Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a lethal malignancy often showing limited response to conventional therapies and immunotherapy due to multiple immune evasion mechanisms and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Herein, a multifunctional nanosonosensitizer (DMV@HA) was engineered and encapsulated within an inulin (IN)-based prebiotic hydrogel to enable synergistic sonodynamic-immunotherapy and gut microbiota modulation. Dendritic large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DLMSNs) were employed as a carrier platform for in situ MnO2 deposition and loading verteporfin (Vp), followed by coating with hyaluronic acid (HA). Vp functions as both a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and a PD-L1 inhibitor for immunotherapy. MnO2 serves as an oxygen generator to enhance SDT efficacy and as a Mn2+ source to activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Encapsulation within an IN hydrogel provides gastrointestinal stability and enables colon-targeted delivery. Upon fermentation, IN modulates the gut microbiota and induces immune activation, accompanied by the release of DMV@HA. Through HA-mediated binding to the CD44 receptor, DMV@HA is selectively internalized by CRC cells, and subsequently exerts potent sonodynamic effects to induce tumor ablation under ultrasound irradiation. Vp and Mn2+, intracellularly released from DMV@HA, further cooperatively promote immunostimulation to suppress tumor recurrence. Overall, this study presents a synergistic strategy that combines SDT with multimodal immune activation for CRC treatment.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a common and lethal malignancy, has been a major global health challenge, as current clinical treatments are constrained by poor precision, severe side effects, and the complex tumor microenvironment. It is noteworthy that nanotechnology has brought about significant breakthroughs in traditional medicine, enabling the development of intelligent nanoscale systems tailored to specific requirements to overcome the drawbacks of clinical CRC treatments. Herein, a versatile nanotherapeutic agent is developed via integrating superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (NPs), carbon (C) intermediate layer, and outermost polydopamine (PDA) layer for CRC therapy. The as-designed SPIO@C@PDA NPs effectively serve as a photothermal therapy (PTT) agent for thermal ablation and a carrier for cisplatin delivery. The combination of PTT and chemotherapy holds promise in overcoming the limitations of monotherapy, which can avoid the administration of high-dose cisplatin, mitigate side effects, and achieve synergistic antitumor effectiveness. Hence, this innovative platform leverages the combination of functional materials to eradicate CRC and validate the feasibility of synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy.

The pursuit of efficient, durable, and cost-effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is of great significance for advancing sustainable energy technologies. Herein, a three-dimensional hierarchical N-doped carbon nanoflower encapsulated with nickel iron selenide (Ni3Se4/FeSe HNCNF) was fabricated via selenization of the iron salts decorated nickel coordination polymers. The obtained Ni3Se4/FeSe HNCNF presents abundant heterogenous interfaces, which effectively optimize the electronic configuration, substantially expediting charge-transfer kinetics. Additionally, the hierarchical nanoflower-like N-doped carbon framework maximizes the exposure of catalytic sites and restrains nanoparticle accumulation and erosion. Benefiting from these structural and compositional advantages, Ni3Se4/FeSe HNCNF delivers remarkable OER performance in alkaline medium (1.0 M KOH), achieving a low overpotential of 280 mV at 10 mA cm-2, along with excellent durability exceeding 27 h at 10 mA cm-2 and 100 mA cm-2. This study highlights the potential of heterostructure engineering and three-dimensional hierarchical design in bimetallic selenides, offering new insights into the development of next-generation high-performance OER electrocatalysts.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) have significant potential for use in biodegradable filters for air purification, but their application is often limited by relatively poor electret properties. Herein, treeinspired gradient PLA (TG-PLA) nanofibers with biomimetic surfaces and remarkable electroactivity were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning of a unique core-shell structure. Importantly, the bioinspired structure conferred dramatic increase of dielectric constant for TG-PLA NFMs by 218 %, as well as enhanced in situ electret properties (over 3-fold rise of surface potential). The well-controlled morphological features and increased electroactivity contributed synergistically to distinct promotion of active PM-capturing performance, as exemplified by 99.25 % filtration of PM0.3 at the airflow velocity of 32 L/min for TG-PLA2, largely surpassing the counterpart (only 89.63 %). Benefiting from the significantly increased electroactivity, TG-PLA2 exhibited superior energy harvesting performance and long-term stability (output voltage of 44.7 V, over 2000-second cycle test). Furthermore, a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm was developed to establish an intelligent respiratory recognition system, demonstrating high-accuracy diagnosis of multiple complex scenarios. The exceptional promotion in the surface activity and intrinsic electroactivity for PLA nanofibers is of enormous potential for environmental applications. Our bioinspired strategy can lead to a versatile platform that integrates with profound property improvements and scale-up feasibility for intelligent protective membranes.

