The current review presents an insight into the recent developments of biodegradable materials used for orthopedic surgery and bone regeneration purposes. Conventional biodegradable devices for osteosynthesis are effective only in low or mild load-bearing applications. To mitigate this limitation, development of biodegradable materials with improved mechanical strength has attracted researcher's attention. These biodegradable materials play a crucial role in severe bone defect repair. When scaffolds are made up of the biodegradable materials then they serve as a crawling bridge for formation of new bone tissues by providing a platform to cells and growth factors. In view of this context, this review focuses on detailed discussion of different polymers and ceramic materials for bone regeneration purposes along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Results of the review reveals that new bone formation takes place more easily and faster around ceramic materials in comparison to polymeric materials due to their osteoconductive as well as osteoinductive properties. Viewing their biocompatible, osteoconductive, and bioactive properties, the studied biomaterials cover the largest share in orthopedic surgery. Finally, some surface modification procedures for improving functionality of biomaterials are pointed out. It is hoped that this review will guide further research on biomaterials applications and modifications underlying bone renewal by providing reference and some inspiration for the upcoming investigators of this field.

The removal of organic pollutants from aquatic environments is a pressing global concern due to their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Rhodamine B (RhB), a widely used dye, poses a significant threat to water quality. This study investigates the adsorption of RhB dye onto 3-((1-(4-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) amino)phenyl)ethylidene)amino)phenol (BIAPEHB)/ P(AA-co-AM) composite as a potential solution to this environmental challenge. The adsorbent was synthesized by free-radical polymerization method and characterized using various techniques, confirming successful synthesis of composite. The efficiency of RhB dye removal from water highly depend on contact time (1-300 min), dye concentration (50-1000 mg/L), solution temperature (10 degrees C to 40 degrees C), pH (2-10), dose of BIAPEHB (0.08 g to 0.16 g) and BIAPEHB/P(AA-co-AM) composite (0.01 g to 0.1 g). Optimized parameters include contact time of 120 min at pH 10 using 0.12 g of BIAPEHB loading to prepare composite. Lower temperature favors dye adsorption with 0.1 g of composite dose where 99.53 % RhB dye removal observed. Analysis revealed pseudo second model and Langmuir model as best fitted models. Thermodynamically, studied process was feasible and spontaneous. The composite's effectiveness in treating actual industrial wastewater containing RhB and other dyes demonstrates its potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment.

This study aimed on synthesizing novel sodium carboxy methyl cellulose-g-poly acrylic acid carbon dots hydrogel nanocomposite (NaCMC-g-PAAc/ CDs) to remove malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous media. The characterisation of functionalities, morphology, particle size and crystallography of NaCMC-g-PAAc/ CDs nanocomposite both before and after adsorption. The results of the characterization analysis revealed the presence of numerous ionic functionalities such as carboxyl, amino and hydroxyl groups in nanocomposite. The morphological study revealed the presence of porosity, heterogenous and amorphous nature of adsorbent favoring the adsorption of MG. Furthermore, elemental analysis also confirmed the presence of carbon and oxygen as main elemental composition of nanocomposite. The temperature of 30 degrees C and the nanocomposite (having pH PZC of 3) dose of 0.06 g at pH 10 results in achieving 96.92 % of MG dye removal. The experimental data fits closely with pseudo-second and Freundlich models. The enhanced MG dye adsorption by NaCMC-g-PAAc/ CDs was attributed to different mechanisms such as electrostatic or H-bonding as well as pi-pi interactions. Thermodynamically, the studied process was spontaneous and is of endothermic kind. Overall, the study reveals adsorptive property of novel NaCMC-g-PAAc/ CDs nanocomposite as a promising adsorbent for MG dye adsorption from water.

Presence of heavy metals (HMs) mainly cadmium (Cd (II)) ions in water cause serious environmental and health risks that needs to be addressed by some effective method. Current study involved the use of Chitosangrafted Poly (Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Co-Acrylamide) Nano Hydrogel for Cd (II) ions removal from water. The prepared nano hydrogel was characterized via Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results of these techniques revealed the presence of different types of functional groups in nano hydrogel structure that possess highly rough and amorphous texture. Adsorption study was conducted for investigating the effects of contact time, solution pH, nano hydrogel dose, and ionic strength of different salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) on Cd (II) removal. Findings of the study highlights maximum removal of 93.3% with adsorption capacity 37.3 mg/g in 90 minutes while using 200 mg/L Cd (II) solution of pH 10. Kinetic study showed fitness of adsorption process with pseudo second model with regression coefficient value equal to unity signifying a chemical adsorption mechanism. Overall, the prepared CS-gP(CMC-co-AM) nano hydrogel possess adsorption potential for cadmium ions removal from water.

