Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is recognized as one of the most common blinding eye diseases, afflicting millions of individuals globally each year. Substantial evidence has demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation constitute pivotal pathogenic factors in the initiation and progression of CNV. In this study, we prepared a synergistic nanozyme platform for the antioxidant therapy of CNV. Specifically, we co-assembled manganese(iii) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (Mn-TCPP) with octahydrated zirconium(iv) chloride, followed by surface modification with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), preparing the Pt NPs-Mn-TCPP@Zr (PMTZ) nanomedicine. The prepared PMTZ nanomedicine showed enhanced antioxidant performance, which could inhibit the migration of human umbilical vein epithelial cells and eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species produced by oxidative stress cells. Finally, PMTZ was applied in the treatment of CNV, and its therapeutic efficacy was confirmed through experimental validation.

Ocular posterior segment diseases (OPSDs), including uveitis, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), fundus neovascular diseases (FNDs), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are major causes of global blindness. The eye's biological barriers often prevent conventional drugs from reaching the posterior segment effectively, while potentially causing adverse effects. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (DDS) offer promising solutions, with their small size, tunable properties, and high biocompatibility enhancing drug permeability, stability, and targeted delivery. These systems may reduce administration frequency, prolong therapeutic effects, minimize side effects, and improve patient compliance. Unlike previous reviews, this article comprehensively examines novel nanocarriers for OPSD treatment. We first analyze small molecules, their nanocarriers, and administration methods based on recent two-decade research. Next, we compare nanocarrier stability, biocompatibility, ocular penetration, drug release kinetics, and formulation ease, emphasizing recent advances in design, preparation, and functional modification. Finally, by evaluating clinical applications and challenges, we discuss translational hurdles and future prospects for OPSD nanotherapeutics. Greater research efforts are needed to realize nanocarriers' full potential in OPSD treatment.

Retinal neovascularization (RNV) drives dual pathological cascades: structural destruction characterized by intraretinal/vitreous hemorrhages and tractional retinal detachment, alongside functional decline marked by progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible vision loss. Current clinical interventions for RNV face critical limitations in targeting specificity and therapeutic durability. To address this, we engineer magnesium acetyl taurate/thalidomide co-assembled nanoparticles (MT NPs) via Super-stable Pure Nanomedicine Formulation Technology (SPFT), constructing solvent-free, coordination-driven nanostructures with dual-drug loading. The MT NPs are further coated with transferrin-modified cell membrane vesicles (Tfm) to form targeted nanocomposites (Tfm@MT NPs). In oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse models, Tfm@MT NPs demonstrated: (1) specific targeting to pathological vascular endothelia and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via transferrin receptor-mediated uptake, (2) sustained drug release exceeding 10 days, and (3) potent therapeutic effects in restoring visual functions. This study establishes a safe and effective targeted nanotherapeutic strategy for RNV, with significant translational potential for retinopathy treatment.

In recent years, issues such as heterogeneity, drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis, as well as the side effects of treatment have made breast cancer treatment complex and challenging. To fulfill the pressing demand for efficient sonodynamic therapy (SDT), a strategy was devised to combine carbon monoxide with chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in a novel sonotherapy agent. This study introduces a new type of porphyrin-based nanosonosensitizer, R-TDM, synthesized through coordination chemistry. The coordination nanoparticles, facilitate fluorescence (FL) and magnetic resonance imaging, enhancing dynamic treatment by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and allowing controlled release of carbon monoxide (CO) under ultrasound stimulation. More importantly, concomitant with the release of CO, the in-situ derived novel chemotherapeutic agent, Mn-bpy, will further damage the DNA of tumor cells, enabling sustained chemotherapy (CT) post-ultrasound. Furthermore, the cell membrane coating, modified with the Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD), actively targets tumor sites while improving biocompatibility. This innovation paves the way for the development of multifunctional sonotherapy diagnostics, addressing the clinical challenges associated with SDT.

As the primary photosensitive region, the ocular surface is susceptible to significant oxidative stress and inflammation. The development and progression of corneal neovascularization (CNV) are closely associated with these conditions. By utilizing the photosensitive properties of the cornea, we present novel biomimetic antioxidant eye drops capable of releasing carbon monoxide (CO) gas signaling molecules under visible light. Using Mn-TCPP, Bpy-COOH, Zr(IV) chloride octahydrate, and Mn(CO)5Br co-assembly and then coating with anti-VEGFR2 single-chain antibody genetically engineered cell membrane vesicles (ScFv) successfully synthesize the nanomedicine ZrMn/CO@ScFv. Administered through eye drops, the nanomedicine effectively inhibits oxidative stress and reduces local edema and inflammation. Meanwhile, it can inhibit the expression of angiogenic factors CD31 and VEGF and effectively treat neovascularization. The synergy of antioxidant and gas therapy is confirmed as a safe and productive strategy for CNV management.

