We present a model exploring the effect of current health on cognition directly and indirectly, through time allocated to studying. We point to time allocation as an important channel in the link between current health and cognition during later childhood.

Incorporating an active EMI filter (AEF) into a passive EMI filter (PEF) significantly reduces the dependence on passive components, which is particularly evident in the considerable reduction in the size of the CM chokes. This paper not only examines the impact of AEFs on the attenuation of passive EMI filters and the resulting reduction in CM choke size, but also analyzes the conducted disturbances in highfrequency converters. In addition, AEFs, both single-phase and three-phase, are developed using Voltage Sense Current Inject (VSCI) Feedback (FB)-topology. Simulation and measurement results show that the integrated active EMI-filter effectively suppresses conducted common-mode (CM) emissions by about 15 to 23 dB in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 1 MHz.

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is abundant plasma protein with various effects on angiogenesis, coagulation, and immune responses. Previously, we identified the base and amino acid sequences of equine HRG (eHRG) and revealed that eHRG regulates neutrophil functions. In this study, we first conducted a large-scale gene analysis with DNA samples extracted from 1700 Thoroughbred horses and identified unique insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the histidine-rich region (HRR) of eHRG . Here we report two types of polymorphisms (deletion type 1 [D1] and deletion type 2 [D2]) containing either a 45 bp or 90 bp deletion in the HRR of eHRG , and five genotypes of eHRG (insertion/insertion [II], ID1, ID2, D1D1, and D1D2) in Thoroughbred horses. Allele frequency of I, D1, and D2, was 0.483, 0.480, and 0.037 and the incidence of each genotype was II: 23.4%, ID1: 46.2%, ID2: 3.6%, D1D1: 23.1%, and D1D2: 3.7%, respectively. The molecular weights of each plasma eHRG protein collected from horses with each genotype was detected as bands of different molecular size, which corresponded to the estimated amino acid sequence. The nickel-binding affinity of the D1 or D2 deletion eHRG was reduced, indicating a loss of function at the site. eHRG proteins show a variety of biological and immunological activities in vivo, and HRR is its active center, suggesting that genetic polymorphisms in eHRG may be involved in the performance in athletic ability, productivity, and susceptibility to infectious diseases in Thoroughbred horses.

Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (hereafter, A. ludoviciana) is considered the most difficult-to-control winter weed in the Northern Grains Region (NGR) of Australia. The abundance of this weed has increased after the adoption of the no-tillage conservation agriculture (NTCA) approach, which does not bury seeds deep in the soil profile. In addition, the increasing frequency and intensity of drought stress events during the late winter to early spring period in the NGR may modify this weed’s persistence mechanisms, which may further impact crop production. The present study focused on plant maturity time and seed production, dormancy, and longevity of four NGR A. ludoviciana biotypes in relation to the severity of drought stress over 2 consecutive years. Plants of all four A. ludoviciana biotypes were grown under 100% plant available water capacity (PAWC) until panicle initiation. At panicle initiation, very mild (80% PAWC), mild (60% PAWC), moderate (40% PAWC), and severe (20% PAWC) drought stresses were imposed on plants and continued through to maturity; an additional subset of plants were maintained at 100% PAWC through to maturity (control). Plants exposed to severe drought stress matured 24 days earlier than control plants, and produced 34% fewer filled seeds, with seeds having a 42% lower mass, 70% less dormancy, and shorter predicted longevity of at least 2 years compared to the seeds produced on control plants. All reproductive traits were less affected when the severity of the drought stress was decreased. The increasing frequency of drought stress in combination with the widely adopted practice of NTCA favours seeds of A. ludoviciana to undergo rapid germination in the following autumn/winter NGR planting season. However, effective control of A. ludoviciana remains a challenge in the NGR due to this weed’s genetic variability with respect to its response toward the seasonal variability of the NGR.

