AIM:Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is approved for the treatment of faecal incontinence (FI) in a two-stage technique. With standardized implantation, approximately 90% of patients undergo successful Stage I operation and proceed to a permanent implant (Stage II). The aim of this work was to explore the feasibility of SNM as a one-stage procedure and report the 24-week efficacy. METHOD:This study included patients diagnosed with idiopathic FI or FI due to an external anal sphincter defect ≤160° and one or more episodes of FI per week despite maximal conservative therapy. Patients were offered a one-stage procedure if a motor response of the external anal sphincter was achieved in three or more poles with at least one at ≤1.5 mA at lead placement. Patients were followed for 24 weeks. Their evaluation included the Wexner/St Mark's Incontinence Score, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life score (FIQoL), a visual analogue scale (VAS) for assessing patient satisfaction and a bowel habit diary. RESULTS:Seventy-three patients with a median age of 60 years (interquartile range 50-69 years) completed this prospective study. Episodes of FI were significantly reduced at the 24-week follow-up, from 13 (8-23) at baseline to 2 (0-5) (p-value = 0002). A ≥50% reduction in the number of FI episodes was achieved in 92% of participants. The Wexner score improved significantly from 16 (14-17) at baseline to 9 (5-13) (p-value < 0.001), and the St Mark's score improved significantly from 18 (16-20) to 11 (7-16) (p-value < 0.001). All domains in the FIQoL score and VAS for patient satisfaction improved significantly following the one-stage procedure. CONCLUSION:A one-stage implantation procedure is feasible in selected patients with FI, significantly improving continence, quality of life and patient satisfaction after 24 weeks of follow-up.

Abstract Introduction The goal of this project was to create an up‐to‐date joint European clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence (FI), using the best available evidence. These guidelines are intended to help guide all medical professionals treating adult patients with FI (e.g., general practitioners, surgeons, gastroenterologists, other healthcare workers) and any patients who are interested in information regarding the diagnosis and management of FI. Methods These guidelines have been created in cooperation with members from the United European Gastroenterology (UEG), European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP), European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) and the European Society for Primary Care Gastroenterology (ESPCG). These members made up the guideline development group (GDG). Additionally, a patient advisory board (PAB) was created to reflect and comment on the draft guidelines from a patient perspective. Relevant review questions were established by the GDG along with a set of outcomes most important for decision making. A systematic literature search was performed using these review questions and outcomes as a framework. For each predefined review question, the study or studies with the highest level of study design were included. If evidence of a higher‐level study design was available, no lower level of evidence was sought or included. Data from the studies were extracted by two reviewers for each predefined important outcome within each review question. Where possible, forest plots were created. After summarising the results for each review question, a systematic quality assessment using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) approach was performed. For each review question, we assessed the quality of evidence for every predetermined important outcome. After evidence review and quality assessment were completed, recommendations could be formulated. The wording used for each recommendation was dependent on the level of quality of evidence. Lower levels of evidence resulted in weaker recommendations and higher levels of evidence resulted in stronger recommendations. Recommendations were discussed within the GDG to reach consensus. Results These guidelines contain 45 recommendations on the classification, diagnosis and management of FI in adult patients. Conclusion These multidisciplinary European guidelines provide an up‐to‐date comprehensive evidence‐based framework with recommendations on the diagnosis and management of adult patients who suffer from FI.

OBJECTIVES:In some patients treated for urinary or fecal incontinence with sacral neuromodulation (SNM) persistence of symptoms, a reduction in efficacy or adverse effects of stimulation can occur. In such situations, further programming of the SNM device can help resolve problems. Infrequently hardware failure is detected. This article aims to provide practical guidance to solve sub-optimal outcomes (troubleshooting) occurring in the course of SNM therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A systematic literature review was performed. Collective clinical experience from an expert multidisciplinary group was used to form opinion where evidence was lacking. RESULTS:Circumstances in which reprogramming is required are described. Actions to undertake include changes of electrode configuration, stimulation amplitude, pulse frequency, and pulse width. Guidance in case of loss of efficacy and adverse effects of stimulation, developed by a group of European experts, is presented. In addition, various hardware failure scenarios and their management are described. CONCLUSIONS:Reprogramming aims to further improve patient symptoms or ensure a comfortable delivery of the therapy. Initial changes of electrode configuration and adjustment of stimulation parameters can be performed at home to avoid unnecessary hospital visits. A logical and stepwise approach to reprogramming can improve the outcome of therapy and restore patient satisfaction.

