Displacement is the earlier concept of civilization but climate induced displacement is the contemporary issue as climate victim of modern and industrialized world. The prime aim of the study was to investigate the rural to urban migration of disaster induced displacement in coastal area of Bangladesh addressing to risks and opportunities. The study mainly based on primary data and secondary data was used for validation. Primary data have been obtained through the quantitative along with qualitative sources. Qualitative data were attained through Participant Observation, Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods. Quantitative data have been acquired through the field study consisting of a questionnaire survey. Data were interpreted by the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS-20). The study reveals that after displacement nearly 89% displaced people migrated from rural (Kutubdia Island) to Cox’s Bazar urban area. Consequently, meantime their monthly income, occupational status, housing and sanitation condition, source of drinking water and health care facilities were changed positively but in most cases they are dissatisfied. Because they lost their traditional and indigenous occupations system (after migration nearly 30% dissatisfied about their occupation but before migration it was 16%) and their housing pattern and conditions become worsen. Availability of water and sanitation facility and healthcare seeking behavior changed positively in the urban area. However, in urban area they faced multi-dimensional problems such as harassment by mussel man (14%) and local elite group influence (32%), loss of identity and dignity, freedom of speech, social stratification, loss of socio-cultural harmony and fear of eviction as well as involvement of different types of illegal activities, such as drug addiction and smuggling and so on. Finally, the study revealed that there is risk and opportunity for climate displaced people in urban migration. However, planned migration of disaster induced displaced people can reduce the risk factors in the urban setting.

The recent influx of Myanmar Rohingya people are allowed in Bangladesh simply due to humanitarian reason, of which older people are amongst the most vulnerable groups. Utilizing integrated methods, the refugee crisis is being managed jointly by various stakeholders. Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) is an NGO that has been providing support to older Rohingya people in the camps since the crisis began through their Age Friendly Support (AFS) centres. These centres provide basic medical treatment, counselling, education, health and wellbeing services, indoor games, and recreational services/activities. Yet, there have not been any studies to understand the expectations of older Rohingya people living in the camps. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the current YPSA support for older Rohingya people living in the Ukhiya camps and to evaluate their expectations for returning to Myanmar. A pilot survey was conducted on 26th April 2019 in two camp sites and in-depth interviews were also conducted with 4 participants (2 males and 2 females), followed by a focus group discussion. It emerged that older Rohingya people received necessary support services from these YPSA centres and are generally happy with those services. Although they remain grateful to Bangladesh for sheltering them, they are not as happy compared to their lives back in Myanmar. Most of the older people reported that their expectations involved a return to Myanmar as soon as possible as well as seeking justice from the international community so that the Rohingya crisis could soon come to an end.

The aim of the study is to investigate the inclusion of persons with disabilities (PwDs) in the climate change and disaster management related rules and policies in the coastal belt of Bangladesh. The perceptual or field data have been collected through field survey based on semi-structured questionnaire. A total 385 questionnaires were equally distributed among five study areas. The study reviewed that nearly fifteen (15) types of rules and policies have been identified among which eight (8) types of rules and policies are directly addressing the inclusion of PwDs in climate change and disaster management issues in Bangladesh. The study found that only 20 percent PwDs are included in disaster management committee in the national, district, metropolitan, municipal, upazila and union or ward levels. Although the maximum inclusion has been identified at the union level, the reason of execution is unaware of the rules of PwDs. In these circumstances, they do not get the security at shelter level and not priority during relief and rehabilitation in emergency period. While 60% of the PwDs believe that they have the ability to play roles or give an opinion in these committees. In order to, they argued that proper participation of PwDs at every planning process could ensure their dignity, security, priority and safer livelihood in coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Five critical areas require urgent action with the threat of internal displacement as a result of climate change already severe and growing in Bangladesh.

Climate change is amongst the most dreaded problems in the new millennium and arguably the greatest governance challenge the world has ever faced. Bangladesh is one of the most climate vulnerable countries on Earth and is set to become even more so as a result of climate change. Bangladesh suffers from regular natural hazards, including floods, tropical cyclones, storm surges and droughts. These hazards are already leading to the loss and destruction of housing, land and property, the loss of livelihoods and widespread displacement across the country. The effects of climate change are expected to exacerbate many of these existing hazards, as well as create new drivers of displacement. Many of these hazards are expected to disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable in Bangladesh, a country where more than 50 million people live in poverty. Among the 64 districts of Bangladesh, 26 coastal and mainland districts are already producing climate displaced people. But there is no comprehensive national policy in Bangladesh that specifically targets climate displacement. Resettlement for the displaced peoples should be a last resort in climate change adaptation, but the reality is that it is already occurring in some countries and this trend is likely to intensify. The climate-induced migrants are often discriminated and face different problems during or after the displacement. In many cases, the policies and institutional frameworks are not sufficient to protect the displaced people. The rehabilitation of displaced persons by government and non-government sectors are, to date, insignificant in terms of the total number of displaced persons. Importantly, livelihood problems remain after the rehabilitation of displaced persons. There should be a rights-based solution to this problem. There should be initiatives to generate sustainable employment opportunity for the rehabilitated climate displaced persons. Therefore, there is a need to review the relevant policies and institutional frameworks identifying the protection gaps and adopting new policies to protect the environmental migrants. To face the challenge of mass displacement (both internal and external) as a result of climate Change, Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) has been implementing Bangladesh Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights initiative with the support of Displacement Solutions (DS) for better settlement of climate displaced Peoples since 2012. The main objective of this project is to identify rights-based solutions and actions that could be undertaken to resolve the displacement of these climate-affected communities as well as to ensure and safeguard their housing, land and property rights. YPSA has been conducted three research studies that would examine in detail the true picture of land availability in Bangladesh for climate displaced persons as well as the potential durability of future resettlement. In this paper, the authors review the vulnerability and population displacement issues, existing policies, and suggest necessary policy and institutional frameworks with regard to extreme climate-induced disasters in coastal Bangladesh.