The advent of multifunctional nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) has led to the development of next-generation air filters that are ready to intercept fine particulate matters (PMs) and monitor the respiratory diseases. However, it is still challenging to fabricate biodegradable NFMs featuring the desirable combination of high filtration efficiencies, low air resistance, and intelligent real-time monitoring. Herein, a hierarchical nanopatterning approach was proposed to functionalize the stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (SC-PLA) nanofibers via the combined electrospinning of SC-PLA and electrospray of CNT@ZIF-8 nanohybrids. The nanopatterned SC-PLA (NSC-PLA) NFMs were characterized by largely increased surface activity and electroactivity, as evidenced by the nearly two-fold increase in surface potential (up to 7.3 kV) and substantial improvements in the dielectric properties. Furthermore, the NSC-PLA NFMs exhibited excellent tribo-output performance, yielding a voltage of as high as 13.5 V for NSC-PLA NFMs loaded 10 % nanohybrids (NSC-PLA10). In particular, the exceptionally high electroactivity and unique protrusion structure together contributed to promote the filtration efficiencies, while providing a low pressure drop (e.g., 96.1 % for PM2.5 and 88.3 % for PM0.3, only 67.6 Pa of NSC-PLA10, at 32 L/ min). More importantly, NSC-PLA NFMs enabled real-time monitoring of physiological signals during different respiratory states, as evidenced by the output voltages of 17.2, 32.9 and 37.5 mV for normal breath, fast breath and cough recorded by NSC-PLA10. The proposed NSC-PLA NFMs show enormous potential in the fields of air filtration and real-time respiratory monitoring, thus providing ecofriendly solutions to personal health management.

The development of high-performance air filtration materials is important for protecting human life and health.In this study,the interaction between poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)and poly(D-lactic acid)(PDLA)chains was induced by the electro-induced stereocomplexation strategy,which triggered the generation of hydrogen bonding,promoted the orientation of the C=O dipole,and induced the formation of stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)(PLA).Then,silver-doped titanium dioxide(Ag-TIO)nanodielectrics were used to promote molecular interactions to further enhance the stereocomplexation of PLA,and nanofiber membranes with high electroactivity were prepared to achieve high-efficiency and low-resistance air filtration.The results showed that Ag-TIO nanodielectrics and electro-induced stereocomplexation strategy synergistically enhanced the electroactivity,the filtration performance and the mechanical properties of PLA nanofiber membranes:the fibers were significantly refined(from 467 nm to 162 nm),and the surface potentials were dramatically increased(from 0.15 kV to 3.20 kV),which resulted in an excellent filtration efficiency against PM0.3 while maintaining an ultra-low pressure drop(93.3％,32 Pa,32 L/min).Moreover,the mechanical properties of the membranes were excellent with tensile strength and elongation at break of 11.9 MPa and 24.0％,respectively,while Young's modulus and fracture toughness were as high as 202.6 MPa and 2.48 MJ/m3,which showed good practical applicability.The proposed biodegradable nanofibrous membranes have a broad application prospect in the efficient filtration of ultrafine particles.

The concept of biomimetic spinning has shown great promise to provide precision control over the hierarchical morphology of polymer nanofibers, endowing the nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) with multifunction integration like high porosity and surface activity. Here, we attempted to construct the plant-mimicking features in ecofriendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning, permitting well-controlled generation of MOF-protruding micro-bulges (10, 20 and 30 wt%) secreted in the refined PLA nanofibers. The unique biomimicking architecture was hypothesized to impart dielectric and electret properties, giving rise to significant fiber refinement and long-term electrostatic adsorption for the bioinspired PLA (B-PLA) nanofibers. The PMcapturing mechanisms could be further enhanced by ultrahigh surface activity, as exemplified by ultrahigh removal efficiencies (over 99.7 % and 99.3 %) for both PM0.3 and PM2.5 in the broad-range airflow rates (10-85 L/min), while providing well-controlled air resistance. Moreover, the B-PLA NFMs were examined to efficiently remove oily PMs (over 94.4 % for PM0.3 and 95.3 % for PM2.5), far surpassing normal PLA counterpart (only 61.4 % and 72.0 %, respectively). Sustainable respiration-driven charge regeneration was demonstrated for the electroactive B-PLA NFMs, allowing real-time respiratory monitoring and AI-assisted high-accuracy diagnosis (as high as 97.1 %). The proposed bioinspired electrospinning strategy can provide a versatile platform that integrates with structure-by-bionics concept and useful property improvements for engineering multifunctional protective membranes.

