Automatic text summarization (ATS) is a critical area in natural language processing that aims to condense long documents into concise and meaningful summaries. Manual text summarization is a time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly process. Researchers have been actively working to enhance ATS techniques, focusing on either extractive, abstractive, or hybrid methods. This review explores different summarization techniques, including extractive and abstract approaches, with a focus on recent developments using machine learning and deep learning models. The paper also discusses the challenges in generating high-quality summaries, including coherence, redundancy, and information loss. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive survey for researchers, presenting the various aspects of ATS, including approaches, taxonomy analysis, datasets, evaluation methods, and future research trends.

BACKGROUND:Recalcitrant bone nonunion is characterized by impaired biological potential at the fracture site due to diminished vascularity and loss of osteogenic cells, reducing the success rate of nonvascularized bone grafts. In cases of ununited fractures of the tibia and femur with minimal gapping, the medial femoral condyle (MFC) corticoperiosteal flap offers a promising solution. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the pedicled MFC corticoperiosteal flap in achieving union in recalcitrant nonunion of the distal half of the femur. The secondary objective is to report complications associated with this technique. METHODS:Three male patients with recalcitrant nonunion of the distal half of the femur were included. The transposition ratio was calculated by dividing the distance between the medial femoral epicondyle and the nonunion site (DMEB) by the distance from the medial femoral epicondyle to the apex of the lesser trochanter (DMELT). Patients with a ratio greater than 0.5 were excluded. Each patient underwent adequate rigid fixation, followed by harvesting a pedicled MFC corticoperiosteal flap from the medial distal femur. The flap was rotated to cover the nonunion site and augmented with an iliac crest bone graft to fill residual gaps. Bony union was monitored through monthly X-rays and CT scans. RESULTS:All three patients (average age 36.7 years) had recalcitrant nonunion, two cases being aseptic atrophic and one septic. Union was achieved in all patients (100% union rate), with an average time to union of 6.7 months. No mechanical failures were observed. Complications included saphenous nerve injury and seroma in one patient, and an incisional hernia at the iliac crest graft donor site in another. CONCLUSION:The pedicled MFC-CP flap appears to be a feasible option for treating recalcitrant distal femur nonunion, with minimal donor site morbidity. However, larger studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.

Abstract Background Deficient shoulder function is a common and exhausting issue in children with obstetric brachial plexus injuries. Even with functioning elbow, wrist, and fingers, upper limb function is markedly disabled by limited shoulder abduction external rotation. Lower trapezius transfer carries many advantages; simple and safe technique, same line of pull as donor; reliable nerve supply (extraplexal from spinal accessory nerve), and not acting on rotation of the shoulder, mostly it will not adversely affect internal rotation range after the transfer. This study aims to evaluate the role of isolated lower trapezius transfer in reconstructing shoulder external rotation. Materials and methods This prospective case series study included 20 patients with sequelae of obstetric brachial plexus injury lacking shoulder external rotation who underwent lower trapezius transfer to infraspinatus. In all cases, the lower trapezius muscle was the donor, and the recipient tendon was the Infraspinatus muscle. Shoulder range of motion, Modified Gilbert grading, and Mallet Classification were used to evaluate results. Results The mean age at the time of surgery was 4.5 years. The average increase in shoulder external rotation and abduction was 40⁰ and 42.5⁰ respectively, the modified Gilbert grading improved from a mean of 3.85 to 4.85 postoperative. Mallet classification improved from a mean of 3.5 preoperative to 4.8 postoperative. Improvement (Mallet classification of ≥ 4) was obtained in 18 cases (90%). Conclusion Isolated lower trapezius transfer is considered an effective option with promising results in cases of sequelae of obstetric brachial plexus injury for restoration of shoulder external rotation as well as abduction.

Abstract Background High ulnar nerve injuries is known to have unfavorable motor outcomes compared to other peripheral nerve injuries in the upper extremity. Functional muscle recovery after peripheral nerve injury depends on the time to motor end plate reinnervation and the number of motor axons that successfully reach the target muscle. The purpose of this study is to assess the functional recovery, and complications following performing supercharge end-to-side (SETS) anastomosis for proximal ulnar nerve injuries. Our study focuses on the role of SETS in the recovery process of high ulnar nerve injury. Patient and methods This study is a prospective, single-arm, open-label, case series. The original proximal nerve pathology was dealt with according to the cause of injury, then SETS was performed distally. The follow-up period was 18 months. We compared the neurological findings before and after the procedure. A new test was used to show the effect of SETS on recovery by performing a Lidocaine proximal ulnar nerve block test. Results Recovery of the motor function of the ulnar nerve was evident in 33 (86.8%) patients. The mean time to intrinsic muscle recovery was 6.85 months ± 1.3, only 11.14% of patients restored protective sensation to the palm and finger and 86.8% showed sensory level at the wrist level at the end of the follow-up period. Lidocaine block test was performed on 35 recovered patients and showed no change in intrinsic hand function in 31 patients. Conclusion SETS exhibit a remarkable role in the treatment of high ulnar nerve damage. SETS transfer can act as a nerve transfer that can supply intrinsic muscles by its fibers and allows for proximal nerve regeneration. We believe that this technique improves recovery of hand motor function and allows recovery of sensory fibers when combined with treating the proximal lesion. Trial registration Approved by Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine- Cairo University on 01/09/2021 with code number: MD-215–2021.