Las inundaciones relacionadas con los monzones anuales, la erosión fluvial y costera, las marejadas y los ciclones tropicales que emanan de la bahía de Bengala son una causa frecuente de desplazamiento en Bangladesh. Entre 1995 y 2015, Bangladesh sufrió daños por un costo total de más de US$ 2280 millones, equivalente al 0,73 % del PIB, causados por 185 catástrofes naturales.1 Como uno de los países más vulnerables a causa del clima en el mundo, Bangladesh está destinado a empeorar aún más como resultado del cambio climático, que genera nuevos disparadores de desplazamiento. De los 64 distritos de Bangladesh, 26 distritos costeros y continentales ya son víctimas de desplazamiento relacionado con el cambio climático. El gobierno de Bangladesh es muy consciente de esta crisis inminente, y alega que 20 millones de personas podrían quedar desplazadas en Bangladesh como consecuencia del aumento del nivel del mar solo en los próximos 40 años. Sin embargo, en Bangladesh no existe ninguna política nacional integral que aborde específicamente el desplazamiento inducido por el clima. Debido a una combinación de falta de voluntad política y de recursos financieros y técnicos, en la actualidad no existen mecanismos integrales para apoyar a personas que han perdido sus hogares, tierras y propiedad a causa del cambio climático. Como resultado, la rehabilitación de las personas desplazadas por parte del gobierno y los sectores no gubernamentales es, hasta ahora, muy limitada. Lo más importante es que sigue habiendo problemas con los medios de subsistencia después de la rehabilitación de las personas desplazadas. Dado que Bangladesh ha firmado y tiene la obligación de respetar muchos tratados internacionales clave de derechos humanos que proporcionan protecciones importantes en materia de derechos humanos a las personas desplazadas por el clima, el gobierno tiene responsabilidades claras según la ley nacional e internacional de proporcionarles soluciones basadas en los derechos a dichas personas, especialmente en lo que respecta a sus derechos de vivienda, tierra y propiedad. Además, dado que la mayoría de las personas desplazadas por los efectos del cambio climático se volverán desplazados internos, Bangladesh tiene la obligación de respetar los Principios Rectores de los Desplazamientos Internos de la ONU. Aunque estos principios no sean vinculantes, reflejan y son coherentes con los derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario que Bangladesh está obligado a defender.

The recent influx of Myanmar Rohingya people has created huge strains for the host community in Ukhiya and Teknaf Upazilas under the Cox’s Bazar District in the southern part of Bangladesh. The strains involve socio-economic, cultural, political and environmental burdens for the Government of Bangladesh. Although it has allowed the Rohingya people solely for humanitarian reasons, as yet the country has received little support from the international community in order to help return them to their country of origin. In this forced Rohingya migration crisis, the elderly, children and women and also young girls are the most vulnerable. Bangladesh has successfully managed the crisis so far by providing food, shelter and medical support in an integrated way. As an NGO, YPSA is providing support to elderly Rohingya people in the camps since the crisis began through age friendly support centres in selected camps in order to provide basic medical treatment, counselling, education, health and wellbeing, indoor games and recreation space for example. Yet there have not been any study involving the Rohingya elderly in the camps to help understand their expectations. The purpose of the paper is to examine the current support for the Rohingya elderly in the Ukhiya camps and to evaluate their expectations for returning to Myanmar. A pilot survey was conducted on 26th April 2019 in two campsites and in-depth interviews conducted with 4 participants (2 males and 2 females) followed by a focus group discussion. It emerged that the elderly receive necessary services from the YPSA centres and are generally happy with those services. They also reported that they remain grateful to Bangladesh for sheltering them but are not happy compared to their lives back in Myanmar. Almost all the elderly that took part reported that their expectation is to go back to Myanmar as soon as possible. They also seek justice from the international community so that the Rohingya crisis can soon come to an end.