Although loess deposits have been globally mapped and extensively studied, current understanding of their distribution and paleoclimatic significance in Pakistan remain limited. In this study we identified and characterized loess deposits along the Indus River in Pakistan through systematic field work, sampling (top soils and loess sections) and multi-proxy measurements. Based on sedimentary features and bulk grain size distributions, we reveal that, in addition to the previously known loess in the northern highlands, loess deposits of varying thickness are widespread across the Indus Plain. Tentative stratigraphic correlation among three loess sections (TD, BH, ATT) and loess sections in the Kashmir Valley suggests that loess in the northern highlands was dated back to at least 300 ka, while on the Indus Plain, commenced around 60-25 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 3). Pakistani loess exhibits significant regional differences in bulk grain size, paleosol development, magnetic properties, and geochemical characteristics, likely influenced by factors such as the topography, dust sources, and hydrological conditions. The identification and characterization of these loess deposits advance paleoclimate reconstruction efforts, although future work is needed to refine chronology, identify dust sources, select appropriate proxies, and establish regional correlations.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and its adjacent regions preserve abundant archives of Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution and prehistoric cultural relics, providing an ideal setting to investigate climate–culture interactions. This study applies environmental magnetic analysis, coupled with OSL chronology and grain-size data, to core YZ07 to reconstruct Holocene climatic events and assess their impacts on prehistoric civilizations. Our results indicate that magnetic parameters in core YZ07 record a warm and humid early Holocene (∼10.3–8.7 ka), followed by a cooling trend during ∼8.7–7.5 ka that corresponds to the "8.2 ka event". The subsequent Holocene Climatic Optimum (∼7.5–4.3 ka) coincided with the flourishing of the Majiabang, Songze, and Liangzhu cultures, as evidenced by a marked increase in the number and scale of archaeological sites. In contrast, a pronounced decline in magnetic mineral concentration and a shift to finer magnetic grain sizes during ∼4.3–3.4 ka reflect the "4.2 ka event". This climatic deterioration was accompanied by a sharp reduction in archaeological sites, implying a significant cultural response to environmental stress. These findings advance the application of environmental magnetism in deltaic systems and elucidate the Holocene climatic evolution of the YRD and its role in shaping prehistoric cultural development.

Rivers flowing into a lake are key factors affecting its water quality, so understanding heavy-metal pollution in these inflowing rivers is essential for assessing and managing heavy-metal risks in the lake. This study analysed magnetic properties and heavy-metal concentrations in 63 surface sediment samples from 11 tributaries of Lake Nansi. Sediments are mainly composed of coarse-grained, pseudo-single-domain ferrimagnetic minerals, with magnetic variation controlled largely by mineral concentration. Overall contamination is low but spatially uneven: the eastern bank shows higher Cu and lower As, while the western bank exhibits higher Mg and lower Mn. Anthropogenic inputs of Mn, Cu, Zn, and As are stronger on the eastern side, and pollution load index values of 1-2 indicate moderate pollution. Magnetic-metal correlations are strong on the western bank but weak on the eastern bank, suggesting that varied human disturbances reduce the reliability of magnetic proxies. Elevated Fe, Mn, Cu, and V occur in the Baisha River Basin near the Beijing-Taipei Expressway, whereas high Mg and As concentrations are associated with agricultural zones. The findings expand the application of environmental magnetism in studies of heavy-metal pollution in lake systems.