Since the theory of free radical-induced aging was proposed in 1956, it has been constantly proven that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress play a vital role in the occurrence and progression of eye diseases. However, the inherent limitations of traditional drug therapy hindered the development of ophthalmic disease treatment. In recent years, great achievements have been made in the research of nanomedicine, which promotes the rapid development of safe theranostics in ophthalmology. In this review, we focus on the applications of antioxidant nanomedicine in the treatment of ophthalmology. The eye diseases were mainly classified into two categories: ocular surface diseases and posterior eye diseases. In each part, we first introduced the pathology of specific diseases about oxidative stress, and then presented the representative application examples of nano-antioxidants in eye disease therapy. Meanwhile, the nanocarriers that were used, the mechanism of function, and the therapeutic effect were also presented. Finally, we summarized the latest research progress and limitations of antioxidant nanomedicine for eye disease treatment and put forward the prospects of future development. The role of ROS and nano-antioxidants in ocular disease.

Skin is a vital barrier for the human body, protecting against external environmental influences and maintaining internal homeostasis. In addition, an imbalance of oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms can lead to skin-related diseases. Thus, for treating skin-related diseases, antioxidant therapy may be an important strategy to alleviate these symptoms. However, traditional drug therapies have limitations in treating these conditions, such as lack of lasting effect and insufficient skin permeability. Recently, nano-antioxidants, with their good permeability, sustained-release ability, multifunctionality, and other beneficial characteristics, have showed their advances in the exploration of skin-related diseases from research on safe therapies to clinical practice. Hereby, we review the latest research and advancements in nano-antioxidants for skin-related diseases. We categorize skin-related diseases into four main groups: skin inflammatory diseases, skin damage caused by ultraviolet rays, skin wound healing, and other skin-related conditions. Additionally, we summarize the prospects and potential future directions for nano-antioxidant drugs in treating skin-related diseases.

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. However, the recent drug treatment is limited by repeated administration and low drug bioavailability. In this work, SU6668 (an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases) and indocyanine green (ICG) are loaded onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, and then coated with anti-VEGFR2 single chain antibody (AbVr2 scFv) genetically engineered cell membrane vesicles. The nanomedicine is delivered via eye drops, and the hyperthermia induced by laser irradiation could block the blood vessels. Meanwhile, the photothermal effect can also cause the degradation of nanomaterials and release chemotherapeutic drugs in the blocked area, thereby continuously inhibit the neovascularization. Furthermore, SU6668 could inhibit the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), promoting the cell death induced by photothermal effect. In conclusion, the combination of photothermal and chemotherapy drugs provides a novel, effective and safe approach for the treatment of CNV.

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. In clinical practice; however, it remains a challenge to achieve a noninvasive and safe treatment. Herein, a biocompatible shell with excellent antioxidant and antivascularity is prepared by co-assembly of epigallocatechin gallate/gallic acid and Cu (II). After loading glucose oxidase (GOx) inside, the shell is modified with dimeric DPA-Zn for codelivering vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) small interfering RNA (VEGF-siRNA). Meanwhile, the Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD) peptide-engineered cell membranes coating improves angiogenesis-targeting and is biocompatible for the multifunctional nanomedicine (CEGs/RGD). After eye drops administration, CEGs/RGD targets enrichment in neovascularization and CEGs NPs enter cells. Then, the inner GOx consumes glucose with a decrease in local pH, which in turn leads to the release of EGCE and VEGF-siRNA. As a result, the nanomedicines significantly reduce angiogenesis and inhibit CNV formation through synergistic effect of antioxidant and antivascular via down-regulation of cluster of differentiation 31 and VEGF. The nanomedicine represents a safe and efficient CNV treatment through the combined effect of antioxidant/gene, which provides important theoretical and clinical significance.

The eye is a very important organ, and keratitis, corneal neovascularization, floaters, age-related macular degeneration, and other vision problems have seriously affected people's quality of life. Among the ophthalmic treatments, laser photocoagulations have been proposed and have shown therapeutic effects in clinical settings. However, corneal thinning and bleeding lesions induced by laser damage have led to limit its applications. To treat the issues of traditional hyperthermia treatments, photosensitizers [e.g., indocyanine green (ICG)] have been investigated to increase the therapeutic effects of corneal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization. In the recent study, with the help of ICG, laser-induced nanobubble was proposed to treat vitreous opacities. The developed strategies could enlarge the effect of laser irradiation and reduce the side effects, so as to expand the scope of laser treatments in clinical ophthalmic diseases.

Thrombosis is a global health issue and one of the leading factors of death. However, its diagnosis has been limited to the late stages, and its therapeutic window is too narrow to provide reasonable and effective treatment. In addition, clinical thrombolytics suffer from a short half-life, allergic reactions, inactivation, and unwanted tissue hemorrhage. Nano-medicines have gained extensive attention in diagnosis, drug delivery, and photo/sound/magnetic-theranostics due to their convertible properties. Furthermore, diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis using nano-medicines have also been widely studied. This review summarizes the recent advances in this area, which revealed six types of nanoparticle approaches: (1) in vitro diagnostic kits using "synthetic biomarkers"; (2) in vivo imaging using nano-contrast agents; (3) targeted drug delivery systems using artificial nanoparticles; (4) microenvironment responsive drug delivery systems; (5) drug delivery systems using biological nanostructures; and (6) treatments with external irradiation. The investigations of nano-medicines are believed to be of great significance, and some of the advanced drug delivery systems show potential applications in clinical theranotics.