•Green chemistry with Moringa oleifera seeds for 90–93 % turbidity reduction in 3 h.•Optimal dose showing effective coagulation at 30–50 mg/l.•Significant reduction (90–93 %) in turbidity within 3 h of flocculation.•Refrigerated MO Lam. salt extracts offer 93 % coagulation performance for up to 7 days.•Safe and replicable method, suitable for household scenarios, no synthetic chemicals used.

Among different types of organic wastes originating from the industrial sector, dyes constitute a major part due to their massive deployment and subsequent elimination. Erichrome Black T (EBT) dye is one of those days, which is incredibly detrimental to sentient (living) creatures due to its significant adverse health properties. Herein, we have focused on the photocatalytic degradation as an efficient process for EBT degradation by employing clean, renewable sources of energy (sunlight irradiations). In this regard, a novel photocatalyst was designed using binary metal sulfide nanoparticles. The solvothermal technique was used to effectively produce iron zinc sulfide nanoparticles (Fe2Zn3S5-NPs). The morphology of the obtained photocatalyst was confirmed by SEM findings, the Fe2Zn3S5-NPs were in the solid powdered form and had a shiny appearance. The average particle size was found to be 61.4 nm. Iron and zinc had noticeable peaks in the EDX spectrum, which corroborated the assertion that the nanoparticles had been fabricated. FTIR spectrum displayed the synthesis of Fe2Zn3S5-NPs functional groups. XRD analysis verified the hexagonal and crystalline structure of zinc and iron nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 17.84 nm. The bandgap of Fe2Zn3S5-NPs was 1.9 eV using Tauc's plot and Tauc's equation. The Fe2Zn3S5-NPs exhibited a superior photocatalytic degradation rate of up to 98.01% for 50 ppm EBT concentration at a catalyst dosage of 0.1 g, pH 3, and for 1 h of solar light irradiation contact. EBT dye photodegraded in the presence of Fe2Zn3S5-NPs following the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the Fe2Zn3S5-NPs efficiently degraded EBT dye over the course of four cycles, without a noticeable loss in its efficiency. The current study intends to design a novel binary metal sulfide nanoparticles for the efficient and complete removal of dyes from industrial effluents.

This research investigates the individual and combined use of Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam., biochar, and sand to remove turbidity, pathogens, and heavy metals from drinking water. Contaminated water was synthetically prepared using kaolin, standard nickel/lead solutions, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The optimal dose of MO seed protein, extracted in 1 M NaCl solution, was determined using a jar test flocculator. MO treatment reduced water turbidity from 200 to 4 NTU and achieved a 1–2 log reduction in E. coli from an initial count of 1×105 CFU/ml. Nevertheless, no significant reduction in nickel and lead concentrations was noted. Subsequently, the MO-treated water was passed through a biochar column supported on a sand bed, revealing clear water with 1 NTU turbidity and no trace of E. coli counts being detected. The sequential process of using biochar and sand reduced nickel and lead by 97.5 % and 99.3 %, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the treated water met WHO and UK standards for safe drinking water. All experiments were performed in duplicates (n=2; P < 0.05). The scalability and economic feasibility of the project, the mechanism of removal of contaminants by MO and biochar, and the study's limitations are also discussed.