The development of ecofriendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) is of important significance to settle down the rapidly rising airborne PM crisis and plastic pollutions, but suffering from the bottlenecks in terms of the relatively low surface activity, poor electret properties and fiber refinement. This work unraveled an effective approach for MOF functionalization and nanopore creation at PLA nanofibers by the modified electrospinning-electrospray technique, combined with electro-induced stereocomplexation (EIS) principles to enhance surface activity, electroactivity, and electret properties of PLA NFMs. The proposed PLA NFMs presented superior PM0.3 capturing efficiency (95.91 % at 30 % RH, 88.01 % at 90 % RH), humidity resistance and breathability (40.3 Pa at 32 L/min). Benefiting from the triboelectric nanogenerator mechanisms, the PLA NFMs enabled long-term efficient filtration and permitted multifunctional applications like passive respiratory monitoring and voice recognition, appealing for human-machine interactions while providing efficient healthcare.

Efficient approaches for creating nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimetic activities are highly sought after due to their broad applications in critical areas such as biosensing, environmental analysis, cancer therapy, and biocatalysis. Frustratingly, the design of such nanomaterials remains scarce, especially for constructing multi-modal point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms capable of delivering precise on-site detection without relying on costly or cumbersome equipment. In this context, a novel 3D hierarchical nanoflower-like cobalt coordination polymer, adorned with CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2/CoCPNFs), was successfully engineered through a straightforward method. Impressively, the CeO2/CoCPNFs exhibit remarkable outstanding capabilities to mimic multiple natural enzyme activities, including peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), catalase (CAT), laccase (LAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A thorough investigation was conducted into the reaction kinetics, and catalytic behavior of CeO2/CoCPNFs. Additionally, capitalizing on the suppressive impact of caffeic acid (CA) on the peroxidase-mimicking activity of CeO2/CoCPNFs, a simple, label-free, and triple-mode POCT platform was devised for precise CA quantification. This innovative platform delivers three types of readouts-visual color change, temperature variation, and RGB value shifts-that can be respectively tracked using UV-Vis spectroscopy, a thermometer, and a smartphone. Impressively, the proposed multifunctional platform demonstrated outstanding sensitivity and selectivity, achieving detection limits as low as 29 nM, 84 nM, and 52 nM for the colorimetric, photothermal, and RGB modes, respectively (3 sigma/k). Furthermore, the reliability and practicality of this sensing strategy were further validated in real samples. Therefore, the proposed sensing platform combines the unique properties of multi-enzyme mimetic nanomaterials with a versatile multimodal POCT design, offering a powerful tool for real-time, on-site detection with exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and precision. This work provides fresh insights into the development of next-generation nanozyme-based sensing systems for practical applications.