The weed Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana has a high economic impact in the winter cereal crop production systems of Australia’s northern grains region (NGR). In the NGR, the frequency of high-temperature periods at the end of winter is increasing. This shift in climate may modify this weed’s maturity time and reproductive biology, and thereby impact on crop production. This study examined the reproductive biology of four A. ludoviciana biotypes in relation to elevated temperature when applied at different times during their seed development. Plants of all four A. ludoviciana biotypes were grown in an ambient temperature glasshouse (23/14 °C day/night). At panicle initiation, a portion of the plants were transferred to an elevated temperature glasshouse (29/23 °C day/night) and remained there until maturity. This process of plant movement was repeated on three further occasions with separate batches of plants, each 10 days apart. The remaining plants were kept under ambient conditions for their whole lifespan. Plants exposed to elevated temperature from panicle initiation to maturity, matured 18 days earlier than plants kept under ambient conditions, had 30% fewer filled seeds, 37% lower seed mass, and 40% less seed dormancy. Depending on the time and duration of plants exposed to elevated temperature, predicted seed longevity was ranged from 1 to 4 years in the soil seedbank. All reproductive traits were less affected when plants were exposed to elevated temperature at a later stage of development. If the frequency of high-temperature periods continues to increase, then it may lead to the development of less dormant populations of this weed that would be ready to germinate and re-infest the next winter crops under no-tillage conservation agriculture (that does not bury seeds deep in the soil profile). However, the seasonal climatic variability of the NGR in addition to the weed’s natural genetic variability may contribute to a seedbank of both dormant and less dormant seeds—making this species an even more difficult-to-control weed.

This study focused on the investigation of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing bacteria from Sundarbans mangrove forest (SMF) soil, Bangladesh. The heterotrophic bacterial loads in the soil samples varied from 0.44×107 to 4.2×107 cfu/g indicating high bacterial load even under hostile environment. Fifteen EPS producing bacterial isolates were identified provisionally where thirteen isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus including B. badius (n=1, 6.67%), B. subtilis (n=3, 20.0%), B. pumilus (n=3, 20.0%), B. brevis (n=2, 13.33%), B. stearothermophilus (n=2, 13.33%), B. sphaericus (n=1, 6.67%) and B. alcalophilus (n=1, 6.67%). The remaining two isolates were recognized as the genus Micrococcus sp. (n=2, 13.33%). The genus Bacillus was predominant representing 86.67% abundance frequency. The LB medium was proven to be the most suitable medium for the growth of EPS producing bacterial isolates. 16S rDNA sequence analysis was conducted for three EPS producing bacterial isolates and they were identified as Bacillus subtilis, B. strearothermophilus and Micrococcus sp. The antibiogram profile of this study revealed streptomycin as the most effective antibiotic to control the growth of bacteria. The presence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in SMF soil is alarming for human health associated with this marine ecosystem. The multidrug resistance bacteria may come to the soil of SMF through the untreated discharged wastewaters and agricultural runoff from adjacent areas. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 32(2): 243-255, 2023 (July)

Charmo, Maroof, and Alla are new promising rust-resistant wheat varieties were had been tested for their salinity tolerance through seed water uptake, germination percentage, and germination mean, as well as the growth of radical and plumule. The varieties were tested for their salt tolerance level by using salt solutions concentration levels with a control, 0.01, ,0.03.0,05, 0.07, and 0.09 mol, which are the answer to 0.0, 0.58,1.75,2.9,4.01 and 5.26 gL -1, that symbolized as C0, C1,C2, C3, C4and C5, which are equal to 0.9, 2.7, 4.6, 6.3, and 8.2 EC dS m−1 respectively.. The results showed significant effects of varsities on water uptake, germination percentage germination meantime, and wet and dry radicals, but no significant effect on radical number and length as well as plumule length and wet dry plumule. What is concerning the effects of salt levels on germination parameters and growth of seedlings, noted a significant effect of salt on germination meantime, germination percentage, growth radical and plumule length as well as on wet radical weight. And the interaction between varieties and salt levels, result has shown a significant effect of the interaction between varsities and salt levels on dry radical weight. Salt levels from C3 have indicted to have a significant effect on the germination of wet radicals but not a significant effect on water uptake, dry radicals, as well as on wet and dry plumule. The results of the effect of varieties on germination and growth parameters showed, that charmo and maroof are better than Alla, Charmo, and Maroof are tolerating C2 –C3/ 4,6 dS m−1 -6.3 dS m−1 but Alla does not, which is why it cannot be recommended to be used in soil with EC 4,6 dS m−1 which answers to C2.

