Cryptantha whippleae D.A.York & M.G.Simpson (Boraginaceae) is described as new. This species is currently known to occur in serpentine barrens in the Shasta-Trinity National Forest of Siskiyou County, California, with one outlier population in possible serpentine of Lake County, California. The new species is most similar to Cryptantha grandiflora and to C. milobakeri, these three likely each others' closest relatives. All three have a relatively large corolla limb width and similar smooth, lance-ovate to ovate, marginally rounded, acuminate and abaxially transversely flattened nutlets. Cryptantha whippleae differs from C. grandiflora in having a short, as opposed to a tall, stem height; bifurcate as opposed to trifurcate primary axis cymules; and typically 2-3 nutlets per fruit, as opposed to usually one nutlet per fruit. Cryptantha whippleae differs from C. milobakeri also in having a short, versus tall, stem height; appressed-strigose and spreading-hispid stem vestiture, as opposed to strigose only or strigose and hirsute; calyx trichomes with two distinct vestiture types, these marginally appressed hirsute and medially hispid, as opposed to calyx trichomes of one type, dense, appressed to ascending, whitish sericeous; and 2-3 nutlets per fruit, as opposed to one nutlet per fruit. Cryptantha whippleae is relatively rare and joins seven other Cryptantha species that are found on serpentine, either obligately or facultatively. Current molecular phylogenetic studies support the mostly convergent evolution of serpentine adaptation in Cryptantha, but additional studies are needed.

In the process of studying the species Cryptantha muricata and its varieties, we discovered a unique taxon of the genus that resembles C. muricata but differs in having a mostly densely white-strigose stem vestiture (sometimes with spreading trichomes) and tuberculate to muricate nutlets with often whitish tubercles that are, in comparison with typical C. muricata, larger, with a wider base and more pointed apex, and more densely spaced. We believe this form to be different enough to describe as a new species, Cryptantha acrimuricata. This new species occurs in southwestern North America: in California and Arizona of the United States and in northern Baja California, Mexico. It occurs in mid- to relatively high elevation mountain regions of mostly desert transition/escarpment in the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges, in the Sonoran and Mohave Deserts, and with some populations scattered in the southern Sierra Nevada. We believe this new species to be closely related to C. clokeyi, C. martirensis, C. muricata, and possibly C. hooveri, of Cryptantha series Muricatae. Detailed molecular phylogenetic are needed to better establish their interrelationships.

A species of the diverse genus Senecio (Asteraceae), originally identified as the Australian S. quadridentatus Labill. and reported naturalized in Orange and San Diego counties, California, was determined to be correctly identified as the South African Senecio angustifolius (Thunb.) Willd. True Senecio quadridentatus is confirmed to be naturalized in southern California in Santa Barbara County, both in mainland coastal regions and on Santa Rosa Island. The two species differ in plant habit (perennial herb in S. quadridentatus, shrub in S. angustifolius), leaf length (60–130 mm in S. quadridentatus, 10–35 mm in S. angustifolius), head type (disciform in S. quadridentatus, discoid in S. angustifolius), and head shape and size (involucre narrowly cylindric and 6.5–10 mm in S. quadridentatus, involucre widely cylindric and 5–6 mm in S. angustifolius). Evidence for these determinations, a description for Senecio angustifolius, and a revision to the key to Senecio in California are presented. The eradication of these exotics in natural habitats of southern California is ongoing, but further monitoring is required.

In an earlier molecular phylogenetic study, a sample of what was originally identified as Cryptantha hispida (Boraginaceae) from Chile, grouped with species of the genus Johnstonella. This sample was subsequently shown not to be C. hispida, but an undescribed species, endemic to the dry Puna of Chile. This new spe-cies is described here as Johnstonella punensis, along with a key to all South American species of the genus. Johnstonella punensis resembles other members of that genus in having an ovate fruit shape, ovate nutlets and a long style that extends beyond the nutlets. It is unusual in the genus in having a non-tuberculate, dimpled to rugulose nutlet surface sculpturing. Its closest relative within the genus is likely the South American J. diplotricha.

