs. Our approach contains two complimentary phases of action, the first phase tries to prevent overload of a RAT in a proactive manner, and the second phase tries to solve an overload situation in case the proactive phase fails to prevent it.

Reconfiguration is the action of modifying the operation or behaviour of a system, a network node, or functional entity. The end-to-end notion dictates that, in certain cases, control and management plane interactions may occur from source to destination in order to adapt the system, the equipment, the application, the service, or the content. This paper describes an integrated control and management plane framework for end-to-end reconfiguration, and maps this model to a Beyond 3G mobile network architecture. Policy control aspects for end-to-end reconfiguration differentiation are also described, aiming at diverse service offering.

The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) research [1], aims at bringing the full benefits of the valuable diversity within the radio eco-space, composed of a wide range of systems such as cellular, wireless local area and broadcast. The key objective of ER is to devise, develop and trial architectural design of reconfigurable devices and supporting system functions to offer an expanded set of operational choices to the users, applications and service providers, operators, regulators in the context of heterogeneous mobile radio systems. Innovative research, development and proof of concept is sought over six years in an end-to-end aspect, stretching from user device all the way up to Internet protocol, and services, and in reconfigurability support, intrinsic functionalities such as management and control, download support, spectrum management, regulatory framework and business models. This paper presents the E2R project research approach and the main fields of investigations across the different workpackages in the first 2-year phase of the project that started in January 2004.

In order to address end-to-end reconfigurability, it is important to enable the management of such a complex functionality. Several efforts have been undertaken towards addressing aspects of reconfigurability in various areas and levels ([1], [2], [3]). In this paper we introduce a generic management framework to cope with reconfigurability aspects at all layers (Reconfiguration Management Plane). We also present an enhanced architecture (RCSPM-MOBIVAS) for the support of flexible service provision and reconfiguration control taking into consideration the mapping of Reconfiguration Management Plane functionality into the respective entities of the architecture.