In many respects the most remarkable product of the Yankee City studies directed by W. Lloyd Warner was the book The Social System of the Modern Factory. Newburyport, Massachusetts, had been selected for the Yankee City studies because of its stability as a community, in which long-standing traditional values governed daily life. The strike which paralyzed its shoe factories in 1933 confronted social scientists concerned with identifying the sources of harmonious continuity in community life with counterfactuality made suddenly palpable on a massive scale. They rose - albeit incompletely yet interestingly and in some respects impressively - to meet a challenge for which they seem to have been comprehensively ill- prepared. Puzzlingly neglected very soon after its publication, The Social System of the Modern Factory presented an analysis that reintroduced a problematic of skill dating back to Adam Smith's concern with the 'corrupting' influence of the division of labor, and unconsciously echoed in a minor key one of the bitterest controversies in the politics of the Left: the opposition of the Marxian view of modern work, and the Marxist call for transcending worker alienation via socialist revolution, and the Proudhonian mutualist and syndicalist tradition based on the moral power of crafts manship. For Marxists, craft skill might well be a transitional victim of technological progress. For proudhonniens or Proudhonites, craft skill would remain - it should be made to remain - the fundamental bond of human society, at both the micro level (the workshop conceived as a tiny republic) and the macro national level (the Republic as a federation of workshop communities). The book thus presages, for the greater part unconsciously, hesitations later to be found in the writings of the French renegade communist Georges Friedmann and those of the avowedly Marxist (but in substance proudhonniste?) New Yorker Harry Braverman. Paper presented at President's Choice session From 'Industrial Sociology' To 'Sociology Of Work' , American Sociological Association Annual Meeting 2008, Boston, August 3, 2008.

This paper arises from current work at Bath University on the effects on worker attitudes of flexibility regimes in UK workplaces. It tries to quantify more exactly the extent and intensity of functional flexibility in the early 21st Century UK, using the WERS 5 Managers (or Workplace) Survey data to build and combine four main indicators of functional flexibility. It concludes that the common view that "there's quite a bit of it about" should be revised to "there's quite a bit of a bit of it about". This verdict depends on the properties of the estimation methodology, which are spelled out in detail. Suggestions for improving data coverage are also put forward.

Analysis of the Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004 employee data shows striking differences in levels of overall job satisfaction among occupational groups. The examination is based on the 81 Minor Occupation groupings in UK Standard Occupational Classification 2000 classification. Taking a possible specific occupational effect possibly conditioned by resonance effects, as a theoretical point of departure, multivariate analysis is used to restate apparent occupational effect as occupationally bundled individual-level variables and workplace influencesa process seen as exchanging nominal-level measurement (names of occupations) with theoretical variables. Although 13 minor occupational groups retain statistically significant independent influence after the statistical treatment, these effects are small. Detailed illustration and specification of bundling effects and further examination of their sources take information and communications technology and communication professionals as their point of reference.

As Work, Employment & Society enters its 21st year, the co-Editors of WES for 2005—2007 take stock of the recent progress of the Journal, as shown by three main trends: regular upward growth in submissions; pluralism in terms of theory, method, and disciplinary contribution; and increasing internationalisation of the readership, author base, substantive coverage, and reputation of WES. Key features of the Journal which are believed to have contributed both to the successful establishment of the Journal in the first place and to its continuing high achievement are identified: collegiate ethos, reliance on in-house peer review, an active Editorial Board, and insistence on meaningful feed-back to authors.

Implications of rising levels of qualification for work attitudes—a hitherto neglected area in the debate on over‐education—are examined. Theories of post‐industrialism predicted that the spiralling educational requirements of an information‐based economy would undercut the Work Ethic and intensify employee demands for work roles built around expressive and self‐actualizing opportunities. Higher qualifications might also undermine job satisfaction and allegiance to employing organizations. Large British employee data sets for the past 20 years suggest that higher qualification is associated with higher commitment to paid work, is less clearly associated with an expressive work orientation than forecast and does not by itself reduce attachment to an employing organization. Post‐industrial theory thus proves a poor guide to the qualifications–work attitudes link. The data also points to the reinforcement over time of the Work Ethic and consolidation of instrumental work values among the higher qualified. For employers, the implications are none the less somewhat mixed: in particular, ostensible over‐qualification reduces scores for job satisfaction and organizational loyalty.

Background Recent authoritative recommendations on the management of low back pain (LBP) in primary care include access to physical therapy, in ‘urgent' cases within 72 hours. However, the level of demand for such a service and the resulting physiotherapy workload are unknown.

WE are delighted by the level of response to our paper ( Rose et al., 1999 Rose M Stanley I Peters S Salmon P Stott R Tebbitt P ‘Wrong problem, wrong treatment: Unrecognised inappropriate referrals to physiotherapy’. Physiotherapy. 1999; 85: 322-328 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (11) Google Scholar ). Given the range and importance of issues raised by your correspondents, it is possible for us to respond only in general terms.