The Paleogene Period, recognized as a quintessential greenhouse climate interval in Earth's history characterized by elevated global temperatures and heightened atmospheric CO2 concentrations, has become a focal area in deep-time paleoclimate research. The current generation of paleoclimatic reconstructions for this interval remains largely constrained to orbital forcing regimes and tectonic-scale frameworks, resulting in a temporal resolution that is inadequate for effectively predicting future global climate change. The deep-time lacustrine varved sediments can record seasonal-to-annual scale paleoclimate information, demonstrating distinct advantages among various interannual paleoclimate proxies, making them ideal research materials for predicting future global climate change. The Nanxiong Basin (25 degrees 03'-25 degrees 16'N, 114 degrees 08'-114 degrees 40'E), located in southeastern China, has complete preservation of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene terrestrial strata. This basin has emerged as a hotspot for high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction due to its lithostratigraphic completeness and continuous cyclostratigraphic archives spanning the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) transition. The terrestrial stratum is dominated lithologically by red silty mudstone and muddy siltstone. The Paleocene Guchengcun Formation in its northwestern sector hosts multiple layers of grayish-black mudstones with varying thicknesses, one of which preserves clear lamination structures. Current academic research demonstrates a paucity of investigations into the paleoclimatic conditions governing the genesis of these mudstones and associated laminations. In this study, high-resolution climate proxies were performed for this laminated sequence (optical microscope observation, EDS, and mu XRF), combined with spectral analysis to explore whether it is an annual varve and to reveal the paleoclimate information it records, particularly focusing on solar activity. The results show that: 1) the laminar structure exhibits distinct differences in color, mineral, and chemical composition. Through microscopic observation, it is found that the thickness of the layer pairs varies greatly. One type displays relatively thin couplets (0.3-0.5 mm) within the common thickness range. In contrast, the other type consists of a relatively thick light-colored layer and a dark-colored layer, with individual couplets reaching 3-4 mm thickness. Specifically, the content of endogenous lacustrine components such as carbonates and calcium (Ca) elements is higher in the light layer compared to the dark layer. Conversely, the concentration of extrinsic lacustrine components-including clay minerals, titanium (Ti) elements, and organic matter-is significantly greater in the dark layer than in the light layer; 2) Integrating paleoclimatic records, we propose that the differences between the light and dark layers primarily result from seasonal climate variations throughout the year, indicating that this laminated sequence represents a typical varve. The formation process is as follows: during the summer with more rainfall, a dark layer rich in exogenous debris and organic matter forms; conversely, in the dry and hot winter, intense evaporation leads to substantial carbonate precipitation, resulting in a light-colored layer; 3) The spectral analysis of Ti, Ca and a* value reveals four stable cycles, ranging from 0.20 to 0.46 mm,0.83 to 1.46 mm,2.00 to 4.60 mm, and 6.12 to 7.28 mm, of which 0.20 to 0. 46 mm is the thickness of the typical varve, and the latter three cycles may be associated with El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the 11-year Schwabe sunspot cycle and the 22-year Hale cycle. Solar activity regulates the climate of the study area through both "top-down" and "bottom-up" mechanisms. During years of high solar activity, precipitation increases along with increased exogenous inputs to the lakes; conversely, evaporation intensifies during low solar activity years while enhanced authigenic carbonate deposits are formed in the lake.

