Many adolescents face pressure when it comes to securing social media attention in the form of views, comments and/or likes on their posted content. The purpose of this study was to examine how this pressure impacts adolescents' current relationships with friends in addition to their mental health over time. Participants were Canadian adolescents (Time 1 n = 345; Mage = 17.29; 80.6% female) who reported on their felt pressure to gain social media attention, friendship closeness and internalizing symptoms in 3 surveys approximately 4 months apart (from August 2020 to June 2021). We used latent curve modeling with structured residuals (LCM-SR) to model the lagged relations between the aforementioned variables, while also controlling for time spent on social media and number of likes received. LCM-SR builds on multivariate latent curve modeling and autoregressive latent trajectory and allows for the simultaneous testing of between- and within-person stability and change over time. In line with our first hypothesis, results demonstrated that at time points when adolescents experienced more pressure to gain social media attention than usual, their friendship closeness decreased at the next time point. Social media pressure was not a significant predictor of internalizing symptoms, however. Results emphasize the importance of teasing apart within- and between-person effects when examining impacts of adolescent social media use. They also highlight the importance of targeting felt pressures to gain social media attention in order to support healthy adolescent relationships.

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) such as Instagram are a major part of the landscape of young adults' lives. SNSs are designed to encourage social connection and attention from others. However, deceptive like-seeking behaviors, which involve manipulative and deceitful acts to gain attention (e.g., buying followers, digitally modifying one's physical appearance in photos), are common on SNSs. The present study examined the relationship between deceptive like-seeking on Instagram, self-esteem and peer belonging using a longitudinal design. A total of 307 young adults (M-age = 21.35 years, SD = 1.50) completed two online surveys, 3 months apart. Rates of deceptive like-seeking and Instagram use and perceptions of self-esteem, peer belonging, and injunctive peer norms for deceptive like-seeking were collected. Path models were used to test hypotheses and determine pathways and moderators between variables at Time 1 and Time 2. Results showed that deceptive like-seeking predicted weakened feelings of peer belonging over time. Further, an interaction between self-esteem and injunctive peer norms demonstrated that only low self-esteem youth were susceptible to the effects of perceived peer norms; among these youth, those who perceived stronger peer approval increased in their deceptive like-seeking over time. These findings emphasize the dangers of dishonest online behavior for social relationships.

We investigate when, why, and for whom information regarding the treatment of unfamiliar employees—those with whom consumers have had no prior contact—is most likely to affect brand attitudes and intentions. Three experimental studies that varied whether a brand ostensibly offered employees more versus less favorable working conditions and benefits observed that: (i) perceptions of treatment of unfamiliar employees have a substantial impact on brand attitudes and corresponding intentions; (ii) political ideologies regarding the acceptance of inequality and dominance between societal groups play an important role in determining the magnitude of these effects; and (iii) joint effects of dominance ideologies and perceived employee treatment are mediated by empathy toward the employees and trust that workforce issues are handled appropriately. Thus, consumers empathize with and respond to distressing conditions of poor treatment for unfamiliar employees, and in this way, employee voices can have a powerful impact on their brand.

Emerging adults (ages 18-29) have the highest rates of both harmful drinking and participation on social network sites (SNSs) compared to adolescents and older adults. In fact, greater SNS participation has been shown to predict greater alcohol use. Little is known, however, about noncollege samples, substances apart from alcohol, and SNSs other than Facebook. Furthermore, few studies have examined what might moderate any observed influence of SNS participation on substance use. In this study, we used hierarchical linear and negative binomial regression analyses to examine the unique associations between Instagram participation and alcohol as well as marijuana use, controlling statistically for demographic characteristics, peer norms, and social status, in a community sample of emerging adults (N = 194). We also tested whether peer belonging or motives for Instagram participation moderated these relationships. Results showed that Instagram participation was positively related to alcohol use only for those with high levels of peer belonging. The initial negative association between Instagram participation and marijuana use disappeared once peer norms and social status were included. Peer norms were positively related to both alcohol and marijuana use, while peer belonging was positively related to marijuana use. Peer belonging appears to be an important variable in the study of SNSs and substance use among emerging adults. Future work might test the somewhat counterintuitive hypotheses raised by these findings that peer belonging sensitizes individuals to SNS influences on drinking and could be a marker of greater marijuana use.

