Abstract The external gastric effect of H. pylori is not restricted to the liver. In this study, we will detect this fact through the effect of this bacterial infection on the normal physiological function of the liver. The passive negative effect of Helicobacter on the liver is reflected as hepatitis. Hepatitis causes alteration in the normal physiological function of the liver on different levels, starting from the normal enzyme secretion level to the hormonal level, which is secreted by the liver to regulate the normal function of other systems. The aim of this study was to find this fact by comparing some parameters from the patient (with gastric ulcer) with those of a normal noninfected individual. The parameter is icterus in the patient as a clinical sign that reflected hepatic abnormality and hepatitis detected by a highly skilled clinician. A recent study with a case-control design connected hepatitis and its functional abnormalities in a patient with gastric ulcer who was infected by H. pylori. A total of 382 patients were included as the sample from a community of 60,000 patients in a specific area of Mosul, Iraq. The total population of this city is around 1.5 million. According to a previous study, it is estimated that 0.02% of the city population suffers from gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori. The sample was collected by highly skilled staff along with specialist clinicians. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25 by the specialized staff. We monitored the negative effect of H. pylori on different aspects of infected patients, especially hepatic inflammation and its abnormal physiological function. In this study, icterus is used as a clinical indicator for hepatic abnormalities.

Teucrium polium L., a member of the Lamiaceae family. The plant's leaf ingredients were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol, in that order. Column chromatography (CC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to figure out what phenolic components were in different extracts. Through these methods, three distinct fractions were isolated, originating from ethyl acetate and ethanolic extractions. Further examination of these fractions led to the discovery of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol and coumaric acid. The antibacterial activity of isolated components was examined through rigorous testing. To evaluate the efficacy against different types of bacteria, the disc-diffusion assay was employed. This involved testing each fraction against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, as well as four Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Fraction (F1) was able to stop the growth of K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus well with an inhibition zone of 19-21 mm. Fraction (F2) showed high activity against all types of bacteria used in this study, with an inhibition zone of 19-23 mm. This study's findings suggest that Teucrium polium holds potential as a valuable source of natural antibacterial phenolic compounds.

The research deals with anaerobic fermentation and creating the conditions for bacteria (Methanogens) to carry out the process of hydration, acidification and production of methane gas. The study included the design of an anaerobic reactor made of thick glass (12) mm, with dimensions (of 35 x 35 x 35) cm, with a thermal heater inside it and a temperature set at (45) ℃, and then filled with Dairy wastewater. The Treatment period of the reactor reached two months, during which water samples were taken (72hrc) for laboratory tests (pH, COD). The laboratory tests began on 1/1/2021 and ended on 1/3/2021. COD removal of 87.12% was achieved with a neutral pH at the beginning of the second month of treatment. Biogas was obtained in this anaerobic reactor by fermentation and in the presence of bacteria (Methanogens), and its amount during the treatment period was 1.6 m3. Keywords: Bioenergy, Dairy waste Water, anaerobic reactor, Fermentation, bacteria (Methanogens)

Abstract. Saeed YS, Ali JF, Mohammed MA. 2023. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae). Biodiversitas 24: 3162-3168. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic components isolated from the leaves of Ruta graveolens L. The phenolic compounds were extracted in different organic solvents (hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) and analyzed by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Three discrete fractions were collected and subsequently examined: one from ethyl acetate extraction (I) and two from ethanolic extraction (II and III). No fractions from hexane were obtained. In particular, the ethanolic fractions were analyzed by HPLC analysis which contained the most bioactive compounds. The major phenolic compounds from the ethanol extracts were catechol and coumarin (1.104966 and 16.612227 mg/kg), followed by catechol and hydroquinone (0.144731 and 1.90781 mg/Kg), whereas, resorcinol and coumarin from the ethyl acetate extracts (14.78298 and 21.75253 mg/kg). The ethanol extract had the highest level of antioxidant activity, and other fractions had antioxidant effects at different levels; because the three fractions' phenolic chemicals have varied redox characteristics, their impacts vary in strength. The highest inhibition zones (mm) of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at 24 ?g/mL for fractions II and I were 23 and 22 mm, respectively. At 24 ?g/mL, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris had inhibition zones of 21 and 20 mm, respectively. Fraction I and II did not show Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris inhibition zones (mm) at 1.5 µg/mL. Finally, the study's results suggest that using R. graveolens ethanol extracts may be a natural source of antioxidants and anti-infectious agents.

Abstract. Mohammed MA, Ali JF, Saeed YS, Yaseen IH, Ahmad BH. 2022. Biological activity of some phenolic compounds extracted from Agrimonia eupatoria against several pathogenic bacteria species. Biodiversitas 23: 4912-4917. Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to overcome infectious diseases. This study was carried out to isolate, characterize, and determine the antibacterial activity of natural compounds obtained from A. eupatoria aerial parts. Three solvents were used in the extraction process. First, hexane was used for defatting plant samples. Then ethyl acetate and ethanol were used to obtain the fraction containing phenolic compounds and their antibacterial activity against several bacteria. The current study identifies several phenolic compounds isolated from A. eupatoria, including gallic acid, salicylic acid, cinnamic acids, and resorcinol, using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of several phenolic compounds against four bacterial isolates, i.e., Corynebacterium diphtheria, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhymurium, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results indicated that the plant compounds had an antibacterial activity proportional to the concentration. The B. cereus was the most sensitive to the compound isolated from A. eupatoria, followed by C. diphtheria, whereas S. typhimurium exhibited the most insensitive.

Due to various dwindling resources as well as the significance of such resources to the building of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ongoing usage petroleum-based energies has also now generally regarded as irresponsible. For sustainable food production, alternative, dioxide transportation hydrocarbons were required. Gasoline made using oilseed crops has the ability to just be a sustainable or nitrogen biofuel. Consequently, gasoline fuel made using energy crops, leftover sunflower oil, including sunflower oil may provide a tiny portion of the current requirement for fuel sources. Organisms are often the primary basis of sustainable biofuels to provide the rising demands for fuel sources, as proven elsewhere. That research has carried out to determine the correct conversion, quantity of producing biofuels (ester), but also biofuel physical features. Cyanobacteria, like trees, absorb sunlight to produce lipids, but they do so extremely effectively. Many microalgae have oils efficiency that much surpasses those of the strongest seed oils. It really is explored how to make microalgae biomass biofuel financially viable against petroleum diesel.