Predicting sediment movement and tracing their origins is crucial on the constantly changing earth's surface. Luminescence has a special potential for determining the provenance of sediments. Its benefits include being suitable for quartz and feldspar, which are ubiquitous in geology. Because of its characteristics, luminescence can be used for investigate, tracking changes in transport rates, and determine the sources of sediment. Clarification of the tracer effect of luminescence on the provenance also means that it can be used as an indicator of landscape or environmental evolution. More work is needed to test the application of luminescence properties in different deposition environments to expand the capabilities and scope of its application. We selected a core from a comparatively enclosed region on the South China coast in order to investigate the connection between luminescence properties and landscape change. Using grain size and other proxies, we investigated the sedimentary environment. Tested the luminescence sensitivity, and established a luminescence chronology of the area dating back to the Middle and Late Holocene. And it turns out, the change in quartz luminescence sensitivity in the closed area with uniform lithology of the source rocks is controlled by the changes in sedimentary dynamics and the history of burial and transportation. Therefore, it is further suggested that luminescence sensitivity can be used as an indicator to identify landscape changes.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD), located at the confluence of terrestrial and marine environments, is influenced by various hydrodynamic factors, including oceanic, fluvial, and tidal processes, which together create a distinctive sedimentary environment. This research examined the sediment magnetic minerals of the upper 0-61 m of the core YZ07 in the northern YRD. Combined with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, various climatic and environmental indicators, the mechanisms about sedimentary magnetic parameters responding to palaeoenvironmental changes were discussed. The results indicate that the dominant magnetic minerals in the core YZ07 sediments were coarse-grained pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multidomain (MD) magnetite, with minor amounts of hematite. Between 53.0 and 37.5 ka B.P., chi and SIRM values were high, while chi ARM/chi and chi ARM/SIRM values were low. These indicated a relatively warm and humid climate characterized by higher precipitation and stronger hydrodynamic conditions in the Yangtze River basin. The concentration of magnetic minerals decreased and grain sizes became finer from 37.5 to 30.7 ka B.P., suggesting a decline in temperature and precipitation. During the Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS2), the values of chi and SIRM declined, whereas the values of chi ARM/chi and chi ARM/SIRM increased, reflecting a cooler climate with reduced precipitation and weakened hydrodynamic conditions. The sediments in the Holocene showed higher concentrations of magnetic minerals and coarser grain sizes, indicating a warm and humid climate with strong hydrodynamic conditions. Conversely, among the intervals of 8.4 to 7.5 ka B.P., 4.3 to 3.4 ka B.P., and 1.7 to 1.3 ka B.P., the contents of magnetic minerals decreased and the grain sizes became finer, corresponding to cold and dry climatic events within the Holocene period. Magnetic parameters of core YZ07 show a strong correlation with global and regional environmental changes, suggesting that climate changes result in alterations to the hydrodynamic conditions of the Yangtze River.

Detrital zircon geochronology has been used to determine provenance, but also gives maximum depositional ages that can constrain other forms of geochronology, such as magnetostratigraphy and pedostratigraphy. Pedostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy correlate a series of global events by spacing or intensity in a fashion comparable with a commercial barcode. The Late Devonian Shaliushui Formation of NW China is poorly fossiliferous, but shows spikes in magnetic susceptibility, Al/Si ratios, Rb/Sr ratios and the depth to carbonate nodules (Bk horizon) corresponding with the timing of named Late Devonian black shale horizons. By contrast, the Ti/Al ratios show only small variations, indicating little long-term change in the source terrain or in the hydraulic sorting of heavy minerals. Most of the detrital zircon ages are older than an age model from the pedostratigraphic correlation of deep calcic horizons corresponding to global atmospheric CO 2 spikes at times of black shale expansion, but one detrital zircon age converges with the pedostratigraphic depositional ages near the top of the section. Pedostratigraphy is widely used in Quaternary sequences, but can also be a basis for age models of rocks in deep time if supported by detrital zircon ages. Supplementary material: Paleosol and geochemical data, and youngest zircon ages for a section of Devonian rocks near Ciyao, Gansu, China are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7008192

Two hyperthermal events with different carbon cycle perturbations occurred across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, i.e., the late Maastrichtian Warming Event (LMWE) and the early Danian Dan-C2 event. However, the roles played by Deccan volcanism and orbital forcing in these two hyperthermals are still debated. Here, we obtain a new terrestrial δ 13 C carb record in the Nanxiong Basin (southeastern China) and compare it with marine records. The results show that both the LMWE and Dan-C2 event can be well distinguished in the terrestrial record and that the Dan-C2 event is characterized by a typical hyperthermal event; however, the specificity of the context under which this event occurred has resulted in inconsistencies in the marine records. In addition, the δ 13 C excursion during the LMWE was more muted and prolonged than that during the Dan-C2 event, and the short-eccentricity cycle disappeared in the marine record during the LMWE, indicating that Deccan volcanism perturbed the carbon cycle during the LMWE, while the Dan-C2 event was less influenced by volcanic perturbation.