Three new species of Cryptantha from the Channel Islands of southern California are described. Cryptantha clementina, endemic to San Clemente Island, was formerly identified as C. traskiae I.M.Johnst. It is distinct from that species in having a low, spreading growth habit, congested inflorescence cymules, wider corolla limbs, thicker and more swollen midrib calyx trichomes, and nutlets that are tuberculate throughout the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Cryptantha kinkiensis, also endemic to San Clemente Island, was previously identified as C. intermedia (A.Gray) Greene. It differs from that species in having bifurcate cymules and nutlets with denser, smaller tubercles. Cryptantha catalinensis, endemic to Santa Catalina Island, was previously identified as either C. intermedia or C. wigginsii I.M.Johnst. It differs from C. intermedia in having bifurcate cymules and nutlets with denser, smaller nutlet tubercles. It differs from C. wigginsii in having nutlets that are tuberculate apically and low-tuberculate to glabrate basally, as opposed to densely tuberculate apically (tubercles “wart-like” and generally abutted) and glabrous and shiny basally in C. wigginsii. Cryptantha catalinensis and C. kinkiensis are somewhat similar to one another, but distinct in nutlet sculpturing and midrib calyx trichome size. We note morphological similarities and some evidence for phylogenetic relatedness among Cryptantha clementina, C. traskiae, and C. foliosa (Greene) Greene, the last endemic to Guadalupe Island, Baja California, Mexico. We also point out morphological similarities among Cryptantha catalinensis, C. kinkiensis, and C. wigginsii. Detailed molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to evaluate the evolutionary and biogeographic history of these new insular species.

The available taxonomic literature on the Argentinian species of Johnstonella is far from reflecting the phylogenetic relationships of the lineage as they are known today. For this reason, an updated taxonomic treatment of the genus in Argentina is reported in this contribution. As a result, a complete synonymy is provided for the accepted species, as well as morphological descriptions, geographical distribution maps, an identification key, uses, illustrations, photographs, and estimates of their conservation status. Additionally, lectotypes are designated for the names Cryptantha capituliflora var. compacta, Cryptantha hossei, Cryptantha modesta, Eritrichium falcatum, and Myosotis albida, as well as a second-step lectotype for Eritrichium axillare.

During the preparation of the treatment of the genus Cryptantha Lehmann ex G. Don for South America, numerous names were identified as needing typification to stabilize their nomenclature. As a result, lectotypes are designated for 11 names and second-step lectotypes for 20 names. Furthermore, supporting information about the type material of the basionyms of four Cryptantha names already typified by Johnston (Eritrichiumtalquinum Phil., Eritrichiumdimorphum Phil., Eritrichiumcarrizalense Phil., and Eritrichiumsubamplexicaule Phil.) is provided.

This chapter focuses on the use of heat engine-based storage systems. These cycles typically employ combinations of hot, cold, and chemical (fuel) energy storage. It starts with a thermodynamic review of typical heat engine cycles employed including Carnot, Rankine, and Brayton cycles. The definition of round-trip efficiency is presented. Four different storage techniques discussed include cryogenic, pumped heat, hydrogen, and compressed air energy storage. The relative merits of each will be discussed along with estimates for round-trip efficiency. While these cycles make use of thermal and chemical stores, these components will be discussed in other chapters.