Swimming is used for rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and for conditioning to improve equine fitness. However, there are anecdotal reports that suggest that tethered swimming can induce epistaxis, likely secondary to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). The objective of this observational, prospective study was to investigate if EIPH occurs during intensive free-swimming training sessions (5 x 70m) using 15 endurance horses. On tracheo-bronchoscopic evaluations following swimming, low grade mucus scores were observed, but no tracheal blood was observed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis revealed a low cellularity, and the median red blood cell count (RBCs) was 271 cells/mu L (in-terquartile range 150-363 cells/mu L), which is much lower than the threshold of RBCs > 1,0 0 0 cells/mu L for horses to be considered positive for EIPH. Therefore, free swimming does not seem to predispose endurance horses to EIPH following a typical free-swimming training session.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

SummaryThe objective of this study was to report clinical characteristics, surgical management and medium‐term (6–12 months) outcomes of three Arabian neonatal foals with meniscal disruption associated with septic arthritis of the lateral femorotibial joint. The three neonatal Arabian foals with septic arthritis of the lateral femorotibial joint (LFTJ), were diagnosed with disruption of the lateral meniscal (LM). Suspicion of meniscal pathology was based on ultrasonography, computed tomography (in 2 foals) and confirmed during arthroscopy. Treatment included arthroscopic debridement and lavage of the joint with debridement of the meniscal disruption. Postoperative care included systemic and intra‐articular antimicrobials, based on culture and sensitivity results. Two of the foals received intra‐articular injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Marked LM disruption was observed in the LFTJ of the affected joints of all foals, involving the meniscal body (n = 3) and caudal horn (n = 1). Purulent material within the torn tissue was debrided with a synovial resector. Foal 1 was lame‐free as a yearling. Foal 2 was lame at walk at 7.5 months and euthanised due to poor prognosis. Foal 3 showed mild lameness at trot in a straight line at 6 months. Disruption of the LM continued to be visible on US in both foals at these timepoints. It was concluded that meniscal disruption and infection should be considered as a differential in neonatal foals with persistent femorotibial septic arthritis. In such cases, the LM could be the primary nidus of infection.

This paper investigates and analyzes different configurations of three-phase EMI filter for SiC-MOSFET-based automotive DC-AC inverters. Different configurations, such as single- and two-stage output filters (CM, dv/dt, dv/dt-CM, and sine-CM), are developed to investigate their performance at the output of SiC inverters. Filter performances are measured by their attenuation with respect to system requirements. The attenuation strongly depends on the mutual couplings between the filter components and their parasitic parameters. The parasitic parameters of the components and the electromagnetic couplings between the components are determined using ANSYS Q3D (FEM-MoM). In addition, a comparison is made between different filter configurations, considering the filter sizes, weights, and prices. It is found that proper selection of components, optimized placement of components, and suitable PCB design can significantly reduce the sizes, weights, and costs of EMI output filters. Finally, a measurement setup with different filter configurations is constructed for the EMI experiment. It is shown that two-stage optimized output filters attenuate EMI interference levels more.

