在体积为266.37 cm3密闭爆炸容器内进行开展了5 g、10 g和15 g系列TNT内爆炸实验,并采用LS-DYNA有限元软件的ALE算法模拟了3种工况下爆炸容器内准静态压力的变化情况,对比分析了实验值与数值模拟结果.基于能量守恒定律,推导出准静态压力理论计算公式.研究结果表明:密闭空间内爆炸压力变化分别为高频爆炸冲击载荷阶段和准静态压力阶段,前一阶段为微秒量级,后一阶段为毫秒量级;利用平均值法得到的准静态压力实验值与数值模拟值、理论计算值相对偏差均在5％左右;在18.77 kg·m-3≤me/V≤56.31 kg·m-3范围内,TNT内爆炸准静态压力近似呈线性变化规律;装药质量/体积比me/V是影响炸药密闭空间内爆炸准静态压力的主导因素.

通过自主设计的密闭爆炸容器,开展了TNT内爆实验,用指数衰减模型对压力载荷进行分析,并与数值模拟结果进行对比;结果表明:质量/空间体积m/V是决定准静态压力的主要因素,针对不同的m/V范围,准静态压力变化规律呈现差异性;基于实验数据,得到了爆炸准静态压力的经验计算公式,可为爆炸准静态压力预估和炸药威力评价提供参考.

In order to improve the reaction activity of bioethanol lignin, we investigated the activation of bioethanol lignin by a hydrothermal treatment method. Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of bioethanol lignin was performed at 180 degrees C for 3 h in the presence of alkaline solutions (NaOH, Na2 CO3, KOH and K2 CO3), the change in bioethanol lignin structures was studied comparatively by FTIR, 1H NMR,GPC and elemental analysis. FTIR spectra showed that after alkali hydrothermal treatment, the band at 1 375 cm(-1) attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups increased, and the band intensity at 1 116 cm(-1) attributed to the ether bond decreased. On the other hand, the band at 1 597 and 1 511 cm(-1) attributed to aromatic skeletal vibration remained almost unchanged. 1H NMR spectra showed that after alkali hydrothermal treatment, the number of aromatic methoxyl is increased, and based on the increment of the content of phenolic hydroxyl, the catalytic activity can be ranked as follows: KOH > NaOH > K2 CO3 > Na2 CO3. Especially for KOH, the increment of the content of phenolic hydroxyl was 170%, because the ion radius of potassium cation is bigger than sodium cation, so the potassium cations more easily formed cation adducts with lignin. GPC results showed that the molecular weight of alkali hydrothermal treatment lignin decreased and the molecular distribution got wider. Elemental analysis showed that hydrothermal treatment could break the interlinkage between lignin and protein, which can reduce the protein content and increase the purity of lignin, meanwhile, the content of O and H both decreased,while C fell, indicating that the bioethanol lignin had suffered a decarbonylation reaction. This is the most benefit of the lignin as a substitute for phenol.

Copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) with biobutanol lignin (BBL) was achieved by free-radical polymerization (FRP) using a lignin-based macromonomer. The lignin-based macromonomer containing acrylic groups was prepared by reacting acryloyl chloride with biobutanol lignin using triethylamine (TEA) as absorb acid agentin. From the results of elemental analysis and GPC, the average degree of polymerization (DP) of BBL was estimated to be five. A detailed molecular characterization has been performed, including techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV–vis spectroscopies, which provided quantitative information about the composition of the copolymers. The changes in the solubility of lignin-g-poly(BMA) copolymers in ethyl ether were dependent on the length of poly(BMA) side chain. TGA analysis indicated that the lignin-containing poly(BMA) graft copolymers exhibited high thermal stability. The bulky aromatic group of lignin increased the glass-transition temperature of poly(BMA). In order to confirm the main structure of copolymer, (AC-g-BBL)-co-BMA copolymer was also synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and the results revealed that the copolymer prepared by ATRP had the same solution behavior as that prepared by FRP, and the lignin-based macromonomer showed no homopolymerizability due to the steric hindrance. In addition, the lignin-co-BMA copolymer had a surprisingly higher molecular weight than poly(BMA) under the same reaction condition, suggesting that a branched lignin based polymer could be formed.

Sodium polyacrylate-chitosan interpenetrating polymer network was synthesized in acetic acid solution with sodium polyacrylate and chitosan as raw materials,glutaraldehyde as crosslinker.After freezing dry,the interpenetrating polymer sponge was prepared.The molecular structure of the sponge was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FT-IR),and the surface morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscope(SEM).The factors of influencing the swelling properties were studied.It is found that the optimum reaction condition for synthesizing the sponge with the relatively good swelling properties was that mCTS∶mPAANa=1∶1.11,mglutaraldehyde∶mCTS=1∶0.189.The pores superabsorbent sponge prepared through these conditions could absorb over 129 g/g distilled water.The model drug acetaminophen was added during the process of preparing the sponge.It is found that the model drug immolilized in the network structure can be slow released from the sponge.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan interpenetrating polymer network was synthesized in acetic acid solution with polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan as raw materials,glutaraldehyde as crosslinker,sodium hyaluronate and gelatin as additives.After freezing dry,the interpenetrating polymer sponge was prepared.The molecular structure of the sponge was confirmed by FT-IR,and the surface morphologies were examined by SEM.The factors influencing the swelling properties of the sponge were studied.It is found that the optimum reaction condition is that mPVA-1788∶mCTS=6∶1,mSodium hyaluronate∶mCTS=0.4∶1,mglutaraldehyde∶mCTS=0.283∶1,mGEL∶mCTS=1∶1,CPVA-1788=0.97 mol/L.The pores superabsorbent sponge prepared through these conditions can absorb over 25 g/g distilled water.The hemostatic properties of the sponge were studied through the hemostatic models of ear artery of rabbits.The results show that the hemostatic ratio is 100% and the using of the sponge reduces the hemostatic time and the loss of blood.All of these show that the hemostatic properties of the sponge are ideal.