A review of the species Cryptantha maritima (Boraginaceae) supports the continued recognition of the three varieties, these differing in corolla size, ovule and nutlet number, and calyx vestiture. Mapping of these taxa from verified specimens demonstrates some geographic trends, but also some overlap in ranges. In the process of our study, we discovered a new taxonomic entity. Cryptantha maritima var. vizcainensis is described as new. This variety is restricted to the Vizcaíno Desert of Baja California Sur, Mexico and should be considered rare, as it is known to date from only eleven collections. It differs from the other three varieties of the species in having a canescent, appressed-strigose stem vestiture lacking spreading trichomes, in having a relatively large corolla, and in having a fruit derived from two 1-ovuled ovary lobes, developing into two heteromorphic nutlets. We also discovered that the species Cryptantha pondii, previously treated as a synonym of C. patula, should be resurrected as a distinct taxon. Cryptantha pondii is restricted to the western Vizcaíno Desert and to Natividad Island of Baja California Sur. It is morphologically distinctive in having bracteate flowers, relatively large corollas, and four smooth nutlets heteromorphic by size. It is to date known from only three collections and should be considered extremely rare. We also reviewed the morphological and phylogenetic status of Johnstonella echinosepala. This taxon shows similarities to Cryptantha maritima and also exhibits some morphological discontinuity between Pacific and Gulf populations in Baja California Sur. Evidence from both morphological and phylogenetic studies supports the transfer of this species from the genus Johnstonella back to the genus Cryptantha. Finally, we propose that both C. pondii and C. echinosepala are likely close relatives of C. maritima, all of the “Maritimae clade,” a group distantly related to the main core of the genus Cryptantha. This study confirms the great importance of studying herbarium specimens in taxonomic research.

Cryptantha arenophila Rebman & M.G.Simpson (Boraginaceae) is described as new. This species is restricted to sandy dunes near San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico and adjacent coastal regions. It is similar to the more common Cryptantha patula Greene in stem vestiture, calyx morphology, and inflorescence morphology. Cryptantha arenophila differs from that species in having significantly larger corolla limbs and narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic leaves with obtuse-rounded leaf apices, as opposed to linear to narrowly lanceolate leaves with acute to obtuse leaf apices in C. patula. In addition, nutlets of C. arenophila tend to have more numerous and shorter tubercles, while those of C. patula have tubercles that are less dense and larger, although variation in this species needs further investigation. The dune habitats where the type locality of C. arenophila occurs are currently under severe impacts from animal grazing and off-road traffic, necessitating the conservation of these regions.

Abstract The California Phenology Thematic Collections Network (CAP TCN) is a collaborative project that seeks to maximize the value of herbarium specimens and their data, especially for understanding changes in plant phenology due to anthropogenic climate change. The project unites personnel in herbaria at California universities, research stations, natural history museums, and botanic gardens with the goal of capturing images, transcribing label data, and producing georeferenced coordinates of nearly one million preserved plant specimens collected over the past 150+ years. Each digitized specimen will also be scored for its phenological status—the stage of growth and reproduction of the specimen such as flowering or fruiting. The CAP TCN is developing efficient workflows and data standards necessary to collect, store, and analyze trait data from specimens to ensure their utility for research and other applications. These novel resources and data will enable powerful research in phenology and other topics in the California Floristic Province biodiversity hotspot and beyond.

In our search to document the fruits of Chenopodium L. taxa in North America to assist identifications, and after demonstrating fruits to be stable and diagnostic, we here focus on the some of the “narrow-leaved” group taxa prevalent in the western part of the continent. For this study, we sampled and classified, employing fruit characters as the leading criteria for categorization, more than 500 herbarium collections of Chenopodium of western North America, with a special focus on California. We concentrated only on taxa with fruits with adherent pericarp and lanceolate to lance-ovate, entire, un-lobed, or basally lobed leaves. Here, we recommend the recognition anew of C. incognitum Wahl as a separate species from C. hians Standley and 10 new species of Chenopodium in California and nearby states of western North America. The recognition of these taxa contributes to an ongoing study of the taxonomy of native Chenopodium in California, where an in-depth local taxonomic treatment of the genus has never before been presented. Our classification is supported both by biogeographical distribution and morphological characters. Taxonomic keys are provided.

