This study evaluates the potential industrial suitability of red clay from Sapahar Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh. Comprehensive laboratory tests were conducted, including Atterberg limits, grain size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), to investigate the mineralogical, geological, ceramic, and plastic properties of the samples. The mineralogical analysis reveals that the red clay is composed of illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz. Chemically, the red clay primarily composed of SiO2 (55.06-57.73 %), followed by Al2O3 (16.96-18.89 %), Fe2O3 (8.29-10.15 %), K2O (2.98-3.42 %), TiO2 (1.28-1.38 %), trace amounts of other oxides (<1 %) and LOI (8.34 %-9.99 %). TG/DSC curve trends indicate the stability of red clay up to 900 degrees C. Firing experiments conducted at 800 degrees C, 900 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C show changes in firing shrinkage (0.05 %-1.15 %), water absorption (7.66 %-4.31 %), apparent porosity (13.58 %-9.53 %), bulk density (1.77 g/cm(3)-2.21 g/cm(3)) and unconfined compressive strength (1.35-7.22 MPa). These findings suggest that the local red clay is suitable for manufacturing vitrified and semi-vitrified ceramic tiles, indicating its potential for industrial applications in the ceramics sector. Future studies should aim to upscale the experimental findings and comprehensively evaluate the performance of the clay under industrial production.

Cotton and other cellulose fibres are preferred in the production of comfortable smart clothing due to their softness, moderate strength, shape adaptability, moisture absorbency, and moisture vapour transmission properties, which are well suited for the human body compared to synthetic fibres. These fibres offer enhanced thermo-psychological and tactical comfort. Cotton's sheen diminishes when spun into yarn due to the uneven surface formed by combining fibres. Despite its tendency to wrinkle, limited dimensional stability, and poor dye absorbency, cotton's widespread availability makes it a popular choice for comfortable, smart clothing. Modifications can further improve the comfort of these fibres. Smart textiles, incorporating sensors and instruments for information management, are renowned in textile research. However, the presence of smart materials in clothing may reduce its comfort properties. Smart clothing made from cotton and cellulose materials provides superior comfort compared to other natural and synthetic fibres.

As an edible oil, palm oil is also safe and reliable in dyeing, and the residual palm oil after dyeing can be recycled and used continuously, which is green and environmentally friendly and has great research prospects. In this research, raw ramie yarn, used for traditional grass cloth, was dyed in a palm oil medium using Reactive Blue 194. Studying the adsorption and diffusion behaviour in the dyeing process is necessary. Additionally, the kinetics and isotherm model of dyeing raw ramie yarn with Reactive Blue 194 in palm oil is studied, and the adsorption behaviour between them is discussed. For a better understanding, the raw ramie yarn dyeing adsorption behaviour was also carried out in a water medium. It was found that the dyeing rates in palm oil are distinctly faster than in water. Kinetics data suggested that the pseudo-second-order model fitted for both dyeing mediums (palm oil and water) of the adsorption of the Reactive Blue 194 dye onto raw ramie yarn. Afterward, the adsorption isotherms' results denote that the Langmuir model was suitable for palm oil dyeing medium while the Freundlich model was suited for water medium. Overall, this study has demonstrated that raw ramie yarn dyeing in a palm oil medium could be a sustainable colouration route for textile fibres with a greater dye exhaustion percentage.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogel-treated fabrics have received considerable attention as one of the most versatile drug delivery systems especially for site-specific and time-controlled delivery of bioactive agents. This is due to their combined hydrogel and fabrics characteristic with spatial and temporal control. Physically prepared stimuli-responsive hydrogel fabrics can offer an approach to encapsulate various types of drugs, particularly hydrophobic drugs and therapeutic molecules. Targeting and response, especially multiresponse of the nanogel-treated fabrics system for drug delivery, has become an important subject in research. The study of photo-responsive nanogels fabrics, upon light irradiation, focuses also on smart drug delivery systems. This chapter focuses on the formation of photo-responsive hydrogels and nanogels treated smart fabrics (physical and chemical cross-linked), and their release behaviour. Recent application of photo-responsive hydrogels treated fabrics, challenges and strategies to improve the impacts are also discussed.

Chitosan-STPP nano-dispersion adsorbent was prepared by crosslinking chitosan with sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP). The formation of the adsorbent was confirmed by the FTIR spectra of the product. The particle size of the adsorbent was at nano-level which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The reactive brown dye adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was increased with increasing the contact time. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent increased within the acidic pH range but slightly decreased in the basic pH range. The adsorption process followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model more rather than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model because the correlation (R 2 ) was favourable in the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The value of the separation factor R L (0.15) indicated that the adsorption process was in favourable condition. The maximum reactive brown dye adsorption capacity of chitosan-STPP nano-dispersion adsorbent was 6.8 mg/g.

Chromium is a premier heavy metal that has versatile applications in different industrial purposes. It is essential to remediate Cr(VI) from its polluted aqueous solution due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation. A waste product rice husk (RH), contained 15-20% silica which can be extracted by incineration at muffle furnace. Shrimp shell is another waste material and uses as the raw material of chitosan preparation. Here, chitosan was used as a coating material to increase the adsorption performance of prepared silica. The prepared chitosan-coated silica (CCS) was characterized by ATR-FTIR and TGA analysis. In the adsorption study of CCS, the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) increases with contact time and an acidic pH (3–6). The maximum adsorption capacity was found at 7.14 mg/g and from the adsorption isotherm. The R2 value 0.701 supports Langmuir model of monolayer adsorption.