AbstractTwo hyperthermal events with different carbon cycle perturbations occurred across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, i.e., the late Maastrichtian Warming Event and the Early Danian Dan-C2 event. However, the roles played by Deccan volcanism and orbital forcing in these two hyperthermal events are still debated. Here we obtain a terrestrial δ13Ccarb record in the Nanxiong Basin (southeastern China) and compare it with marine records. The results show that both hyperthermal events can be well distinguished and that the Dan-C2 event is characterized by a typical hyperthermal event. In addition, the δ13C excursion during the late Maastrichtian Warming Event was more muted and prolonged than that during the Dan-C2 event, and the short-eccentricity cycle disappeared in the marine record during the late Maastrichtian Warming Event, indicating that Deccan volcanism perturbed the carbon cycle during the late Maastrichtian Warming Event, while the Dan-C2 event was less influenced by volcanic perturbation.

The early Paleogene was a typical greenhouse climate period in the Cenozoic, during which a series of rapid and short-lived warming events（termed “hyperthermals”） occurred. Hyperthermals were characterized by negative carbon isotope excursion. Among them, the Dan-C2 thermal event of the early Danian is considered to be the first to occur after the biological mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous; thus, its environmental significance and ecological effects have received widespread attention. However, as research continues, controversies regarding the Dan-C2 event continue to grow:（1） The global significance is controversial;in the marine records, the δ 13 C negative excursions during the Dan-C2 event were restricted to planktonic foraminifera and bulk records in parts of the Atlantic and Tethys Oceans, while benthic foraminifera rarely recorded this event, suggesting that it may only be a regional carbon perturbation event. Furthermore, the warming indicated by the oxygen isotopes(δ 18 O) of bulk and planktonic foraminifera during this event was limited to surface waters in parts of the North Atlantic, with evidence of warming in bottom waters generally lacking. At the same time, although evidence of the terrestrial Dan-C2 event has been discovered, the terrestrial records still have significant deficiencies in terms of quantification, chronology, and continuity compared with the marine records, which makes it difficult to conduct in-depth and effective comparisons between the terrestrial and marine records; therefore, the global significance of the Dan-C2 event is questioned.（2） The trigger mechanism is controversial; the high-precision chronological frame shows that the Dan-C2 event occurred at the eccentricity maximum, indicating that the orbital cycle had a certain influence on the event. Simultaneously, the temporal coincidence of the Dan-C2 event with the last phase of the eruption of the Deccan Traps volcanism implies that greenhouse gas emissions from volcanic activity may have contributed to warming during the Dan-C2; however,the relative magnitudes of both contributions to the event is difficult to assess. Future research should focus on the following:（1） Exploring the variability of the Dan-C2 event records in different areas and revealing the reasons for the absence of deep-ocean water records.（2） Establishing more reliable terrestrial records and further exploring the global significance of the Dan-C2 event and its triggering mechanism.

Identifying the variability in and driving forces of relative sea-level (RSL) change in the Yangtze River Delta during 30-50 ka B.P. is vital for understanding global climatic and RSL changes. In this study, the environmental magnetism of sediments in the Yangtze River Delta was systematically studied for the period 30-50 ka B.P. based on the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates. Detailed magnetic measurements, including hightemperature kappa-T, magnetic hysteresis loop, isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition, and demagnetization curve measurements illustrate that the predominant magnetic contribution of core YZ07 is from magnetite, with a small contribution from hematite. Detrital input may be the primary source of magnetic minerals according to the chi/chi(fd)% and chi(ARM)/chi correlations. In addition, the positive relationship between chi and the RSL curve indicates that chi is a valid indicator of RSL change. Additionally, comparing chi, RSL curves, and delta O-18 dates of the stalagmites demonstrated that climatic change influenced the RSL change, which mainly affected the concentration of magnetite. The results are conducive for understanding the response mechanism of magnetic indicators to relative sea-level change, and provide a scientific basis for encouraging for future work in understanding climate variability.