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems are a well-established technology for low-to-medium temperature heat-conversion applications. Recently, CO2-cycle power systems have emerged as another promising heat-to-power conversion technology and have been receiving increased interest due to certain advantages offered by the working fluid (e.g., non-flammable, high-temperature stability) and system compactness. However, it remains a challenge to select the appropriate technology between ORC and CO2 power-cycle systems for different applications, as these can span a wide range of scales and heat-source conditions, particularly from an integrated thermodynamic and economic perspective. This paper presents a comprehensive thermo-economic comparison of ORC and CO2 power systems with various architectures (i.e., with or without recuperation) in the specific context of power generation from two representative lowand medium-temperature heat sources, namely, brine in geothermal heat applications, and exhaust gases in waste-heat recovery from internal combustion engine applications. Expansion devices suitable for the given power scales, i.e., reciprocating-piston expanders and radialinflow turbines, are considered and compared using comprehensive component-level models. Based on thermodynamic and economic performance analyses, technology selection maps for power generation from the pre-defined lowand medium-temperature heat sources are generated using the net power output and specific investment cost as key performance indicators. These performance selection maps allow for quick and effective decision making in choosing the optimal power cycles and system designs for geothermal exploitation, engine waste-heat recovery and other relevant heat-to-power applications.

Based on a previous molecular phylogenetic analysis, Cryptantha, an herbaceous plant genus of the family Boraginaceae, subtribe Amsinckiinae, was split into five genera: Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Johnstonella, Oreocarya, and a reduced Cryptantha, the last in two separate clades. As a result of this study, Johnstonella was expanded to 13 species and 15 minimum-rank taxa, these formerly classified in Cryptantha s.l. More recent analyses of this complex, with an increased sample size and high-throughput sequence data, indicate that four additional Cryptantha species not previously sampled—C. albida, C. mexicana, C. texana—plus what was originally identified as C. hispida nest within Johnstonella with strong support. However, the identity of C. hispida used in this analysis is now in doubt. The material used likely represents a new species, in the process of being investigated. Two additional species not sequenced to date—C. geohintonii and C. gypsites—are clearly close relatives of C. albida and C. mexicana, based on morphological similarity. In order to maintain monophyly of genera, we here make new combinations in transferring four of these species from Cryptantha to Johnstonella, with the new combinations Johnstonella albida, J. geohintonii, J. gypsites, and J. mexicana. We delay the transfer of Cryptantha texana to Johnstonella because of its morphological similarity to other species that clearly nest within Cryptantha s.s. These same molecular phylogenetic studies may also support the transfer of two previously recognized Johnstonella species—J. echinosepala and J. micromeres—to Cryptantha, one to each of two separate clades. Additional phylogenetic studies focusing on some of these taxa are needed to confirm the position of these latter three species and the possible recognition of a new genus in the complex.

Designing feasible and economically-viable organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for applications such as high-grade heat recovery from the exhaust gases (400-600 °C) of stationary internal combustion engines (ICEs) has two main challenges: (i) selecting and designing an appropriate expansion technology, amongst the other system components, and (ii) selecting the optimal working fluid, and operational system parameters. In this work, comprehensive component models are integrated into an ORC system model to evaluate the onand off-design performance of a 2.5-MWe ORC engine using either a reciprocatingpiston expander or a radial-inflow turbine. The performance of the reciprocating-piston expander is predicted using a dynamic lumped-mass model, and a one-dimensional model based on the mean-line method is used to predict the performance of the turbine. An initial working-fluid screening leads to R1233zd being selected for further consideration, given the minimal specific investment costs and lowpressure ratio of the resulting ORC systems, thus assisting the design of suitable expansion devices. The approximate design point obtained from the screening study is used to obtain optimised piston and turbine designs that are then used to produce fulland part-load performance maps that are integrated into the ORC system model. The ORC engine with a turbine is found to deliver 127 kW at full load, at a specific investment cost of 1660 £/kW, while the piston expander produces a lower net power of 68 kW, but at a lower cost of 1250 £/kW, while also showing greater robustness to variations in the heat-source conditions.