The parasitic couplings between EMI filter components strongly impact the high-frequency attenuation of an EMI filter. One of the most effective ways to reduce the magnetic and capacitive couplings between components and improve the high-frequency attenuation is placing a conductive shield between filter components. Therefore, this paper analyzes and investigates the shielding enclosure's size and volume effect on EMI filter performance in common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) configurations using copper shields positioned over a CM choke.

A common-mode (CM) choke is one of the major filtering components used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters that impede the flow of common-mode current in the system. Besides, a common-mode choke also offers a finite differential-mode (DM) inductance in the form of leakage inductance. In general, the leakage inductance is small, which necessitates extra DM inductors and leads to a large filter size. In this paper, a single-phase CM choke is designed with an integrated DM inductance for use in EMI filters, based on a flux bypass inside the toroidal core. The DM inductance of these chokes can be altered by redesigning the windings, while the CM inductance remains identical to a conventional CM choke. The design and effectiveness of them are further supported by theoretical, simulated, and measurement results and core saturation analysis. Finally, an extension to three-phase CM chokes with integrated three-phase DM inductance is discussed.

Context Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (wild oats) is one of the major winter weeds of the Northern Grains Region of Australia. The abundance of this weed increased dramatically after the adoption of no-tillage conservation agriculture (NTCA). However, information is lacking on the germination characteristics of the two types of seed (i.e. primary and secondary) that it produces. Aims We aimed to determine the light and temperature requirements for germination and the time to germination of primary and secondary seeds of A. ludoviciana, in order to find ways to manage this weed effectively under NTCA systems. Methods Primary and secondary seeds and caryopses from two southern and two northern biotypes were exposed to a range of temperature and light regimes in the glasshouse, and germination was assessed. Key results All biotypes had ∼25% higher germination from primary than secondary seeds. Removing the hull increased caryopsis germination by ∼70%. The use of a light/dark photoperiod stimulated germination of both types of seed and caryopses compared with continuous darkness. Based on data for caryopses, 7°C and 9°C were found to be optimal germination temperatures for southern and northern biotypes, respectively. At optimum germination temperature, primary caryopses germinated 7–20 days earlier than secondary caryopses. In addition, a light/dark environment resulted in germination 2–6 days earlier than continuous darkness. Conclusions In the Northern Grains Region, seeds retained on or close to the soil surface (i.e. in NTCA systems) can undergo maximum germination during May–June (late autumn–winter), when long-term average temperatures match optimum germination temperatures. This coincides with winter crop plantings. Implications The seasonal timing of germination and the difference in germination timing between primary and secondary seeds, which help to stagger emergence of this weed, are major issues that need to be addressed in NTCA systems.

Context Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (wild oats) is one of the major winter weeds of the Northern Grains Region of Australia. The abundance of this weed increased dramatically after the adoption of no-tillage conservation agriculture (NTCA). However, information is lacking on the germination characteristics of the two types of seed (i.e. primary and secondary) that it produces. Aims We aimed to determine the light and temperature requirements for germination and the time to germination of primary and secondary seeds of A. ludoviciana, in order to find ways to manage this weed effectively under NTCA systems. Methods Primary and secondary seeds and caryopses from two southern and two northern biotypes were exposed to a range of temperature and light regimes in the glasshouse, and germination was assessed. Key results All biotypes had similar to 25% higher germination from primary than secondary seeds. Removing the hull increased caryopsis germination by similar to 70%. The use of a light/dark photoperiod stimulated germination of both types of seed and caryopses compared with continuous darkness. Based on data for caryopses, 7 degrees C and 9 degrees C were found to be optimal germination temperatures for southern and northern biotypes, respectively. At optimum germination temperature, primary caryopses germinated 7-20 days earlier than secondary caryopses. In addition, a light/dark environment resulted in germination 2-6 days earlier than continuous darkness. Conclusions In the Northern Grains Region, seeds retained on or close to the soil surface (i.e. in NTCA systems) can undergo maximum germination during May-June (late autumn-winter), when long-term average temperatures match optimum germination temperatures. This coincides with winter crop plantings. Implications The seasonal timing of germination and the difference in germination timing between primary and secondary seeds, which help to stagger emergence of this weed, are major issues that need to be addressed in NTCA systems.