由于化石燃料大量燃烧,大气CO2浓度跟温度都呈现快速上升趋势,这两者之间的关系是学术界研究的热点.地质历史时期发生过多次的快速增温事件,伴随着大气CO2浓度的增加,通过研究这些气候相似型可以为上述问题提供参考和借鉴.白垩纪晚期-古近纪早期(约67～52Ma)是地质历史时期中典型的温室气候期,在这一时期发生了一系列快速和短暂的增温事件(热事件).热事件的发生伴随着碳同位素负偏移(CIE)、碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)变浅、大气中CO2含量增加及温度升高等现象,一些热事件同时还出现了环境变化和生态效应.这给我们提供了机会来研究气候变化和碳循环之间的耦合规律,帮助我们更好地预测未来气候、环境和生物变化.文章根据最新的研究成果,对白垩纪晚期-古近纪早期的热事件识别、触发机制及碳来源作了综述并提出展望.目前全球近200个地点发现系列热事件记录,绝大部分记录来自海相沉积,陆相沉积记录很少;热事件的触发机制主要有天文轨道周期、火山活动、地外天体撞击、构造抬升作用等观点;热事件碳来源主要有泥炭、永久冻土、甲烷水合物、火山及地外天体.在今后的热事件研究中应加强:1)陆相记录及其与海相记录的对比研究;2)不同热事件触发机制研究,尤其是古新世-始新世极热事件(PETM)、马斯特里赫特期末期增温事件(LMWE)等这些能够造成严重环境变化和生态效应的热事件;3)碳来源方面的研究,进一步了解几大碳库碳释放的通量和特征,并且结合地质记录、模型模拟及示踪元素来揭示热事件的碳来源.

Chalks are generally believed to have formed in shallow marine environments. However, the consensus on sources of Fe and origin of hematite in red chalks remains elusive. To better understand the origin of hematite in the Middle Cretaceous red chalks on the eastern coast of England, the evidence has been gathered through diffuse reflection, trace element and iron isotope analysis and combining with the lithologic and stratigraphic characteristics. Rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit upper-continental-crust-like signatures such as enrichment in light REEs and depletion in heavy REEs. The Fe isotopic composition of the red chalk is typically heavier than that of igneous rocks (except for one sample) and shows negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.58-0.73), which indicates that the hematite in the red chalk is not of microbial or hydrothermal, but of sedimentary origin. At the same time, the analysis of trace elements suggests that the felsic rocks and sedimentary derivatives are the source of non-carbonate components in the red chalks. The pedogenic features such as mudcracks, secondary white chalks, and calcareous nodules appear in the red chalks, as documented through the field stratigraphic observations. Based on the above evidence and the sedimentary environment of the overlying and underlying layers, it is inferred that the red chalk was deposited in the supratidal environment that had undergone some degree of desiccation and pedogenic modification. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The magnetic susceptibility of the loess-paleosol sequence is considered a significant indicator for recording paleoclimate, and the relationship is different between magnetic susceptibility and climate variation in diverse regions. A deep analysis of the composition, content, and evolution mechanism of magnetic minerals is helpful to enhance our understanding of magnetic signals in different regions. This paper presents a systematic study of environmental magnetism and geochemical elements in the loess-paleosol sequence of the Attock (ATT) area in the Peshawar Basin, northern Pakistan, exploring the significance and limitation of magnetic susceptibility as a proxy index of paleoclimate and the variation mechanism of magnetic susceptibility. The results showed that: 1) the ATT section had a magnetic mineral composition similar to that of the Chinese Loess Plateau; however, the contents of different minerals were distinguishable. The loess layer contained a specific amount of magnetite and maghemite and a handful of goethite and hematite. Additionally, the content of soft magnetic minerals was relatively higher than that of paleosol; the paleosol contained maghemite and nearly no magnetite. Furthermore, it contained more hematite and goethite, and the hard magnetic and paramagnetic minerals were dominant; 2) the effective humidity of the pedogenic environment in the ATT section fluctuated around the magnetic susceptibility wetting critical value F (B-C region), resulting in a poor relationship between magnetic susceptibility and climate; 3) Rb/Sr, K/Na, the coefficient of eluviation, and the content of <2 mu m particles were well correlated with the stratum and can be used as paleoclimatic variation indicators in this area. Understanding the B-C region is helpful to comprehend the complex relationship between magnetic signals and climate in some areas and better interpret the environmental information carried by magnetic signals.

