Background: Orthodontic treatment in teenagers is very common due to various advantages and enhanced life quality post treatment. In recent time various investigative tools are also commonly available to monitor effectiveness of ongoing treatment. However on extension of treatment duration due to some reasons, Quality of Life is severely impacted. The present case study discus a case where orthodontic treatment was initiated at the age of 17 years. However, during the course of the treatment it was revealed that a milky tooth is retained. It was to be removed by laser treatment thus extending the duration of treatment. Finally a zirconia bridging was applied to successfully conclude the treatment. Materials and Methods: Orthodontic treatment was initiated with OPG and x-ray. During the course of treatment, CBCT and X-ray were used. At the end of treatment Zirconia bridging was applied. Results: Zirconia bridging was applied to successfully conclude extended duration orthodontic treatment. However Quality of Life was impacted adversely during extension of treatment. Patient satisfaction was achieved at the end of treatment. Conclusion: Bracing treatment was successfully carried out involving longer duration then expected at the start. Successful treatment was achieved with bridging. However extended treatment duration affected QoL by impacting ocular, dental, psychological, hygiene and budgetary factors. Key Word: Impacted Canine; Quality of Life; CBCT; Orthodontic Treatment; Bracing; Ocular Hazards. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 04-04-2020 Date of Acceptance: 20-04-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

R. Bruce Merrifield's Peptide Synthesis in 1963 using cross linked polystyrene support opened an exciting area of research and since then many new reagent bound, substrate bound and catalyst bound methods have been developed. Present paper discusses some work on the polystyrene-divinylbenzene supported transition metal complex catalysts in general and Ruthenium-schiff base complex in particular and its application in different reactions viz. Hydrogenation of styrene to ethylbenzene and oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The polymer bound complex was found to be more effective than homogeneous counterpart. Untapped potential of such catalysts is also discussed.

Chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer was chemically modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ligand. Catalytically active polymer containing Ru(III) moieties were synthesized from this polymeric ligand. They were characterized using FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, ESR and TGA. Other physico-chemical properties such as bulk density, surface area, moisture content and swelling behaviour in different solvents were also studied. The polymer bound complex was used to study hydrogenation of 1-hexene ton-hexane under mild conditions. Influence of [1-hexene], [catalyst], temperature and nature of the solvent on the rate of the reaction was investigated. A rate expression is proposed based on the observed initial rate data. Recycling efficiency of the catalyst has also been studied.

Various crosslinked chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer was functionalised with schiff base by sequential treatment with ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde. The polymer modified with ligand was treated with PdCl 2 to form the metal complex on the surface of the polymer. These catalysts were characterized using various techniques such as FTIR, reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, ESR, ESCA and TGA., Various other physico-chemical properties such as bulk density, surface area, moisture content and swellability in different solvents have also been studied. The catalytic activity was evaluated for hydrogenation of styrene and oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Reaction kinetics was studied by varying different parameters. Results were compared with that of unbound metal complex and higher catalytic activity was found in case of supported catalysts. Catalytic behaviour under repeated catalytic cycles was studied. A probable reaction mechanism has been proposed.

A polymer-anchored Ru(III)–schiffbase complex was synthesized by chloromethylation of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with 14% cross-linked (AM-24) followed by sequential attachment of ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde and finally, treatment with an ethanolic solution of metal salt. It was characterized using various techniques such as FTIR, reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), ESCA and TGA. Various other physico-chemical properties such as bulk density, surface area, moisture content and swellability in different solvents have also been studied. Catalytic activity of the synthesised complex was investigated for hydrogenation of styrene and oxidation of benzylalcohol. Reaction kinetics was studied by varying different parameters. Results were compared with that of unbound metal complex and higher catalytic activity was found in case of supported catalyst. Catalytic behaviour under repeated catalytic cycles was studied. A probable reaction mechanism has been proposed.

Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with 5% and 15% cross linked were synthesised by suspension polymerization, chloromethylated and treated with 1,2-diaminopropane for the introduction of the ligand. The polymer beads modified with ligand was kept in contact with PdCl2 to form the metal complex on the surface of the polymer. The catalysts thus prepared were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, SEM, EPR, TGA and ESCA. Physico-chemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, surface area by BET method and swelling with different solvents were studied. The catalytic activity of synthesised catalysts was tested for hydrogenation of cyclohexene as a model reaction. Kinetic studies were carried out by varying different parameters. Energy of activation as well as entropy of activation was calculated. The recycling efficiency of the catalysts was also studied. A probable reaction mechanism was proposed.