A combination of increasing demand from primary care and limitations on the capacity of NHS physiotherapy services to respond is likely to re-open the debate about the appropriateness of referred cases. Musculoskeletal symptoms are the commonest, and an increasing, reason for direct referral from primary care to physiotherapy. However, evidence suggests that in primary care such symptoms often reflect somatisation of patients’ unrecognised mental illness. In a study of primary care patients with persistent physical symptoms due to somatisation of mental illness, we found a substantial minority (45%) who had been referred for one or more courses of physiotherapy. We present case histories from a number of patients who had received physiotherapy to illustrate patterns of somatisation of mental illness. Physiotherapy does not appear to benefit and may harm such patients by reinforcing their somatic orientation and delaying access to more appropriate interventions. The absence of recent published accounts of inappropriate referral from general practice to physiotherapy suggests that the problem of somatisation is either not recognised or not acknowledged by the two professions. We consider approaches to reducing this type of inappropriate demand on physiotherapy services. A combination of increasing demand from primary care and limitations on the capacity of NHS physiotherapy services to respond is likely to re-open the debate about the appropriateness of referred cases. Musculoskeletal symptoms are the commonest, and an increasing, reason for direct referral from primary care to physiotherapy. However, evidence suggests that in primary care such symptoms often reflect somatisation of patients’ unrecognised mental illness. In a study of primary care patients with persistent physical symptoms due to somatisation of mental illness, we found a substantial minority (45%) who had been referred for one or more courses of physiotherapy. We present case histories from a number of patients who had received physiotherapy to illustrate patterns of somatisation of mental illness. Physiotherapy does not appear to benefit and may harm such patients by reinforcing their somatic orientation and delaying access to more appropriate interventions. The absence of recent published accounts of inappropriate referral from general practice to physiotherapy suggests that the problem of somatisation is either not recognised or not acknowledged by the two professions. We consider approaches to reducing this type of inappropriate demand on physiotherapy services.

One response to the increasing demand for physiotherapy services from primary care is to develop group exercise programmes led by physiotherapists operating in an educational/advisory role. However, since physical symptoms in patients referred from primary care are often mediated by complex and unrecognised psychosocial factors, it is not clear what format of group physiotherapy will engage such patients in a programme of exercise training.

Study design. Eighty-four patients with chronic low back pain were treated using cognitive behavioral principles on a pain management program. Outcome data were collected at four points: 10 weeks before treatment, immediately before and immediately after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. In part 1 of the study, patients were assigned randomly to group or individual treatment contexts. In part 2 of the study, patients were assigned randomly to programs of 15, 30, or 60 hours duration. Objectives. To identify the differences in outcome between programs that treated patients as part of a group and those that treated patients individually and the effects of duration of treatment on outcome. Summary of Background Data. Cognitive behavioral programs have been shown to be an effective means of managing chronic low back pain. The literature is concerned with group programs, however, the duration of which vary widely. Method. Psychological and functional variables were measured before and after treatment and at the 6-month follow-up visit. Changes in these variables were measured, and comparisons were made between group and individual programs and between 15-, 30-, and 60-hour programs. Results. Data analysis showed a significant, beneficial effect of intervention in terms of the majority of variables; however, these changes were generally independent of whether patients were treated as part of a group or individually and whether patients completed a 15-, 30-, or 60-hour program. Conclusions. Cognitive behavioral rehabilitation programs have been demonstrated to be an effective means of reducing psychological distress, of changing cognition, and of improving the function of patients with chronic low back pain; however, the length of program and whether patients were treated individually or as part of a group did not affect outcome. This finding has clinical and economic implications.

A total of 162 patients with low back pain of no more than two months duration were physically examined and completed a series of psychometric questionnaires. Principal components analysis of the data demonstrated that some ‘physical’ measurements correlated more closely with psychological variables than other physical signs. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the physical model of low back pain did not contribute significantly to the overall prediction of twelve months outcome and it was a contrived model of psychological ‘distress’ which accounted for variance over and above that of the other models. The results are interpreted as representing the complexity of low back pain experience and support the view that physiotherapists need to recognise the importance of psychological aspects of the symptom in order to be effective.

What has become of the unions? Researchers and political commentators on British industrial relations have long since split into those who empha sise decline and those stressing continuity. There are further sub-divisions, naturally, into partisans of terminal decline, of bare organisational survival, of arrestable retreat, of piecemeal but effective adaptation, and even of 'business as normal'. The public's dead union parrot, then, as far as nearly all serious observers go, is at least still sitting on its perch, albeit unsteadily, while some argue that it is capable of uttering an appealing new message. All the books reviewed can be readily placed on the continuity-decline continuum, though none makes the strong case for terminal decline and the one coming closest to 'business as usual' seems weakest on its knowledge of everyday industrial relations in the 1990s. However, all would agree upon the following five central trends in British industrial relations since 1980. 1. Exclusion. Unions ceased to be involved, with employers and the government, in tri-partite ('corporatist') bargaining over the economy. They lost their advisory roles in official policy bodies, even 'neutral' ones concerned with training. In private industry, managers consulted unions less often before major decisions; in the public sector, long-standing joint

Journal Article Universalism, culturalism and the Aix group: promise and problems of a societal approach to economic institutions Get access MICHAEL ROSE MICHAEL ROSE University of Bath, Claverton DownBath BA2 7AY, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Sociological Review, Volume 1, Issue 1, May 1985, Pages 65–83, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036373 Published: 01 May 1985 Article history Received: 20 November 1984 Revision received: 04 January 1985 Published: 01 May 1985

During the early summer of 1981, this journal published several items dealing with the perennially touchy subject of Industrial Sociology. One of these pieces, written by a commentator from the London School of Economics and entitled 'Industrial Sociology in Practice', dealt with varying strategies in formal teaching of the subject.' In the first half of the LSE Commentator's article there is repeated reference to the book Industrial Behaviour: Theoretical Development since Taylor, which is cited as the 'most widely read' text in the field. I am not sure whether the latter assertion is also an accusation, nor even whether it is correct; but, as I am the book's author, it is not one I feel bound to challenge. I cannot say the same for many of the Commentator's other interpvtations, inferences, and imputations concerning this work. I had hoped to deal with these soon after I saw the Commentator's article. A serious illness prevented my doing so. But, a little belatedly, I should now like to reply to some of the Commentator's remarks.