Despite the enormous potential in efficient removal of airborne PMs by biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofiberous membranes (NFMs), current manufacturing methods still have large function gaps in providing reliable control over the fiber microstructure, membrane morphology or electret properties. Herein, the concept of organic-inorganic nanohybridization, strategically involving the combined electrospinning of PLA/TiO2 2 and electrospray of ZIF-8 nanodielectrics, was conceived to engender PLA NFMs (PLA/TIO@ZIF) featuring largely promoted electroactivity and surface activity, as exemplified by the increased dielectric constant and surface potential (up to 3.47 and 8.5 kV, respectively). This conferred the PLA/TIO@ZIF NFMs remarkable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) properties, yielding the output voltage as high as 17.9 V at 10 N and 1 Hz, and output current of 39.6 nA as driven by the humanoid respiration. Given impressive in situ electret performance and charge regeneration capability, the PLA/TIO@ZIF NFMs enabled ultrahigh PM 0.3 filtering properties (90.4 %, 175 Pa, 85 L/min), accompanied by increased resistance to humidity (92.1 % removal of PM0.3, 0.3 , RH90 %, 32 L/ min). Moreover, perfect 100 % inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus was achieved for PLA/TIO@ZIF, arising mainly from the plentiful surface charges and ROS generation. It is envisioned that the hierarchically nanostructured NFMs, offering the exceptional function integration, are highly appealing for long-term air purification and self- powered respiratory monitoring.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising antibacterial and biofilm disrupting strategy to overcome the global escalation of antimicrobial resistance. However, the short lifespan, narrow diffusion ranges, and no target specificity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in PDT significantly limit the antibacterial and biofilm-eliminated efficiency. Herein, we present a multifunctional nano-inhibitor with protein-binding and bacteria-infected microenvironment (BME) activated ROS generation for precise and efficient photodynamic elimination of drug-resistant biofilms. Under the acidic BME, the protonation of nano-inhibitors leads to self-expansion and exposure of targeting ligands, contributing to subsequent bacteria- and protein-binding via electrostatic interaction and disulfide covalent linkages. The shortened distance between proteins and nano-inhibitors thereby significantly enhanced oxidative damage, protein denaturation, and bactericidal performance. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the nano-inhibitors exhibited BME-triggered efficient antibacterial activity, biofilm elimination, and outstanding biocompatibility. The protein-binding PDT strategy provides a promising pathway for combating drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms.

Particulate matters(PMs) and viruses in the air can attack the human respiratory system, resulting in impaired respiratory function. Although biodegradable polylactic acid(PLA) nanofiber membranes have significant prospects in the field of air purification, the existing preparation methods are difficult to effectively regulate fiber microstructure, membrane morphology and electret properties at the same time. In this paper, a synergic enhance & hybull; ment strategy of organic-inorganic nanohybrid composite was proposed, that is, the electrical activity and surface activity of PLA nanofibrous membranes(PLA@T/Z) were greatly improved by combining electrospinning PLA@TiO2 and electrospray zeolite imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8) nanodielectric. The dielectric constant and surface potential of PLA nanofibrous membranes(PLA@T/Z) could reach 3.47 kV and 8.5 kV respectively. In the 10 N and 1 Hz contact-separation cycle test, PLA@T/Z has an output voltage of 17.9 V, while in the simulated human breathing condition, the output current is 32.1 nA. Thanks to excellent electret characteristics and charge regeneration, PLA@T/Z exhibits superior PM0.3 filtration performance[90.4% of PM0.3 can be filtered at 85 L/min with a pressure drop of only 175 Pa and 90.8% of PM0.3(32 L/min air flow rate) can still be filtered at a relative humidity(RH) of 90%]. The design of organic-inorganic nanohybrid composite system expands the application prospect of PLA nanofiber membrane in the fields of air purification and self-energy respiration monitoring.

Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)are extensively utilized to enhance adsorption and separation perfor-mance by integrating the advantageous properties of polymers with organic and inorganic fillers.Conjugated micropo-rous polymers(CMPs),characterized by their hierarchical porous structure and abundant heteroatom adsorption sites,demonstrate efficient and stable gas adsorption and separation capabilities in complex environments.Herein,we constructed a CMPs membrane supported by a carbon nanotubes(CNTs)network,utilizing three-dimensional network structured CNTs as a flexible substrate and CMPs with hierarchical porous structures and abundant heteroatom adsorption sites as the adsorptive active layer,aiming to address the challenge of self-membrane formation in porous polymers during the preparation process.The fabricated CMP-CNTs membrane retains the three-dimensional reticulated structure of CNTs and the hierarchical porous structure of CMPs,ensuring efficient adsorp-tion and separation of particulate matter(PM)and carbon dioxide/nitrogen(CO2/N2)while significantly reducing permeation resistance.In acidic and alkaline environments,the interception efficiency of CMP-CNTs for PM3.0 exceeds 99.9％.The pore property characterization indicate that CMP-CNTs have dimensional characteristics similar to the molecular dynamic diameter of gases and a polar-induced environment caused by nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms,giving them excellent CO2/N2 separation capacity.The selectivity of CMP-CNTs for the CO2/N2 mixture reaches an impressive value of 119 at 273 K and 1.0 bar(1 bar=0.1 MPa).This study proposes an MMM formed by coaxially covalently grafting CMPs onto the surface of CNTs to create a core-shell structure,thus demonstrating a processing approach that leverages the complementary advantages of porous polymers and flexible substrates,showcasing design flexibility and process universality.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a critical modality in cancer treatment with the merits of non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal control, and minimal drug resistance. However, the clinical application of PDT is often hindered by inherent limitations, including side effects caused by the "always on" state of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low ROS generation efficiency in hypoxic tumors. To overcome these limitations, we developed a tumor microenvironment (TME) "dual lock-and-key" triggered and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting nanophotosensitizer for fluorescence imaging-guided activatable Type-I PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT). This "smart" nanophotosensitizer remains in an "off" state during systemic circulation, and is specifically activated only in the acidic and GSH-overexpressed TME ("on" state), where its fluorescence, ROS generation, and photothermal conversion capabilities are restored, leading to precise and enhanced phototherapies at tumor sites while minimizing side effects. Sulfur-substituted and ER-targeting hemicyanine induces a large red-shift in absorption, simultaneously generating Type-I ROS and producing a photothermal effect in the ER, thereby enhancing protein deactivation and ER stress. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that the TME dual triggered activatable nanophotosensitizer, upon NIR laser irradiation, effectively kills tumor cells, and significantly suppresses tumor growth through fluorescence imaging-guided Type-I PDT and PTT. This work provides a pathway for developing TME-triggered precise phototherapeutics with improved biosafety and potential for clinical translation.

The application of biodegradable electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibrous membranes (FMs) toward respiratory protection has long been dwarfed by the poor electret effect and short service life. Herein, a micro-on-nano (MON) approach was proposed to fabricate highly electroactive dual-scale poly(lactic acid) (DS-PLA) FMs consisting of inner-layer nanofibers (667 nm) and outer-layer microfibers (1.22 µm). Customized Ag-decorated BTO (Ag-BTO) dielectrics were incorporated to improve the electret effect and charge storage stability of DS-PLA FMs, contributing to the improved dielectric constants (1.40), surface potential (11.4 kV), and triboelectric performance (output voltage of 34.2 V at 10 N, 0.5 Hz). The unique hierarchies and profound electrostatic adsorption effect synergistically allowed the DS-PLA FMs to achieve high PM filtration efficiencies (99.10 % for PM2.5, 90.37 % for PM0.3, 32 L/min) at a reduced pressure drop (only 58.8 Pa). Furthermore, benefiting from the cascade filtration mechanisms, the DS-PLA FMs demonstrated superior dust holding capacity (9.4 g/m2), which was 3.2 times higher than that of normal PLA. With the assistance of convolutional neural network (CNN), a set of breathing patterns could be recognized with a classification accuracy as high as 96.7 %. This work provides a facile pathway to significantly prolong the service life of electrospun PLA filters for high-performance air filtration and deep learning-assisted respiratory monitoring.

The development of multifunctional nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) that enable anti-viral protection during air purification and respiratory disease diagnosis for health management is of increasing importance. Herein, we unraveled a heterostructure-enhanced electro-induced stereocomplexation (HEIS) strategy to fabrication of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) NFMs enabling a combination of efficient PM removal, respiratory monitoring and self-sterilization. The strategy involved an electro-induced stereocomplexation (EIS) approach to trigger the generation of hydrogen bonds between enantiomeric poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) chains, promoting C=O dipole alignment and molecular polarization during electrospinning. This was further enhanced by incorporation of Ag-doped TiO2 (Ag-TIO) nanodielectrics to promote the electroactivity and surface activity, conferring profound refinement of PLA nanofibers (from 460nm to an ultralow level of 168nm) and high porosities of over 91%. Arising from the sustainable generation of plentiful charges based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) mechanisms, the electroactive PLA NFMs exhibited remarkable triboelectric properties even in high-humidity environments (80%RH), excellent PM0.3 filtration efficiency with an ultralow pressure drop (93.1%, 31.8Pa, 32L/min), and 100% antimicrobial efficiency against both E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, a deep-learning algorithm based on convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed to recognize various respiratory patterns. The proposed strategy confers the biodegradable NFMs an unusual combination of ultralow-resistance air purification and machine learning-assisted health management, signifying promising prospects in environmental protection and personal healthcare.