The extinction of non‐avian dinosaurs and its cause(s) have been a matter of debate for several decades. Here we measured Hg and its isotopic composition, heavy metals, and magnetic parameter in a terrestrial basin in southeastern China. Hg exhibited anomalies from 66.4 to 65.6 Ma, with near‐zero to positive Δ 199 Hg values, which reflected the eruption of Deccan Traps (DT) magma. In addition, Hg anomalies coincided with the gradual extinction of non‐avian dinosaurs, thereby consistent with the hypothesis that DT played a key role in the mass extinction. Analysis of paleoclimatic records showed that both the Late Maastrichtian warming event (LMWE) and Dan‐C2 event occurred at the maxima of the 405‐kyr long eccentricity cycle, and the onset of the dinosaur decline was earlier than the LMWE, suggesting that the LMWE played an ancillary role in the mass extinction. The mechanism of how DT caused the mass extinction requires further investigation.

Paleoenvironmental research is critical for understanding delta evolution processes and managing delta sustainability, particularly for delta experiencing significant recent fluvial sediment discharge. Based on other previously reported optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) data, Holocene environmental changes of the Yangtze River delta in response to climate fluctuations and human activities were reviewed on the basis of grain-size analyses of core YZ07. The results of grain-size and end-member analysis (EMA) provide a detailed history of East Asian monsoon variability and environmental changes since ∼10,000 cal year B.P. The lower median values (Md) and sand content reflect relatively cool and dry climate conditions between 10,000 and 9,570 cal year B.P. During the early Holocene (9,570–7,630 cal year B.P.), the highest Md values and sand contents and the lowest end member 2 (EM2) contents suggest the Holocene transgression. The increased Md values and sand contents indicate that the climate conditions were warm and wet during the mid-Holocene thermal optimum. From 4,690 to 4,150 cal year B.P., the climate was cool and dry, corresponding to the cool event, as indicated by the finer grain size. Subsequently, between 4,150 and 2,850 cal year B.P., the grain size derived from the Md value and sand content increased, which reflect a wet and warm episode. The climate, which shifted from warm and wet to cool and dry between 2,850 and 1,020 cal year B.P., may have caused a reduction in the sand contents and Md values. After 1,020 cal year B.P., the lowest values of Md and Standard deviation (Sd) and the highest contents of EM2 and clay suggest that the Yangtze River delta has been severely affected by anthropogenic activity. The variability of the East Asian monsoon intensity in the Yangtze River delta strongly correlates with other East Asian monsoon paleoclimate records in China. These results are important for investigations into the interactions between regional systems and global change in monsoonal climatic regions and can provide an example of the evolution of a large scale geomorphic feature resulting from river-sea interaction.

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary interval is an important time interval for deep-time paleoclimatic research, and most records of this interval are derived from marine sections. In this study, we conduct high-resolution magnetic and geochemical analyses in a terrestrial sedimentary succession from the Nanxiong Basin (Southeast China). We combine this data with previous work to compare these results with global marine and other terrestrial records. We find that the magnetic and geochemical parameters record a sequence of global climatic changes across the K–Pg boundary interval. Moreover, during the Maastrichtian cold “greenhouse” time interval, the climate changes in the studied area are consistent with the benthic foraminiferal δ18O record from the North Atlantic, and we observe no correlation between the δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb; in contrast, during the Danian “greenhouse” time interval, the climate changes in the studied area are consistent with the benthic foraminiferal δ18O records from both the Pacific and the North Atlantic, and we observe a positive correlation between δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb. We suggest that the observed changes are likely linked to the transformation of atmospheric circulation in low-latitude East Asia. These new insights have implications for “global monsoon” research and understanding the causes of the mass extinction