The treatment of drinking water using Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam. seeds is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals. However, there is limited literature on the effect of particle size of the ground MO seeds on their coagulation characteristics, which is revealed in this study. To investigate the impact of the particle size, the sun-dried MO seeds were ground and sieved into five distinct sizes ranging from (i) <0.25 mm, (ii) 0.25–0.4 mm, (iii) 0.4–0.8 mm, (iv) 0.8–1.25 mm, and (v) 1.25–2.0 mm. The seed protein for the experiment was then prepared by stirring a 2% (w/v) solution of the five different seed powders in tap water. Six different protein doses between 100 and 350 mg/L were added to separate glass beakers featuring a synthetic solution of 80 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) turbidity. The experimental results revealed that the MO seed particle sizes of 0.8–0.4 mm and 0.4–0.25 mm demonstrated superior coagulation characteristics compared to the other size categories tested. Specifically, a dose of 200–300 mg/L was found to be effective in reducing the turbidity to 5 NTU and eliminating ~100% of E. coli after 3 h of settling. The surface characterisation showed a heterogenous surface and the presence of functional groups, which may have aided coagulation and caused the reduction in turbidity and microbial load. Statistical analysis revealed a P value <0.05, indicating that the results were highly consistent with no >5% variation. The study is also extended to explore the mechanism of coagulation of MO seeds, and the potential application of the research at a domestic scale is also discussed. Overall, the resulting water treated with MO met the WHO criteria.

This research reveals the adsorption of cadmium (Cd2+) and zinc (Zn+2) from water using sewage sludge-derived biochar pyrolysed at 700 °C (SSB). The morphology and particle characteristics of SSB were characterised through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The adsorption study showed that the optimum contact times for removing Zn2+ and Cd2+ were 80 and 140minutes, respectively. 95.51% Zn2+ and 97.54% Cd2+ could be removed from spiked solutions featuring 50mg/L of Zn2+ and 50mg/L Cd2+, each treated with 25g/L biochar. The optimum pH of the solutions was 8-9 at a temperature of 40°C, indicating some precipitation of the metal ions at an alkaline pH. The highest adsorption capacity of SSB for Cd2+ and Zn2+ was found to be 3.02 and 2.51mg/g, respectively, which compares favourably with other adsorbents. The isotherm studies confirmed experimental data to closely follow the Langmuir isotherm model at an R2 value of 0.9846 and 0.9816 for Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The kinetic study confirmed the physical interaction between the adsorbents and the adsorbate. The spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process was confirmed by negative values of change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and enthalpy (ΔH). SSB could be regenerated for 6 cycles. Overall, this study explores sustainability, recycling, and waste management by offering SSB as a potentially cost-effective and environment-friendly solution to remove Cd2+ and Zn2+ from water.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of Algerian native pine tree bark (NPTB) as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater. Characterization revealed a porous structure with a high surface area and abundant functional groups, ideal for adsorption. Batch experiments optimized conditions for maximum MB removal (99.47%) at pH 8, 55 degrees C, and 0.4 g NPTB dosage. Kinetic analysis confirmed pseudo-second-order kinetics and intraparticle diffusion, indicating chemisorption. The Freundlich isotherm model best described adsorption, with a monolayer capacity of 37.15 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies indicated the process was spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible at higher temperatures. The estimated cost of NPTB is $0.1376 USD/m(3), and its low overall treatment cost makes it a promising and environmentally friendly alternative for wastewater treatment.

A low-cost adsorbent developed from unmodified Azadirachta indica leaves in the form of powder was used for adsorptive removal of the Congo Red dye from an aqueous medium. The adsorbent was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. For optimization of operational parameters such as dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, batch adsorption experiments were performed. It was found that for neem leaves powder (NLP), the optimum conditions were as follows: adsorbent dose of 0.8 g, contact time of 100 min having a solution with pH value of 5, adsorbate initial concentration of 40 ppm at temperature 60 degrees C where maximum amount of dye, i.e., 84%, removal was observed. The process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, which reveals physical adsorption. According to isothermal investigations, sorption data were best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model (also confirmed from correlation with linear and nonlinear plots and lowest value of five error analysis models for each isotherm and kinetic model). Thermodynamically, the adsorption of the Congo Red dye by the neem leaf powder was exothermic. Furthermore, the mechanistic removal of the Congo Red dye by the NLP has been explored with the help of the surface complex formation (PHREEQC) mechanism. Overall, the results of the study explore the promising nature of NLP for Congo Red dye removal.