The stereocomplexation between poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) chains was used to generate strong intermolecular interactions, which could be further enhanced by using high-voltage electric field and intensive mechanical stretching to prompt extreme alignment and refinement of poly (lactic acid)(PLA) nanofibers and the formation of electroactive phase(i.e., beta phase, stereoscopic complexation crystal. Due to the aligned nanofiber morphology and excellent electroactivity, the dielectric constant and surface potential of aligned stereocomplexed PLA(AS-PLA) nanofibrous membranes were increased to 1.68 and 5.4 kV, respectively. Moreover, AS-PLA nanofibrous membranes showed excellent filtration performance and triboelectric performance. In particular, the PLLA/PDLA40 prepared with 40% PDLA addition achieved an ultrafine air particle(PM0.3) removal efficiency of 90.51% and an air resistance of only 240.6 Pa at airflow capacity of 85 L/min, which was significantly superior to pure PLLA fibrous membrane(80.34%, 251.4 Pa). In addition, even at high humidity (RH=70%) and high respiratory airflow capacity(85 L/min), the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based filter assembled with AS-PLA nanofibrous membrane as the triboelectric layer showed excellent PM0.3 removal efficiency of 95.02%, far exceeding that of normal PLA filters (only 89.50%). The increase of electroactivity significantly improved the initial polarization ability and triboelectric performance of the nanofibrous membranes, which could rely on the triboelectric effect to achieve charge regeneration while ensuring the sufficient of the initial charge. It ensures long-term filtration without sacrificing air resistance.

Development of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) signifies a promising approach to provide effective air purification, while evading the dilemma of plastic pollutions. It is unfortunately thwarted by the intrinsically low electroactivity and poor polarization capability of PLA, leading to insufficient electrostatic adsorption and PM capturing, especially in challenging circumstances of high humidity and high PM concentration. Herein, multiscale dual-function PLA NFMs featuring increased electroactivity coupling the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered mechanisms are demonstrated for efficient respiratory healthcare with enhanced humidity resistance, as well as wireless intelligent monitoring of physiological characters. To enhance the in situ electret and charge storage mechanisms for the PLA NFMs, we proposed a collaborative strategy of PLA stereocomplexation combined with heterostructure of increased dielectric properties, employing dual-needle electrospinning of electroactive nanofibers (around 790 nm). It facilitated the generation of electroactive phases, largely promoting the dielectric properties, surface potential (5.5 kV), and triboelectric output properties (nearly 16 V) for the PLA NFMs. Benefiting from the refined nanofibers and promoted dielectric properties, the PLA NFMs exhibited an excellent air filtration performance (99.4% removal of PM0.3-2.5, 85 L/min), while providing a desirable air resistance (only similar to 200 Pa). This was accompanied by high-sensitivity in situ monitoring of respiratory characters such as coughing, breathing and speaking, essentially arising from the respiratory vibration-driven generation of electrical signals. Featuring remarkable filtering performance and antibacterial properties, the proposed biodegradable electroactive NFMs are highly appealing for respiratory healthcare and wireless monitoring in an ecofriendly manner.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder, leading to loss of motor or somatosensory function, which is the most challenging worldwide medical problem. Re-establishment of intact neural circuits is the basis of spinal cord regeneration. Considering the crucial role of electrical signals in the nervous system, electroactive bioscaffolds have been widely developed for SCI repair. They can produce conductive pathways and a pro-regenerative microenvironment at the lesion site similar to that of the natural spinal cord, leading to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth, and functionally reactivating the damaged neural circuits. In this review, we first demonstrate the pathophysiological characteristics induced by SCI. Then, the crucial role of electrical signals in SCI repair is introduced. Based on a comprehensive analysis of these characteristics, recent advances in the electroactive bioscaffolds for SCI repair are summarized, focusing on both the conductive bioscaffolds and piezoelectric bioscaffolds, used independently or in combination with external electronic stimulation. Finally, thoughts on challenges and opportunities that may shape the future of bioscaffolds in SCI repair are concluded.