Polymer-anchored Ru(III) complex was synthesized by sequential attachment of ethylenediamine, salicylaldehyde and ruthenium chloride to chloromethylated styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer with 8% cross-linking. Synthesized catalyst was characterized by different techniques such as FTIR, reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy, ESR, ESCA, SEM and TGA. Various physico-chemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, surface area and swelling behaviour in different solvents were also studied. Catalytic activity of this catalyst was tested for oxidation of benzyl alcohol by varying the temperature of the system as well as concentration of substrate and catalyst. Values of energy of activation and entropy of activation have been evaluated from the kinetic data. A probable reaction mechanism has been proposed.

Polymer bound Pd(II) complexes have been synthesised by sequential attachment of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ligand to chloromethylated styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer and treatment with palladium salt. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy, IR, ESR, SEM and TG analysis. Various physico-chemical properties such as surface area (by BET method), moisture content, bulk density and swelling by different solvents have also been studied. Catalytic activity of these catalysts was tested for hydrogenation of 1-hexene as a model reaction. The influence on the rate of variation in temperature, concentration of the catalysts as well as the substrate and nature of solvent was studied. Entropy of activation was calculated from the kinetic data. The recycling efficiency of the catalysts was also studied. A probable reaction mechanism has been proposed.

Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with 2 and 5% crosslinking was chloromethylated by HCl and HCHO using AlCl3 as the catalyst. Polymer-bound Ru(III) complex catalysts were synthesized by sequential attachment of 1,2-diaminopropane to the copolymer beads followed by treatment with a metal salt. The catalysts were characterized by using various techniques: FT-IR, SEM, EPR, NMR, ESCA, TGA, and UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy. Other physicochemical properties were determined: surface area by the BET method, swelling studies with different solvents, and moisture content. The catalytic behavior of the prepared catalysts was tested for hydrogenation of cyclohexene as a model reaction. The influence on catalytic behavior of various parameters was studied: temperature, concentration of catalyst and substrate, quantity of solvent, and the use of various solvents. The recycling efficiency of the catalysts was also studied. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.

Polymer bound Ru (III) complexes were synthesised by sequential attachment of chloromethyl group, 1,2-diaminopropane (DAP) as a ligand End metal chloride to styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer with 8% and 15% cross-linking. Synthesised catalysts were characterised by different techniques such as FTIR, reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, ESR, NMR and ESCA. Various physico chemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, surface area and swelling behaviour in different solvents were also studied. The corresponding homogeneous complex [RuDAPCl(2)] Cl was also synthesised. Catalytic activity of these catalysts was tested for oxidation of cyclohexane by varying the temperature of the system as well as concentration of substrate and catalyst. Values of energy of activation and entropy of activation have been evaluated from the kinetic data. A probable reaction mechanism has been proposed.

Polymer supported Pd(II) complex catalyst was synthesised by chloromethylation of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (XAD-2), with sequential attachment of ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde, followed by treatment with an ethanolic solution of palladium chloride. The synthesised catalyst, named 2PS, was characterised by various techniques, such as UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy, IR, SEM, TGA and ESR. Other physico-chemical properties, such as surface area (by the BET method), moisture content, bulk density and swelling by different solvents, have been studied. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was investigated for hydrogenation of 1-hexene by varying different parameters, such as temperature, amount of the catalyst and concentration of 1-hexene.

Chloromethylated styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer with different types of cross-link was treated with glycine for the introduction of the ligand. The polymer modified with ligand was kept in contact with RuCl3 to form the metal complex on the surface of the polymer. The catalysts thus prepared were characterised by techniques such as IR, UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy and DTA-TG analysis. Other physico-chemical properties such as surface area, moisture content, bulk density and swelling were also studied. The morphology of the catalysts was observed by scanning electron microscope. The catalysts were tested for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene as a model reaction. The influence of various parameters such as concentration of catalyst and substrate, temperature and different solvents on the rate of the reaction has been studied.

Polymer bound Pd(II) complexes have been synthesised by sequential attachment of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ligand to chloromethylated styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer and treatment with palladium salt. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy, IR, ESR, SEM and TG analysis. Various physico-chemical properties such as surface area (by BET method), moisture content, bulk density and swelling by different solvents have also been studied. Catalytic activity of these catalysts was tested for hydrogenation of I-hexene as a model reaction. The influence on the rate of variation in temperature, concentration of the catalysts as well as the substrate and nature of solvent was studied. Entropy of activation was calculated from the kinetic data. The recycling efficiency of the catalysts was also studied. A probable reaction mechanism ha;;been proposed.