This paper reveals a green chemistry approach to remove arsenic (As+3) from water using potassium hydroxide (KOH) modified sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSDB-KOH). Characterisation of the morphology, particle size and composition of the SSDB-KOH pre- and post-adsorption confirmed porous and heterogenous surface favouring adsorption. At ambient temperature (20 °C), the SSDB-KOH dose of 20 g/l achieved 98 % arsenite removal at nearly neutral solution pH (8). This compared favourably with pristine SSDB, where the performance was limited to 41.6 % removal. The enhanced arsenite adsorption of SSDB-KOH was informed by several mechanisms, including ionic interactions, pore filling and metal-pi interactions. The experimental data fits closely with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, revealing monolayer adsorption and the chemical interaction between adsorbents and the adsorbate. The spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process was confirmed by the negative value of ΔG and the positive value of ΔH, respectively. The performance of the biochar was evaluated for four-cycle regeneration. Finally, a cost analysis was performed to demonstrate the economic feasibility of using SSDB-KOH to remove arsenic from water.

Current research deals with removing Azure C dye from aqueous solutions via adsorption on graphene oxide-carboxymethyl cellulose-co-acrylamide (GO/P(CMC-Co-Am)) nanocomposite. The nanocomposite studied here was synthesized via free radical copolymerization and further characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission electron microscopy (FESEM). For exploring the adsorption efficiency of prepared nanocomposite, batch adsorption experiments were conducted that explains the effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and salt concentration on Azure C dye adsorption. Kinetic study revealed the fitness of pseudo-second kinetic model suggesting a chemical adsorption mechanism. An optimal adsorption time of 120 minutes was observed, yielding an adsorption capacity of 9.14 mg/g. The point of zero charge of nanocomposite was observed to be pH 5. Increasing the adsorbent dose initially enhanced adsorption but eventually led to a decline due to aggregation and competition for adsorption sites. The presence of salts, particularly CaCl2, positively influenced adsorption via salting-out effect.

As heavy metals are very noxious for health also known as one of the most poisonous classes of water contaminants. Typically, metal pollutants are non-biodegradable and impervious towards oxidants, heat, and light. Thus, it is a precisely demanding task to eliminate them from water to reduce water pollution. In current studies, the process of adsorption was employed for deracination of Zn and Fe with modified surface of natural material as an adsorbent. TiO2 NPs were synthesized by using leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii and its nanocomposites were made with the fish scale biomass. Prime conditions for proficient removal of zinc were recognized at pH = 4 and for iron at pH = 6 having an initial concentration 100 mg/L, adsorbent dose rate of 0.1 g and contact time 120 minutes. Thermodynamic study revealed that process was spontaneous, and exothermic, resulted in increase in entropy with rise in temperature. Adsorption process has been certified with different isotherm and kinetic models, where the experimental data was brought into being good agreement with pseudo second order (R-2 = 0.986) and Freundlich isotherm (R-2 = 0.993) as compared with other models. For characterization of synthesized adsorbents scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray were used. Average particle size of the adsorbent used ranged from 1 to 5 mu m. [GRAPHICS]

The textile industry is one of the most significant and rapidly growing industries. However, it consumes a large amount of processed water and produces highly contaminated discharge water and consequently has a significant influence on the environment. Therefore, presently, it is necessary to remove dyes from wastewater. In this study, we examined the adsorption of methylene blue dye on a rice husk char-burnt clay composite. At a total residence time of 50 min, the rice husk was burned at 200 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C min(-1). Subsequently, the produced RHBC was pulverised, and a composite was created by combining it with burnt clay that was burnt at 400 degrees C in a weight ratio of 9 : 16. FTIR, SEM, XRF and BET surface area analysis were performed to characterize the adsorbent. Both batch and column adsorption studies were conducted to identify the variables influencing the adsorption process. The favorable removal of MB in certain media is defined by the point of zero charge of RHBC/BC, which was analyzed to be 6.8. The optimum RHBC/BC dosage was 0.25 g, pH = 7, contact time = 50 min, initial MB concentration = 10 ppm and temperature = 10 degrees C, resulting in the excellent removal efficiency by the adsorbent of 97.11%. It was discovered that the pseudo-second-order model, which had a value of R-2 = 0.9994 and low error function values best described the kinetics of the adsorption process. The Langmuir isotherm model had the largest R-2 (0.9936) and low values for the models of error, making it the best fit. The applicability (n = 2.094 L g(-1)) and physisorption nature (E-s = 0.6368 kJ mol(-1)) of the process were both confirmed by the Freundlich and D-R isotherm plots, respectively. As evidenced by the negative values of the thermodynamic parameters, i.e., Delta G and Delta H, the adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous, respectively. The column study also revealed the direct relation between % removal and bed height as well as dye concentration used. However, an increase in flow rate resulted in a decrease in the % removal of dye. The results of the BDST model are consistent with the experimental data, as confirmed by the high regression coefficient values. The desorption experiment revealed that 90% of RHBC/BC could be recycled. Also, the impact of various ions on the adsorbent efficiency was studied. The experiment was carried out using an environmental sample and the results showed a high percentage of removal of dye of greater than 90%. The high adsorption (>90%) and desorption efficiencies (=90%) imply that RHBC/BC has potential to be exploited as a reliable, quick, and low-cost adsorbent for stripping MB dye from industrial effluents, especially in the textile industry. The originality of the current study is that no work has been documented on the explicit use of an RHBC/BC composite as an adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue dye specifically to date.

