The tight control of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the stomach mucosa during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is of prime importance for the bacteria to persist and for the host to prevent inflammation‐driven diseases. This review summarizes recent data on the roles of innate and adaptive immune responses during H. pylori /host interactions. In addition, the latest preclinical developments of H. pylori vaccines are discussed with a special focus on the clinical trial reported by Zeng et al., who provided evidence that oral vaccination significantly reduces the acquisition of natural H. pylori infection in children.

A case of animal sexual abuse and sadism in a female sheep is described. The animal suffered severe genital tract injury most likely caused by the insertion and manipulation of a branch of wood and by penile penetration by a human male. Postmortem examination revealed multiple perforations of the vagina with massive haemorrhages. Animal sexual abuse is a complex diagnostic problem in veterinary medicine. Reported cases are often linked to sadism and often lead to the animal's death. Veterinarians should keep in mind animal sexual abuse as a differential diagnosis in cases of anogenital injuries of unknown origin.

Using the great potential of the three–dimensional Molded Interconnect Devices (3–D MID) necessitates the adaption of the conventional soldering methods in electronic assembly. The different characteristics of the soldering technologies determine the suitability of various engineering thermoplastics as substrate material. So several investigations on application of different thermoplastic materials have been carried out. Furthermore the geometric design of the molded carriers and the impact on the temperature distribution on the board during the soldering process will be discussed and the possibilities and the limitations of conventional soldering equipment will be shown.

The first successful laser cooling of ions at relativistic energies was observed at the Heidelberg TSR storage ring. A $^{7}\mathrm{Li}^{+}$-ion beam of 13.3 MeV was oberlapped with resonant copropagating and counterpropagating laser beams. The metastable ions were cooled from 260 K to a longitudinal temperature of below 3 K and decelerated by several keV. The longitudinal velocity distribution was determined by a fluorescence method. After laser cooling a strongly enhanced narrow peak appeared in the Schottky noise spectrum in addition to the uncooled ion distribution.

An overview of atomic physics experiments at the heavy ion Test Storage Ring (TSR) is given. Highly charged ions up to fully stripped silicon have been stored at energies between 4 and 12 MeV/u. The enhancement of the beam intensity by stacking, the beam lifetime, and electron cooling of these ion beams are discussed. Radiative and state‐selective dielectronic recombination rates of hydrogen‐like oxygen ions with free electrons from the electron cooler were measured. Beam noise spectra are being investigated with regard to collective effects caused by the Coulomb interaction in the cold ion beams. Resonance fluorescence from stored single‐charged ions was observed using tunable narrow‐band lasers. First indications of laser cooling in a storage ring were seen.

The Heidelberg heavy ion test storage ring TSR started operation in May 1988. The lifetimes of the ion beams observed in the first experiments can be explained by interactions with the residual gas. Multiple Coulomb scattering, single Coulomb scattering, electron capture and electron stripping are the relevant processes. Electron cooling of ions as heavy as O8+ has been observed for the first time. With increasing particle number, the longitudinal Schottky noise spectrum becomes dominated by collective waves for cooled beams, allowing a determination of velocities of sound. After correcting for these coherent distortions fo the Schottky spectrum, the longitudinal beam temperature could be extracted. The observed longitudinal equilibrium beam temperatures increase strongly with the charge of the ions. For a cooled C6+ beam, temperatures a factor of 120 higher were measured compared to a proton beam with the same particle number. The shrinking of the beam diameter due to electron cooling was observed with detectors which measured the profile of charge-changed ions behind a bending magnet. A strong laser-induced fluorescence was detected when storing metastable 7Li+ ions in the ring. Via the Doppler effect a very accurate measurement of the ion velocity profile could be performed. First attempts to observe laser cooling failed, probably due to heating effects from intrabeam scattering and a coupling between longitudinal and transversal motion in the beam. Several experiments under preparation are outlined.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a clear understanding of laser-ion interactions under storage ring conditions to prepare the basis of laser cooling of fast-stored ion beams. In addition, the method of laser-induced fluorescence provides precise data for beam properties such as absolute velocity, momentum spread, and lifetime. 9Be+ ions stored in a heavy-ion storage ring are a promising species for laser cooling down to temperatures several orders of magnitude less than those reached for protons by electron cooling at the Novosibirsk ring. Short cooling times and microkelvin temperatures can be envisaged, where the structure of the ion beam is dominated by Coulomb repulsion. The chapter presents a schematic view of an experimental configuration where the light beam from a homemade frequency-doubled free-jet ring dye laser with typically 30 mW power in the ultraviolet propagated parallel to the ions. Two cylindrical high-voltage (HV) electrodes were installed in a 1.3 m long zone in the center of the straight ring section. The laser-ion interaction was monitored via the fluorescence emanating from inside the first HV cylinder, using a cooled photomultiplier operated in the single-photon counting mode. The experimental results indicated the production of a Bennett hole in the ion velocity distribution, thus providing an important step towards laser cooling of fast Be+ ions stored in a ring.

Laser cooling and spectroscopy in traps have reached impressive perfections. This chapter discusses laser cooling and partially Doppler-suppressed spectroscopy on stored ions at 5.4% speed of light in the test storage ring (TSR) heavy ion storage ring in Heidelberg. It discusses the requirements for saturation spectroscpy with two counterpropagating collinear laser beams. In contrast to Penning and RF-traps, the ions in a storage ring move at a high longitudinal velocity with small transverse harmonic oscillations around the central orbit with just a few times the orbiting frequency in the case of strong focussing. However, the injection of the high velocity beam introduces large betatron oscillations, which influence the laser interaction considerably. A proper tuning of the storage ring, electron cooling, and laser cooling should condense the ion beam to a long lived beam with Δp/p well below 10-6. Using a simple description of the ions motion in a storage ring, the basic properties of the observed signals can reproduced, and stringent conditions for high resolution spectroscopy testing special relativity by measuring the one way speed of light can be constructed.