陆相地层中K-Pg位置的确定对白垩纪末期陆地生态系统演化过程(尤其是非鸟类恐龙灭绝)的研究意义重大,目前世界范围内的陆相K-Pg研究集中在中高纬度地区,如北美及中国的东北地区.位于低纬度地区的南雄盆地虽然也开展了大量的工作,成为中国陆相白垩系-古近系地层划分对比的标准,但是不同的研究者从不同的角度提出了4条可能的界线,因此关于其具体的位置仍有待进一步确定.本文对4条界线前后的样品进行了总汞(Hg)含量、环境磁学、地球化学等参数的测定,并与全球记录进行了对比.结果 显示:(1)总Hg含量在浈水组上段和上湖组坪岭段明显升高,且表现出剧烈的峰谷波动,结合已有的年代结果,可以将Hg的异常高值归因为德干高原火山喷发,界线1位于Hg异常区间的中部,也是火山喷发的中期,符合全球K-Pg界线与火山喷发的时间关系;(2)重建的古气候演化曲线揭示出盆地红色沉积物记录了马斯特里赫特期末期的热事件(～66.2Ma,LMWE),从4条界线与该事件的联系上看,也只有界线1最接近南雄盆地真实的K-Pg界线.

通过对福州盆地首山路ZKCS钻孔岩芯的AMS 14C及光释光(OSL)年代测试、岩性特征、黏土浑浊水电导率值和地球化学元素测定、粒度分析以及硅藻鉴定,对钻孔沉积物的沉积环境进行分析,并与ZK004钻孔结果进行对比,结合全球古气候及区域构造记录,确认首山路ZKCS钻孔记录了两次完整的海侵—海退旋回,第一次海侵结束时间约50 ka,第二次海侵发生在全新世期间.两次海侵发生的主要原因不同,第一次海侵发生在MIS3早期,对应于前人命名的"福州海侵",主要原因是区域构造下沉,加之此时古气候变暖引发海面上升;之后由于盆地内部的不均匀沉降,再次发生抬升,导致ZKCS钻孔记录的海侵较早结束、海侵层埋深较浅;全新世海侵即前人命名的"长乐海进",强度比前一期强,为冰后期全球气候变暖和海面上升共同作用的结果,其次可能还伴随着盆地的下陷.

Eolian mineral dust is an active agent in the global climate system. It affects planetary albedo and can influence marine biological productivity and ocean‐atmosphere carbon dynamics. This makes the understanding of the global dust cycle crucial for constraining the dust/climate relationship, which requires long‐term dust emission records for all major dust sources. Despite their importance, the sources of atmospheric dust deposited in the Southern Ocean remain poorly constrained. Eolian dust in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean is generally assumed to originate from Australia, with minor contributions from New Zealand. Here, we present a high‐resolution elemental record of terrestrial inputs for the past ∼410 kyr from marine sediment core PS75/100‐4 recovered from east of South Island, New Zealand. Sediment grain size is slightly finer than that of loess deposits from South Island, New Zealand, and is coarser than that of marine sediments in the Tasman Sea to the west of New Zealand, which indicates that the dust originated mainly from New Zealand and not only from Australia. Core PS75/100‐4 records lithogenic mass accumulation rates ranging from ∼0.01 to 0.69 g/cm 2 /kyr (∼0.20 g/cm 2 /kyr average), with variations over a factor of ∼3–4 over glacial versus interglacial timescales for the past 410 kyr. Our geochemical data correlate well with the Southern Ocean and Antarctic eolian dust records and suggest a westerly wind‐supplied dust signal from New Zealand. Our findings, therefore, suggest that New Zealand should be considered an important long‐term regional dust source in global dust cycle models.