Through past eras, spectroscopic techniques found numerous applications i.e., from biological applications to measurement of chemical composition and characterization of numerous materials such as polymers, nanocomposites etc. Nanocomposites, in addition to radiation shielding materials are developing and growing materials having numerous uses. For study of distinctive characteristics, characterization, and development of new materials employing polymer nanocomposites, numerous characterization practices are accessible and are in use nowadays. The prime objective of current review is to summarize the knowledge of existing characterization practices and to explore the applications of fluorescence, UV–Vis spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD), small angel X-ray scattering (SAXS), and infrared in addition to Raman technique towards characterization of metal oxide composites, polymers, fillers, composites besides nanocomposites. Fluorescence techniques find limitations in providing comprehensive examination of materials. For information regarding material size, aggregation phase, as well as refractive index, UV–Vis spectroscopy was employed. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy give information about silanol hydroxyl groups present at exterior of silica as well as their interactions with polymer and polymer-filler interfacial connections. WXRD provide information on crystal structure, composition, crystalline grain size of materials while SAXS provide information about size of particle, and its distribution. To characterize different types of functional groups in materials, infrared spectroscopy was employed. Raman spectroscopy finds wide-ranging applications for analysis of materials. The novelty of this review is that until yet, very few review papers have been published that concisely describe all above mentioned techniques along with their applications in a very simple and effective means.

This study centers on crystal violet removal from raw water on surface of Cedrus deodara sawdust. Main objectives of this study are to investigate the potential of Cedrus deodara sawdust for removal of toxic crystal violet dye and to stimulate the best experimental conditions. Adsorption parameters, isotherms, kinetic equations, and thermodynamics have been studied and discussed. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of various parameters, that is, size of adsorbent, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, dye concentration and temperature on dye exclusion. Isotherms, that is, Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms and kinetic models, that is, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models have been applied and discussed. Thermodynamic parameters, that is, change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy have also been determined. Maximum amount of dye (99.21%) has been removed at optimized conditions, that is, 210 mesh size, 50°C temperature, pH 12, 0.4 g adsorbent, 20 ppm adsorbate concentration with contact time of 30 min. Data fits best to Langmuir isotherm and process obeys pseudo-second-order kinetics. Calculated free energy and enthalpy indicates spontaneity and endothermicity of the process. Applicability of developed procedure with tap water is 92% indicating that Cedrus deodara is an auspicious adsorbent for crystal violet removal from water.

During past decades, spectroscopic techniques find wide range of applications ranging from biological applications to the measurement of chemical composition and characterization of variety of substances i.e., polymers, nanocomposites etc. Nanocomposites are emerging and growing materials having wide variety of uses. To study the characteristic properties, characterize, and development of new materials using polymer nanocomposites, several molecular characterization techniques are available and are in use today. Principle objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge in current characterization techniques and to study the applications of fluorescence, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, besides Raman molecular characterization techniques for characterization of polymers, filler, and composites. Fluorescence technique did not provide detailed analysis of materials while solid-state NMR spectroscopy determine silanol hydroxyl groups at the silica exterior in addition to their interactions with polymer and polymer-filler interfacial interactions (via relaxation time). For characterization of various kinds of functional groups in polymer/ fillers, infrared spectroscopy employed. While Raman spectroscopy finds extensive applications for analysis of carbon-based materials. Novelty of this review is that till yet very few review papers have been published which briefly describe all these mentioned techniques along their applications in a very simple and an effective way.