Background: Emerging adults consume alcohol most often with their peer drinking groups. Yet, little is known about the role of drinking group norms on individual members' drinking consequences, nor about the mechanisms that underlie this association. Objectives: We examined the indirect relationship between drinking group descriptive norms (perceived frequency of group heavy episodic drinking; HED) and individual drinking consequences via individual HED. We also examined key moderators, including the extent to which individuals occupied high status positions within their drinking groups, the strength of their identification with the group, and the degree to which they identified with emerging adulthood, a developmental period associated with heightened alcohol consumption. Methods: Participants were 280 and 340 (replication study) emerging adults (18-29years) who were recruited via an online crowdsourcing site to complete a survey. Results: Across studies, higher status was associated with more individual HED and drinking consequences. Further, group identification and identification with emerging adulthood strengthened the relation between group and individual HED. Finally, the indirect relation between group HED and individual drinking consequences was significant and stronger for individuals who identified more with their drinking groups and with emerging adulthood. Conclusions/Importance: Findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the impact of descriptive peer norms on heavy drinking and related consequences in emerging adulthood and help identify drinking group members most at risk for internalizing descriptive group norms for HED. Key implications for prevention and intervention programming are discussed.

Consumers do not always follow their ideological beliefs about the need to engage in environmentally friendly (EF) consumption. We propose that Commitment to Beliefs (CTB)the general tendency to follow one's value-based beliefscan help identify who is most likely to follow their environmental ideologies. We predicted that CTB would amplify the effect of beliefs prescribing environmental stewardship(e.g., new ecological paradigm), or neglect(e.g., economic system-justification), on corresponding intentions, behavior, and purchasing decisions. In two studies, CTB amplified the positive and negative effects of relevant EF ideologies on EF purchase decisions (Study 1), and consumption and conservation attitudes, intentions, as well as future behavior (Study 2). In each study, only people with higher levels of CTB demonstrated the most ideologically consistent consumption and conservation intentions and behavior. These findings clarify who is most likely to align their decisions and lifestyles according to their sustainable consumption ideologies. The amplification effect of CTB, and the CTB variable itself, present new contributions to consumer behavior research and the domains of sustainable or ethical consumption in particular and offer wide-ranging potential for marketing practitioners and researchers.

We examined the extent to which emerging adults engage in different behaviors on Instagram, a popular social networking site, to gain attention and validation from others via "likes." We also examined individual differences in the frequency of like-seeking behavior and motives for Instagram use as mediators of these relationships. Participants (N = 198 and 265 (replication study)) were recruited via an online crowdsourcing portal to complete a survey. Results demonstrated that, as predicted, participants engaged in an assortment of different like-seeking behaviors. Further, a two-factor solution emerged, with like-seeking behavior separated by whether they were normative (i.e., common or accepted, e.g., using filters or hashtags) or deceptive (e.g., buying likes or changing one's appearance in photos using software). Deceptive like-seeking was predicted by stronger narcissism and a weaker sense of peer belonging, whereas normative like-seeking was predicted by stronger narcissism and a stronger sense of peer belonging. Further, consistent with hypotheses, significant mediators of the relation between narcissism and deceptive like-seeking included motives to use Instagram to increase popularity and showcase creativity. Results help to identify young people who are more susceptible to engaging in deceptive, potentially harmful acts to gain attention and validation on Instagram. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Social conflicts are ubiquitous to the human condition and occur throughout markets, marketing processes, and marketing systems. When unchecked or unmitigated, social conflict can have devastating consequences for consumers, marketers, and societies, especially when conflict escalates to war. In this article, the authors offer a systemic analysis of the Colombian war economy, with its conflicted shadow and coping markets, to show how a growing network of fair-trade coffee actors has played a key role in transitioning the country's war economy into a peace economy. They particularly draw attention to the sources of conflict in this market and highlight four transition mechanisms—empowerment, communication, community building, and regulation—through which marketers can contribute to peacemaking and thus produce mutually beneficial outcomes for consumers and society. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for marketing theory, practice, and public policy.

