Coastlines are fundamentally unique features. Their behavioural patterns are predominantly subjects of numerous environmental and engineering studies. With the magnitude of the effects of coastal flooding and erosion, there is a need for accurate techniques for data capture and data processing. With an emphasis on the zero-cost open source GIS software, there is no existing evaluative procedure for demonstrating the analytical capabilities of large-scale UAV-based outputs for microscale analysis for small changes on the beach such as sediment movement, erosion/accretion of individual features. There were four different drone surveys in the study area to determine microscale change over time. A three-stage analysis procedure helps in determining the overview of the coastline and highlights the region(s) of optimum change requiring further spatial analysis with micro-scale change detection. Results obtained show the analytical capabilities of large-scale UAV-based outputs for relatively small but detailed analysis using the open-source QGIS. Results obtained show that spatial analyses of the zoomed areas at different viewpoints and scales improve the confidence level of the hillshading and contour of that particular section on the coastline. The UAV photogrammetry and the three-stage analysis procedure can detect a 1cm change on the beach using the free and open-source QGIS software. It shows the profile modelling of the coastal inundations for both pre and post-flooding events at sub-centimetre intervals can be obtained from QGIS modelling, data computation, analysis, and visualization.

Coastal cliff is almost a vertical elongated structure with a wave-cut notch and a landslip. Cliffs are geological formations with an almost unpredictable and unstoppable detachment between constitutes formations. Due to health, safety, environmental, and military restrictions, there are more regulations and restrictions on the use of drones. There are also the issues of portability and high cost for the purchase of hybrid drones and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS). These negate the regular monitoring of the coastal cliff. This research develops a rapid, low-cost, and precise digital photogrammetry methodology for the continuous monitoring of the cliff by using the pole as the platform and a mobile phone as a sensor. The most practical vertical camera angle, image overlaps, survey distance to the cliff, and realistic time range for surveys are all determined from the basic surveying principles. Precise geometrically related point clouds generated are with or without the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The standard deviation for “alignment and surface deviation” at every point on each point cloud is ± 0.05 m in the Northing and ± 0.12 m on the Easting’s for the self-calibrated digital camera and without the use of GNSS control points. With the GNSS controls, the maximum deviation in the XYZ coordinates is ± 5 cm. Change analysis performed identifies areas of cut, fill, and the segment of threats in all point clouds. The photogrammetric technique developed is very cheap, simple, and reliable with minimum labor. The results obtained indicate the applicability of this methodology for second-order cliff Deformation study.

The accurate delineation of Shorelines is required to determine the respective tidal heights and monitor coastal erosion. In some coastlines, the difference between the high tide and the low tide could be as small as one meter but the accurate extraction of the respective vertical surfaces is required to understand the pattern of the sea wave energy and to chart tidal heights relative to a specific datum. The manual digitizing of shoreline is usually with high accuracies and flexibilities but could be rigorous and hectic especially for longer shorelines. Automatic extraction is more feasible where the wavelength intensity gradient within a sub-pixel level is at maximum for instantaneous shorelines with small tidal range. This is due to topological inconsistencies that could hinder such accuracies. In this study, an improved mean shift segmentation model extracts shorelines from digital elevation models from LiDAR and a UAV survey. The key element of an accurate DTM is the contouring network capable of delineating between the grid pixels each representing water and land whose elevation is below or above tidal datum. The study locations are the Freshwater and the Perranporth bay in the United Kingdom. The third is the Nigeria Maritime Academy Oron shoreline. The choice for the different study areas is to ascertain the reliability of this technique on different geographies. Comparison between manual digitizing and the mean shift segmentation were both by visual interpretation and by volumetric change analysis for two different years. The results obtained indicate that the mean shift segmentation can delineate tide-coordinated shorelines accurately. The limitation of this methodology is on digital images with poor spectral resolution. Recommendations include the use of this technique on open source GIS software and a practical solution to developing a monitoring infrastructure for coastlines in Africa.

Farmers often rely on the physical appearance of rubber tree seedlings to decipher on growth rate. In situations of doubt especially when there is obvious reduction in chlorophyll or coax decay of roots, the most likely situation is induction by flooding. A sound nursery management technique which is both responsive to continuous monitoring of the terrain and also able to generate data for restoration is most desired. This study therefore employs a geospatial technique whereby topographical survey was used to pick field data while Geographical Information System analyses was able to generate accurate information on areas likely to both surface and underground discharge of materials. This method was also able to sum up all affected areas, alongside other attributes like the direction of surface flow and the rate of discharge.

Detecting and analysing landscape changes is of great values firstly for environmental monitoring and secondly for huge administrative purposes. This study, gives an insight on how remote sensing can be used to ascertain the extent of mineral exploration in the said locality. Many remote sensing methods are presently adopted for analysing multi-temporal changes but the approach used here is simple and could be interpreted by anyone. The first approach is visual interpretation of two remotely sensed images after all correction and enhancement supported by manual digitized polygons and the second is the variations in the spectral attributes of selected features after image sharpening. The last approach used is the unsupervised classification of the selected features whose result is in consonance with the initial analysis conducted. The result shows that remote sensing is not merely scientific manipulations but also it is the realities of our daily human activities. Key w ords: Structural Deformation, Kinematic, Kalman Filter

The oil water contact of an oil reservoir can be determined using some geophysical well logs. However, some of the methods might not be accurate. Therefore the material balanced equation which is an accurate means of formation evaluation is critically analysed in this study and then used to determine the oil water contact of oil reservoirs A and B in the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics , Volume 15 (November, 2009), pp 213 - 222