The pH-response reassemble ability of the ferritin nanocage (Fn) presents the unique and facile Fn-based drug delivery systems, which enable the drug loaded into the cage of TFn. In this study, we constructed a targeting CGKRK peptides modified Fn (TFn) by genetic engineering. The TFn possessed the targeting effect of the peptide CGKRK, and could efficiently target to the tumor angiogenic blood vessels and tumor cells. In addition, the TFn could be applied in drug delivery system due to its pH-dependent depolymerization and self-assembly properties. A new type metalla-aromatics complex of NIR-absorbing organic agent named as "556-Ph" was loaded into the TFn. The developed TFn@556-Ph acted as theranostic nanoparticles for precise tumor localization via active targeting and simultaneously superior imaging-guided photothermal and photodynamic synergistic therapy.

Cancer treatment using functional proteins, DNA/RNA, or complex bio-entities is important in both preclinical and clinical studies. With the help of nano-delivery systems, these biomacromolecules can enrich cancer tissues to match the clinical requirements. Biomineralization via a self-assembly process has been widely applied to provide biomacromolecules exoskeletal-like protection for immune shielding and preservation of bioactivity. Advanced metal-organic framework nanoparticles (MOFs) are excellent supporting matrices due to the low toxicity of polycarboxylic acids and metals, high encapsulation efficiency, and moderate synthetic conditions. In this review, we study MOFs-based biomineralization for cancer treatment and summarize the unique properties of MOF hybrids. We also evaluate the outlook of potential cancer treatment applications for MOFs-based biomineralization. This strategy likely opens new research orientations for cancer theranostics.

Two coordination polymers (CPs) with a novel bifunctional ligand, [ZnL]n (1) and [CdL(H2O)]n (2), (L = rigid 6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2-naphthoic acid), have been synthesized and structurally characterized, which reveal that the two constructed CPs exhibit three dimensional structures. The two CPs consist of a one-dimensional Zn-tetrazole chain and a double-layered two-dimensional Cd-tetrazole structure. In addition, IR, elemental analysis, and luminescent spectra of 1 and 2 were also examined. At room temperature, 1 exhibits an intense emission at around 421 nm upon 370 nm excitation, whereas 2 exhibits an intense emission at 381 nm upon 350 nm excitation. Through variable-temperature luminescent and quantum calculations, the blue-shift of the peaks from the ligand and 1 and 2 is ascribed to the different configurations of L caused by the different coordination environments of the metal ions.

Two novel Ag(I) coordination polymers (CPs), namely, [Ag-2(L1)Cl] (1) and [Ag-9(L2)(8)]center dot NO3 (2), (L1= 4-(4-carboxyl)-2,2:4',4-terpyridine), L2= 4-(4-carboxyl)-2,2':6',2 ''-terpyridine), have been synthesized through solvothermal reaction of silver(I) nitrate and highly-connected terpyridinate-carboxyl ligands and structurally characterized. Complex 1 exhibits the 3D network based on 1D AgCl chains with the point (Schlafli) symbol {4 center dot 8(2)}{4 center dot 8(3)center dot 10(2)}{4(2)center dot 6 center dot 8(2)center dot 10}{4(2)center dot 6}, in which Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag distances fall in the region of 3.129(2) to 3.731(1) angstrom. In contrast, different topological structure was presented substituting the L1 by L2. Complex 2 exhibits the 2D layer with the point (Schlafli) symbol {4 center dot 6(2)}(2){4(2)center dot 6(2)center dot 8(2)}{5 center dot 6(2)}(2){5(2)center dot 6}(2){5(4)center dot 8(2)}, in which Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag distances fall in the region of 2.867(1) to 3.116(1) angstrom. The different coordination modes of the terpyridiante-carboxyl ligands must be responsible for the variable Ag(I) coordination architectures. Additionally, results about TGA, UV-vis, photoluminescence spectra and electrochemistry were also discussed.

Solvothermal reactions of tetrakis(4-pyridyloxymethyl)methane and 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid with different metal ions produced three new coordination polymers.

In this work, a magnetically separable polypyrrole (PPy) modified Fe3O4/ZnO composite photocatalyst was synthesized and its photocatalytic activity was tested. The as-prepared Fe3O4/ZnO/PPy nano-composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Furthermore, three different photocatalysts including the Fe3O4/ZnO/PPy composite were tested using methyl orange (MO) degradation reaction under UV light irradiation. The relative results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/ZnO/PPy composite has the highest photochemical activity after 4 h photocatalytic experiment. It can be easily separated using an external magnetic field. This kind of composite photocatalysts with easiness of separation can have potential applications in the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.