The shear properties of natural granular particles such as sand are significantly dependent on the shapes of the particles in the mixture. This is important from a practical viewpoint, because a measurement and characterization technique for the 3-D shapes of such particles can lead to an improved understanding of soil stability and influence the design of structural foundations. Previous techniques that have been developed for this purpose have proven to be complex, and the associated instrumentation has proven to be expensive. Furthermore, conventional 2-D shape measurement and description methods do not readily lend themselves to parsimonious 3-D representations. The situation is further complicated by the fact that, to parameterize the relationship between shape and shear characteristics, a single numerical descriptor is required to model the 3-D shapes of multiple particles in a natural sand particle mixture. This paper describes an optical tomography technique for the measurement of particle data that is then characterized using statistical 3-D shape descriptors. The algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is used to synthesize 3-D particle shapes from 2-D tomography projections. It is shown that the measurement and characterization techniques used can provide distinct features for differently shaped particle mixtures and can be used to synthesize 3-D composite particles representative of the entire mix. The novelty of the technique described in this paper is that numerical shape descriptors can be obtained for not only a single 3-D object but also an entire collection of 3-D objects. Furthermore, the statistical nature of the 3-D shape descriptor of a particle mixture can be used to synthesize a mixture containing an arbitrary number of particles that have similar but not identical shapes. Results demonstrating the efficacy of the method on a set of natural sand particle mixtures are presented.

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a syndrome of skeletal muscle breakdown that results from exercise. In severe cases this syndrome may lead to acute renal failure and even death. Some individuals experience exaggerated changes in their serum creatine kinase (CK) levels, which is the most widely used marker reflective of muscle breakdown. These individuals have been defined as high responders. The reasons for this phenomenon are not fully understood, but a role for genetics has been suggested. PURPOSE: To explore the association between genotypes of the CK muscle gene, CKMM, that serves an important role in skeletal muscle metabolism, and the phenotypic CK response to exercise. METHODS: Healthy, physically active, participants (n = 88) underwent an exercise that included stepping up and down two stairs for 5 min with a backpack, followed by 15 squats. Blood was taken before and after the exercise and 48 and 72 hours after to follow the dynamics of serum CK levels. DNA was extracted from white blood cells for the genetic analysis. RESULTS: Within the sample, 10.2% (9 of 88) were classified as high responders based on their CK responses. Of the 36 participants with the AA genotype, seven (19.4%) were high responders, compared to only two high responders out of the 52 GG and AG genotypes (G+) (3.8%) (p=0.028). Multiple logistic regression analysis of high responders as a function of CKMM genotypes showed that participants with the AA genotype had a 5.7 fold greater risk of being classified as a high responder compared to individuals with a G+ genotype (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CKMM polymorphism may be important as one of the multifactorial (and probably polygenetic) causes of ER. This finding will require further validation under other exercise paradigms and with a larger sample.

Over a three-year period, we have seen in consultation four children whose mothers cited complaints referable to every organ system and which had persisted for many years. The parents had consulted a total of 99 physicians in eight states. Absence from school ranged from 40 to 200 days a year. Physical examinations of all patients and extensive and repeated laboratory studies were normal. On psychiatric examination the mothers exhibited paranoid thinking and a conviction of serious medical illness in their child which approached delusional proportions. They resisted psychiatric consultation and refused psychotherapy. The mother-child relationship was remarkably symbiotic, the two teen-age patients essentially voicing complaints which were indistinguishable from those reported by their mothers. The fathers invariably supported their wives' concerns. Subsequently, parents and children left treatment, continuing to "doctor shop." Long-standing multisystem complaints in a child with normal growth and maturation are incompatible with any known significant organic disease, but suggest a serious emotional problem within the family. Further, parents who take such children from doctor to doctor are frequently disturbed themselves and may use an offspring as a proxy patient. An accurate diagnosis depends on careful history-taking from parents, patient, health professionals, and schools.

New Directions for Higher EducationVolume 1973, Issue 1 p. 29-48 Article Patterns of faculty response to growing student diversity Michael Bloom, Michael Bloom Graduate student and research assistant at the Wright Institute in Berkeley. A Ph.D. candidate thinking of teaching and clinical practice, he is broadly interested in developmental psychology throughout life.Search for more papers by this authorNorbert Ralph, Norbert Ralph Ph.D. candidate at the Wright Institute. Has worked for the past three years studying college faculty and experimental education. He plans to train counselling psychology students to work in higher education as experts in human development.Search for more papers by this authorMervin Freedman, Mervin FreedmanSearch for more papers by this author Michael Bloom, Michael Bloom Graduate student and research assistant at the Wright Institute in Berkeley. A Ph.D. candidate thinking of teaching and clinical practice, he is broadly interested in developmental psychology throughout life.Search for more papers by this authorNorbert Ralph, Norbert Ralph Ph.D. candidate at the Wright Institute. Has worked for the past three years studying college faculty and experimental education. He plans to train counselling psychology students to work in higher education as experts in human development.Search for more papers by this authorMervin Freedman, Mervin FreedmanSearch for more papers by this author First published: Spring 1973 https://doi.org/10.1002/he.36919730106Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1973, Issue1Spring 1973Pages 29-48 RelatedInformation

New Directions for Higher EducationVolume 1973, Issue 1 p. 49-59 Article Personal history and professional career Michael Bloom, Michael BloomSearch for more papers by this authorMervin Freedman, Mervin FreedmanSearch for more papers by this author Michael Bloom, Michael BloomSearch for more papers by this authorMervin Freedman, Mervin FreedmanSearch for more papers by this author First published: Spring 1973 https://doi.org/10.1002/he.36919730107Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1973, Issue1Spring 1973Pages 49-59 RelatedInformation