Foaming has been observed during the evaporation of simulated radioactive wastes and is typically enhanced by finely divided solid particles. A maximum in foaminess as a function of the total solid concentration is observed. The increase in foaminess is due to the structural stabilization by the particles in the foam lamella and the decrease in foaminess is due to clustering of the particles in the bulk. In this paper, we study the effects of various parameters such as heating flux,, low pressure, normal paraffin hydrocarbons (NPH), tributyl phosphate (TBP), surfactants, and commercially available antifoams on foaminess during the evaporation of the simulant. The increase in flux at atmospheric pressure increases foaminess while low pressure decreases foaminess. The addition of NPH increases the foaminess while TBP reduces foaminess (at the maximum in foaminess with respect to the baseline case containing neither, as both NPH and TBP modify particle wettability). The surfactant (when added in small amounts) reduces foaminess, while larger amounts increase foaminess by a factor of 4. The antifoam DOW 1520 US is inefficient in reducing foaminess (400% vol to 200% vol) while Q2-3183 A is able to reduce foaminess by a factor of 4 (400% vol to 120% vol) at the maximum in foaminess.

Foaming in slurries and sludges is of immediate concern because of the environmental hazards posed during the safe disposal of radioactive wastes. The present research studied foaminess in simulated radioactive waste, which is a highly alkaline sludge, during dynamic conditions (i.e. boiling). A maximum in foaminess is observed which is due to two competing effects: Amphiphilic particles promoting foaminess by attachment to the bubble surfaces and foam inhibition due to clustering of particles. The maximum in foaminess was of the order of 400 vol% which is detrimental for the working of the commercial evaporator. The antifoaming action of a commercial antifoam agent was investigated as well as an improved antifoamer recently developed by IIT in conjunction with researchers at SRNL.

Evaporation of High Level and Low Activity (HLW & LAW) radioactive wastes for the purposes of radionuclide separation and volume reduction has been conducted at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites for more than forty years. Additionally, the Savannah River Site (SRS) has used evaporators in preparing HLW for immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. The Hanford River Protection Project (RPP) is in the process of building the world’s largest radioactive waste treatment facility, Waste Treatment Plant (WTP), which will use evaporators to concentrate the liquid waste and plant recycles prior to immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. Radioactive waste is evaporated at each site using various evaporator designs (e.g., forced circulation, horizontal bent tube). While the equipment used to evaporate radioactive waste is relatively simple in design, the complexity in the evaporator processes in current service and in those currently in the design stages stems from the heterogeneous nature of the waste and the effects of seemingly minor components (e.g., Si) on the process. Aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic modeling and experiments have been conducted by the SRS Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) in support of the SRS HLW and Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Evaporators and the Hanford RPP WTP. After 40 years of successful operation, accumulation of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate, Na8AL6Si6O24(NO3)2•4H2O and sodium diuranate, Na2U2O7) developed as an insoluble phase in the Savannah River Site (SRS) 2H evaporator in 1996. The aluminosilicate scale deposit caused the SRS 2-H evaporator to become completely inoperable by October 1999. Accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase on the aluminosilicate scale has caused criticality concerns. Modeling and experiments were conducted to develop a method to control the process chemistry in order to prevent the formation of aluminosilicate deposits in the future. The lessons learned from the development, design, and operation of the SRS waste treatment facilities and the currently operating 242-A Hanford HLW evaporators were applied by SRTC in support of the development and design of the Hanford WTP evaporators. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling along with solubility and physical property experiments are being conducted to develop process control and flow sheet models. Additionally, lessons learned from the development of an advanced antifoam agent for the SRS vitrification process evaporators are being applied to the testing and development of an antifoam agent for the Hanford WTP evaporators. This paper will discuss the methodologies, results, and achievements of the SRTC evaporator development program that was conducted in support of the SRS and Hanford WTP evaporator processes. The “cross-pollination” and application of waste treatment technologies and methods between the Savannah River and Hanford Sites will be highlighted. The “cross-pollination” of technologies and methods is expected to benefit the Department of Energy’s Mission Acceleration efforts by reducing the overall cost and time for the development of the baseline waste treatment processes.