To compare the current clinical scoring systems used to quantify the severity of symptoms of faecal incontinence (FI) to patients’ subjective scoring of parameters of psychosocial well-being. Patients referred to six European centres for investigation or treatment of symptoms of FI between June 2017 and September 2019 completed a questionnaire that captured patient demographics, incontinence symptoms using St. Mark’s Incontinence score (SMIS) and ICIQ-B, psychological well-being (HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and social interaction (a three-item loneliness scale). Three hundred eighteen patients completed questionnaires (62 men, mean age 58.7). Sixty percent of the respondents were aged under 65. Median SMIS was 15 (11–18), ICIQ-B bowel pattern was 8 (6–11) and bowel control was 17 (13–22), similar across all demographic groups; however, younger patients were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety (HADS score > 10, 65.2% of patients age < 65 vs 54.9% of those ages > = 65, p = 0.03) with lower quality of life (ICIQ-B QoL, median score 19 (14–23)) vs age > = 65 (16 (11–21) (p < 0.005)). On loneliness score 25.5% reported often feeling isolated from others. One of the most significant concerns by patients was the fear and embarrassment related to unpredictable episodes of incontinence. The SMIS remains a useful tool for quantifying incontinence symptoms but may underestimate the psychosocial morbidity associated with unpredictable episodes of incontinence. Interventions aimed at decreasing anxiety and to address feelings of disgust may be helpful for a significant number of patients requiring treatment for FI.

Introduction Chronic pelvic pain in women is a complex condition, and physical therapy is recommended as part of a broader treatment approach. The objective of this study was to compare structured group-based multimodal physical therapy in a hospital setting (intervention group) with primary-care physical therapy (comparator group) for women with chronic pelvic pain. Material and methods Women aged 20-65 years with pelvic pain >= 6 months and referred for physical therapy were eligible. The primary outcome measure was change in the mean pelvic pain intensity from baseline to 12 months, measured using the numeric rating scale (0-10). Secondary outcomes were changes in scores of "worst" and "least" pain intensity, health-related quality of life, movement patterns, pain-related fear of movements, anxiety and depression, subjective health complaints, sexual function, incontinence, and obstructed defecation. The differences between the groups regarding change in scores were analyzed using the independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test. Sensitivity analysis of the primary outcome was performed with a linear regression model adjusted for the baseline value. A P value Of the 62 women included, 26 in the intervention group and 25 in the comparator group were available after 12 months for data collection and analysis. The difference between the groups for change in the mean pain intensity score was -1.2 (95% CI -2.3 to -0.2; P = .027), favoring the intervention group. The intervention group showed greater improvements in respiratory patterns (mean difference 0.9; 95% CI 0.2-1.6; P = .015) and pain-related fear of movements (mean difference 2.9; 95% CI -5.5 to -0.3; P = .032), and no significant differences were observed between the groups for the other secondary outcomes. Conclusions Although the reduction in the mean pelvic pain intensity with group-based multimodal physical therapy was significantly more than with primary-care physical therapy, the difference in the change between the groups was less than expected and the clinical relevance is uncertain.

St Mark’s incontinence score (SMIS) and the Wexner score have been constructed and validated as interview-based scoring systems. We developed a single questionnaire from which a separate SMIS or Wexner score could be derived. This study aimed to demonstrate the level of agreement between self-administered (sSMIS and sWexner) and interview-based (iSMIS and iWexner) scores using this questionnaire. One hundred five consecutive patients (30 male) seen in the incontinence outpatient clinics at the Østfold Hospital Trust, Sarpsborg, and University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, completed the self-administered incontinence questionnaire prior to the appointment. Following clinical investigation, the patients were interviewed about their symptoms according to the SMIS and Wexner scores, with the interviewers blinded to the results from self-reported questionnaire. Agreement between total scores and between subscores of the various items were determined using interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics, respectively. The self-administered questionnaire was incomplete in six cases (5.7%) and the interview-based was incomplete in two cases. Agreement was almost perfect between the iSMIS and sSMIS and between the iWexner score and sWexner score (ICC 0.90 and 0.92, respectively). Agreement was substantial to almost perfect for all items in both scoring systems, with kappa values ranging from 0.64–0.94. Mean iSMIS was 9.48 versus 9.53 for sSMIS (p = 0.90) and 8.26 versus 8.44 for the iWexner and sWexner score, respectively (p = 0.42). The SMIS and Wexner scores can be completed by the patients using a single questionnaire, and the derived SMIS and Wexner scores are highly consistent with scores obtained by interview.