Research on the effects of intergroup competition has relied on various conceptual approaches and has produced inconsistent findings. Following a review of the intergroup competition literature, we propose a framework which emphasizes that the influence of intergroup competition varies primarily according to participants’ construal of potentially competitive events. We assess this via two variables: competitive intergroup perceptions (CIP), the perception that one’s ingroup and another group(s) in the current situation are attempting to gain a reward at each other’s expense; and competitive intergroup motivations (CIM), the individual desire for one’s group to do better or acquire more of a reward than the other group(s). In four studies that presented participants with an ambiguously competitive intergroup setting and administered CIP and CIM scales adapted for the context, both variables were empirically nonredundant (Studies 1–4) and showed unique relations with intergroup outcomes: CIM, rather than CIP, was directly associated with greater intergroup bias (Studies 2–4), discriminatory intentions (Study 3), and discriminatory behavior (Study 4). CIP consistently registered an indirect effect on intergroup bias and behavior through CIM. Our results suggest that in ambiguous group contexts, CIM facilitates the pursuit of goals for the ingroup, which may involve expressing intergroup bias and more antisocial outgroup behavior, and that these tendencies are quite sensitive to corresponding changes in CIP. The current framework offers more precise insights into the influence of competitive group dynamics, and can easily be integrated with other research paradigms to determine how and when intergroup competition produces intergroup bias and discrimination.

The commitment to beliefs (CTB) framework (Maxwell-Smith & Esses, 2012) proposes that there are individual differences in the extent to which people generally follow beliefs that are a reflection of their values. The current research hypothesized that CTB would amplify the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility, such that individuals higher in CTB would display more pronounced reactions to belief-relevant groups, events, or individuals seen as incompatible with their value-based beliefs. We tested our hypothesis in three studies that assessed participants' CTB and their perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility with regard to other religious groups (Study 1), political parties during a national election (Study 2), and their romantic partner (Study 3). CTB amplified the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility on people's biases toward other religious groups, voting intentions and behavior in a national election, and their evaluative and behavioral responses toward their romantic partner. These results collectively suggest that perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility are particularly important cues for individuals with higher levels of CTB as they encounter other people or events that are relevant to their beliefs.

Abstract Although research suggests that male peers play an important role in young men’s bar aggression, little is known about specific peer-related predictors of this behaviour. Both bar aggression and heavy alcohol consumption are associated with traditional masculinity and peer-acceptance among young men; thus, engagement in these behaviours may help young men maintain positive social standings within their male peer groups. Further, increased heavy alcohol consumption may, in turn, facilitate bar aggression. We conducted the first empirical analysis of the association between young men’s within-peer-group status and propensity to respond aggressively to provocation in bars. We also examined the mediating role of heavy episodic drinking in this relationship. In this study, male bar-going university students (N = 116; Mage = 19 years) completed self-reported measures of their within-peer-group status, frequency of heavy episodic drinking in the past month, and their likelihood to physically aggress in response to hypothetical provocation at a bar. As hypothesised, the higher participants’ within-peer-group status, the more likely they were to report that they would respond to provocation at a bar with physical aggression. Moreover, the positive association between status and bar aggression was explained by increased engagement in heavy alcohol consumption. Results suggest that future intervention efforts to prevent bar aggression and harmful drinking practices may benefit from addressing issues of status among young men.

The authors developed a new dispositional measure of Commitment to Beliefs (CTB)-the degree to which people feel it is important to follow their value-expressive beliefs across three phases of research. In Phases 1 and 2 (Studies 1-4), the CTB scale demonstrated strong internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity. Phase 3 demonstrated the scale's predictive validity: high-CTB individuals were more likely to report engaging in activities during the past month and year that followed directly from their beliefs (Study 5), act on their beliefs when given the opportunity (Study 6), and show more polarized attitudes toward ideologically-relevant groups (Study 7). These findings illustrate the utility of a dispositional approach for examining the extent to which people follow then beliefs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.