Cryptantha, an herbaceous plant genus of the Boraginaceae, subtribe Amsinckiinae, has an American amphitropical disjunct distribution, found in western North America and western South America, but not in the intervening tropics. In a previous study, Cryptantha was found to be polyphyletic and was split into five genera, including a weakly supported, potentially non-monophyletic Cryptantha s. s. In this and subsequent studies of the Amsinckiinae, interrelationships within Cryptantha were generally not strongly supported and sample size was generally low. Here we analyze a greatly increased sampling of Cryptantha taxa using high-throughput, genome skimming data, in which we obtained the complete ribosomal cistron, the nearly complete chloroplast genome, and twenty-three mitochondrial genes. Our analyses have allowed for inference of clades within this complex with strong support. The occurrence of a non-monophyletic Cryptantha is confirmed, with three major clades obtained, termed here the Johnstonella / Albidae Glade, the Maritimae Glade, and a large Cryptantha core Glade, each strongly supported as monophyletic. From these phylogenomic analyses, we assess the classification, character evolution, and phylogeographic history that elucidates the current amphitropical distribution of the group. Revealing the timing, direction, and number of times of dispersal between North and South America gives insight as to the origin of the great biodiversity of these regions.

A new and unusual species of Antiphytum, here named A. geoffreyi, is described and illustrated. This new species is assigned to the genus Antiphytum because it possesses eremocarps directly attached to a pyramidal gynobase, which forms a ventral cicatrix on the eremocarp. However, it is unique within Antiphytum in having multiple inflorescence branches arising nearly at the base of the plant, a triangular-pyramidal gynobase, and the proportionally longest eremocarp cicatrix of the genus. Some of these characteristics are reminiscent of Ogastemma, the sister genus of Antiphytum, making A. geoffreyi of potential great significance in the systematics of Boraginaceae subfam. Echiochiloideae. Among species of Antiphytum, A. geoffreyi is most similar to A. peninsulare, with which it shares a triangular-shaped eremocarp, but it differs from this species in possessing an infra-medial cicatrix and a smaller corolla limb diameter. The new species is known from only two collections in Coahuila, Mexico, both made by the Hinton family, who have discovered many new species in their extensive explorations of the country and provided important specimens to the country’s flora.

A replacement name, Cryptantha juniperensis , nomen et status novum , is proposed for Cryptantha nevadensis A.Nelson & P.B.Kennedy var. rigida I.M.Johnston. A new name was necessary because the name C. rigida was unavailable, due to its previous use for the South American Cryptantha rigida (Phil.) Reiche. Cryptantha juniperensis is similar to what has been treated as Cryptantha nevadensis var. nevadensis , with which it shares appressed upper stem trichomes and a relatively long fruiting calyx, often with erect to reflexed apices. However, Cryptantha juniperensis differs significantly from Cryptantha nevadensis var. nevadensis by the nutlet shape, which is narrowly ovate to widely lance-ovate, narrowly acute, and tuberculate in the former but lance-ovate, strongly acuminate, and elongate-tuberculate to muricate in the latter. In addition, Cryptantha juniperensis is erect (vs. lax and sprawling in Cryptantha nevadensis var. nevadensis ), has fruiting calyces between 4.5–7.5 mm (vs. 6–11 mm long), and has a corolla limb that ranges between 2–5 mm in diameter (vs. 1–2 mm in diameter). Cryptantha juniperensis , which has also been classified as Cryptantha intermedia (A.Gray) Greene var. rigida Brand, is similar to recognized varieties of C. intermedia in nutlet morphology and in growth habit but differs in having upper stems with trichomes mostly appressed (vs. mostly spreading), a smaller corolla size (ca. 2–5 mm vs. 3–11 mm), and cymules that are mostly paired (vs. cymules that are arranged in threes). Preliminary molecular studies also support the recognition of C. juniperensis as a taxon separate from both C. nevadensis and C. intermedia .