The world is increasingly characterised by uncertainty, complexity and rapid change while vulnerability to potential disasters is equally increasing. The situation is more dire in countries where governments are unable to manage land use and development in rapidly growing towns and cities. Lagos, a major city in Nigeria, is notorious for flooding, owing to its being lowland, and this is compounded by inadequate planning and uncoordinated physical development. A systematic study of urban expansion in Lagos was done using Landsat ETM, OLI and Google Earth imageries for 2000, 2013 and 2019 to analyse land use and land cover change, and pattern of encroachment of physical development into vegetation cover and flood plains in Lagos. The comparison of the three Land Use Land Cover Change (LU/LC) schemes, indicates that built-up areas accounted for about 50.0% of land use in Lagos in 2019. The increase is almost thrice the extent recorded in the year 2000. As the pace of growth quickens, new structures deplete vegetation and fuels lateral expansion into marginal land. Adherence to land use planning regulation, vertical expansion and flood-plain-buy-back were recommended as strategies to mitigate flood risk.

There are many drivers of climate change. The urbanization process has been adjudged to be one of the major factors influencing spatial variation in land use and land cover change (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), land surface emissivity (LSE), increasing greenhouse gases emission, and climate change. This article uses a multispectral satellite remote sensing and survey-based approach to examine the nexus of LULC and LSE in the Ibadan city region, Nigeria. The spectral reflectance, the sun angle spectral radiance of the Landsat imageries (2000, 2010, 2018) was corrected and converted from digital number. The LULC, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), LSE and LST were obtained from the analysis of Landsat imageries. From the findings, temperature increase was identified as a peculiar environmental issue. Analysis of the Landsat imageries revealed that the NDVI value increased from 0.44 in 2000 to 0.47 in 2018. The NDBI values showed that built-up areas in the core of the urban areas have the highest NDBI values (0.023-0.602). The spatio-temporal trends of LST were related to the changes in LULC, and the built-up area had the highest LSE. The maximum LST (43°C) was observed in the year 2018 at the core area of the city where building density was highest. The study suggests an application of cool pavements, green development, and urban forest regeneration for sustainable development.