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of faecal incontinence and concomitant urinary incontinence in women with a history of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). MethodIn this prospective study, consecutive women with faecal incontinence following OASIS accepted for SNM were screened for concomitant urinary incontinence. The primary outcome was the change in urinary incontinence score on the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence, Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), between baseline and 12months. Secondary outcomes included the change in St Mark's score, sexual function and quality of life, change in grade of urinary incontinence and disappearance of urgency. ResultsFrom March 2012 to September 2014, 39 women with combined faecal incontinence and urinary incontinence received SNM. Thirty-seven women were available for analysis after 12months. The mean reduction in the ICIQ-UI-SF score between the baseline and 12months was 5.8 (95% CI 3.7-8.0, P<0.001). ICIQ-UI-SF was reduced in 29 (78%) women, urinary incontinence resolved in 13/37 (35%, 95% CI 20%-50%) patients, and urgency disappeared in 14/33 (42%, 95% CI 26%-59%). The mean reduction in the St Mark's score was 10.6 (95% CI 8.6-12.7, P<0.001). Disease-specific quality of life, Euroqual 5-dimension visual analogue scale (EQ-5D VAS) and several areas of sexual function changed significantly for the better. ConclusionMore than three-quarters of the women with combined faecal and urinary incontinence following OASIS reported a successful outcome with reduction in ICIQ-UI-SF at 12months after SNM.

Aim The purpose of this trial was to compare the effectiveness of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) with a submucosal injection of collagen (Permacol (R)) in women with faecal incontinence following obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS).Method This single-blinded randomized controlled trial at two hospital units in Norway included women with faecal incontinence following OASIS. Eligible women who had had a successful percutaneous nerve evaluation were randomly assigned to SNM or Permacol (R). The primary outcome was the difference in the St Mark's incontinence score between baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in the disease-specific quality of life (FIQL) and urinary incontinence (ICIQ-UI-SF) scores.Results Fifty-eight women were randomly assigned to SNM (n = 30) and Permacol (R) (n = 28). The reduction in the St Mark's score between baseline and 6 months was 11.2 (SD 5.3) in the SNM group vs 2.3 (SD 5.0) in the Permacol (R) group, resulting in a difference of 8.9 (95% CI: 6.1-11.7, P < 0.0001). The differences in the four scales of FIQL (lifestyle, coping, depression, embarrassment) were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.50-1.30, P < 0.001), 1.05 (0.62-1.47, P < 0.001), 0.52 (95% CI: 0.16-0.87, P = 0.005) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.50-1.40, P < 0.001), respectively, in favour of SNM. The difference in the ICIQ-UI-SF was 5.0 (95% CI: 1.97-8.02, P = 0.002) in favour of SNM. There were nine minor adverse events in the SNM group compared with seven in the Permacol (R) group (P = 0.77).Conclusion SNM was superior to Permacol (R) in terms of reduction of St Mark's score, ICIQ-UI-SF and the change of the FIQL in women with faecal incontinence following OASIS.

Introduction Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) (sacral nerve stimulation SNS) has become an established therapy for functional disorders of the pelvic organs. Despite its overall success, the therapy fails in a proportion of patients. This may be partially due to inadequate electrode placement with suboptimal coupling of the electrode and nerve. Based on these assumptions the technique of sacral spinal neuromodulation has been redefined. All descriptions relate to the only currently available system licensed for all pelvic indications (Medtronic Interstim®). Method An international multidisciplinary working party of ten individuals highly experienced in performing SNM convened two meetings (including live operating) to standardize the implant procedure. This report addresses the main steps to optimal electrode lead placement in temporal sequence. Results Key elements of the electrode placement are radiological marking, the use of a curved stylet, the entry of the electrode into the sacral foramen and its progression through the foramen, its placement guided by a combination of a typical appearance in fluoroscopy and achieving specific motor/sensory responses with stimulation. The report describes quadripolar electrode placement and then either insertion of a connecting percutaneous extension lead or permanent implantation of the programmable device. Conclusion Standardization of electrode placement may ensure close electrode proximity to the target nerve providing a higher likelihood for optimal effect with less energy consumption (better battery longevity), more programming options with more electrode contacts close to the nerve and reduced likelihood of side-effects. The potentially better clinical outcome needs to be demonstrated.

Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) in women with faecal incontinence (FI) following obstetric anal sphincter injury and to relate the outcomes to baseline factors, with special emphasis on the extent of the sphincter defect.Method This was a prospective study at a tertiary colorectal referral unit at the University Hospital of North Norway conducted from 2012 to 2014. Sixty-three women underwent a 3-week PNE using a tined lead and the Verify((R)) external neurostimulator. The primary outcome was efficacy, defined as the percentage reduction in weekly FI episodes, and patients with a reduction of 50% or more were defined as responders. Baseline factors affecting the primary outcome were explored. Sphincter defects were classified with a validated three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound defect score.Results Fifty-six (89%) of the 63 women were responders with a reduction in weekly FI episodes of 94.5%, from a median (interquartile range) of 4.8 (2.0-11.0) to 0.5 (0-2.0) (P < 0.001). Twenty-nine (52%) reported no weekly FI episodes, and urgency episodes disappeared in 18 (32%). In the multivariable linear regression model, efficacy was related to concomitant urinary incontinence (P = 0.04), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03) and pain during PNE (P = 0.046) but not to the extent of the sphincter defect (P = 0.1). Responders had a higher St Mark's score than nonresponders (P = 0.046).Conclusions The vast majority of women had successful PNE tests. Responders had higher baseline St Mark's scores than nonresponders. Efficacy was related to concomitant urinary incontinence, BMI and pain, not to the extent of the sphincter defect.

BACKGROUND:Sacral nerve stimulation implies electrical stimulation of a sacral nerve root by an electrode and a pacemaker. Within the past few years, sacral nerve stimulation has become a possible treatment option for selected patients with urinary retention, urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and constipation. The method is furthermore being tested for several other conditions.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The article presents the method and treatment results following various indications based on the authors' own experience and non-systematic PubMed search.RESULTS:During a test period an external pacemaker is used for 3-30 days, with length of test differing according to the indication. A positive test (improvement of symptoms by 50 % or more) is achieved by 70-90 % of patients with anal incontinence, 70 % with urinary non-obstructive retention, 52-77 % with urinary urge incontinence and 43-72 % with constipation. Sacral nerve stimulation may also be effective in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Following implantation of a pacemaker a sustainable effect is seen in 50-90 % of patients with a positive test. Up to 75 % of patients will need repeated follow-up including pacemaker reprogramming or reoperations due to diminished effect. The longevity of the pacemaker is 3-10 years, and it must be replaced operatively when the battery has depleted.INTERPRETATION:Treatment with sacral nerve stimulation may be efficient over time in patients with various pelvic floor dysfunctions, especially anal incontinence and non-obstructive urinary retention. Most of the patients will need close follow-up in order to maintain an optimal result.

BACKGROUND:Beta-glucan pretreatment has been shown to attenuate inflammatory response and to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal studies. The aims of the present study were to examine the safety of pretreatment with beta-1,3/1,6-glucan in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and to investigate whether beta-1,3/1,6-glucan pretreatment could suppress inflammatory response and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury following CABG.METHODS:Twenty one patients scheduled for CABG were assigned to oral beta-1,3/1,6-glucan 700 mg (Group 1) or 1 400 mg (Group 2) five consecutive days before surgery and were compared with a control group (Group 3). Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and on the first, third and fifth postoperative day for analysis of acute-phase reactants, hematology, cytokines and myocardial enzymes.RESULTS:The study drug was well tolerated. Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB was significantly lower in Group 2 compared with controls on the first postoperative day (p = 0.028). Mean change in cardiac troponin T was lower in Group 2 compared with controls (p = 0.028).CONCLUSIONS:Beta-1,3/1,6-glucan pretreatment is safe in patients undergoing CABG and may protect against ischemia reperfusion injury following CABG.