The high-frequency performance of a common-mode (CM) choke and an EMI filter deteriorates due to the stray capacitance. This paper presents a prediction of the stray capacitance in the common-mode and differential-mode configurations of the CM choke individually. In addition, the effect of the stray capacitance on the core material is investigated for various core materials. The influence of the stray capacitance of a CM choke on single-stage EMI filters is investigated and verified. Finally, a proposal is made to lessen the influence of the stray capacitance on multi-stage EMI filters that employ more than one CM choke.

The accurate conversion of household-level food availability into individual-level nutrient availability depends on which adult-equivalent scale is employed. The purpose of this paper is to come up with a set of adult-equivalent scales based on the specific daily intake requirement for macro- and micronutrients. Using t-tests on household-level data from Nepal, we also attempt to find whether on average there are differences between the individual-level nutrient availability estimates when they are calculated through nutrient-specific versus calorie-based, per capita, or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adult-equivalent scales. The results suggest that on average there are significant differences between the individual-level nutrient availability estimates depending on which adult-equivalent scale is used. Finally, we find that nutrient-income elasticities calculated through different adult-equivalent scales are statistically different from each other. Thus, the nutrient-specific adult-equivalent scales derived in this paper have the potential to reduce measurement error in future studies.

In this study, compacted hematite (Fe2O3) preforms were made and sintered at various temperatures, such as 1250 °C and 1300 °C, using both conventional and microwave sintering methods. The density, porosity, microhardness, cold crushing strength, microphotographs, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the sintered preforms were used to evaluate the performance of the two sintering methods. It was found that microwave sintered preforms possessed lesser porosity and higher density than conventionally sintered preforms owing to uniform heating of the powdered ore in microwave sintering method. Furthermore, it was also observed that microwave sintered preforms exhibited relatively higher cold crushing strength and hardness than conventionally sintered preforms. Thus, the overall results revealed that microwave sintering yielded better properties considered in the present study.

Attenuation of EMI filters strongly depends on the mutual couplings among filter components and their parasitics. This paper explains and analyzes such effects of filter components. Analytical, numerical, and experimental methods are used in a systematic way, considering single- and three-phase EMI filters as examples. It is shown that several paths of couplings and parasitics reduce the filter performance significantly. A separate discussion of the impact on differential- and common-mode behavior is shown in detail, showing further potential in the methods for filter improvement.

Wheat as an important staple food crop that is facing serious threat by increasing the phenomenon of salinity in the vast area worldwide. Due to climate change, more arable lands are going to be depended on irrigation which causes raising of salinity in the soil where then affect negatively on seed germination and growth of plants. Araz, is one of the used wheat cultivar in Iraq and Kurdistan where it was tested for its salt tolerance level by using salt solutions 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mol L-1, which answer to 0.58, 1,17 and 2,92g -1, and comparing these solutions as TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) to Electrical Conductivity (Soil Extract) EC(dS/m) for salt tolerance classification. The results showed significant effects of salt level 0,01 molL-1 on germination parameters except for seed water uptake. By increasing salt levels to 0.02mol and 0.05molL-1 the effects are negatively increased. What is concerning the effect of salt levels on growth parameters, the obtained results indicated that generally and without exception negatively effects of salt levels on growth parameters but. There were no difference effects between salt levels 0.01mol/L and 0.02molL-1on fresh weight of radicle, while increasing salt levels to 0.02 molL-1 up to0.05 molL-1the effects on growth were more severe. Salt level 0.05 molL-1 which is equivalent to TDS range 2,000-5,000 mgL-1 and it is answer to 3,0 -7,5 EC (dS/m , seen as not tolerance for cultivation wheat cultivar Araz.