Recently, the significance of accurate aircraft delay forecasting has grown in the aviation sector, which caused multi-billion-dollar losses faced by airlines and airports and passenger loyalty losses. Due to the importance of accurate flight delay prediction for all stakeholders involved, the aviation sector seeks to develop techniques for more robust flight delay prediction. Is quickly becoming an important research issue to improve airport and airline service performance and offer customers dependable travel itineraries. Machine learning techniques have been used in a number of studies to evaluate and resolve issues with flight delay prediction. This paper proposes a framework integrated network called ‘Attention-based Bidirectional long short-term memory’ (ATT-BI-LSTM) for flight delay prediction. The Bidirectional LSTM model extracts the spatial and temporal of the flight network with weather features. The ‘Attention mechanism’ has been proposed to enable the model to discover significant and discriminating features that contribute to categorization. The first stage of the proposed framework is the ‘preprocessing of dataset’ which is performed through two steps. The first step is data transformation using MinMax scaler to reduce the variation in the data. The second step is ‘balancing the dataset’ using SMOTE technique for balancing data. The second stage is the establishment of the ATT-BI-LSTM network through the deep tuning experiments of network structure to identify the best combination of parameters and network architecture. To validate the performance of the proposed framework, a wide network of US domestic flights tested in two scenarios. In Scenario 1, the objective is to predict the delay of flight arrival and departure, by using basic flight features with the weather. In Scenario 2, the objective is to predict the delay of flight arrival, by using basic flight features with departure delays. Simulation results show that in scenario 1, the training accuracy of flights’ delay is 88% in both flight delay arrivals and departure, and the testing accuracies of flights’ delay 83% and 82% in departure and arrival respectively. On the other hand, in scenario 2, testing accuracies are 94.30% and 93.71% in the two datasets respectively. The simulation results show that the ATT-BI-LSTM model outperforms other models found in the literature. Therefore, the developed ATT-BI-LSTM framework can contribute strongly to mitigating flight delays by providing a high accuracy prediction system in real-time monitoring to airport and aviation authorities.

Background Shoulder abduction is an essential movement for placement of the hand in space and thus for upper limb function. The objective of this study was to introduce and test the effectiveness of a new technique of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer to deltoid insertion to restore shoulder abduction. Methods We prospectively included 10 male patients with a lost deltoid function. Their mean age was 34.6 years (range, 25−46). We describe a new technique to compensate for the loss of the deltoid function using a latissimus dorsi tendon transfer augmented with a semitendinosus tendon graft. The tendon graft is passed over the acromion and attached to the anatomical deltoid insertion. Postoperatively, a shoulder spica in 90° abduction was used for six weeks followed by physiotherapy. Results Patients were followed up for a mean of 25.4 months (range, 12–48). The mean range of active shoulder abduction rose to 110° (range, 90–140°) with a mean gain of 83° of abduction. Conclusions This procedure can be a useful technique for restoration of a significant range and strength of active shoulder abduction.

Abstract Introduction: Resistant nonunion of the distal half of the femur is considered a major challenge for both the patient and the treating surgeon. Resistant bone nonunion is defined as impairment of the biological potential at the fracture bony ends due to diminished vascularity and loss of osteogenic cells at the bony ends, thus nonvascularized bone grafts will have a low chance of achieving union. Resistant nonunion includes septic nonunion, atrophic nonunion with failed nonvascularized graft and nonunion of recycled bony segments. Vascularized bone grafts include vascularized fibular flap and medial femoral condyle periosteal flap and others.1Vascularized fibular flap is suitable for gap nonunion with large gaps more than 5 centimeters. In resistant nonunion with minimal gapping in the lower limb, medial femoral condyle periosteal flap is more suitable. Medial femoral condyle periosteal flap is harvested from the distal medial aspect of the femur, and can be transferred as a free flap for distal site nonunion. In the distal half of the femur, the medial femoral condyle periosteal flap can be pedicled and transferred to the nonunion site at any point in the distal half of the femur.2–5 Methods we included three patients with resistant nonunion of the distal half of the femur. We calculated the transposition ratio for every patient by measuring the distance between the medial femoral epicondyle and the nonunion site (DMEB) and divided it by the distance between the medial femoral epicondyle and the apex of the lesser trochanter (DMELT). Patients with transposition ratio more than 0.5 were excluded from the study and other surgical options were done. Adequate rigid fixation was done in the three patients. The pedicled medial femoral condyle periosteal flap was harvested from the medial aspect of the distal femur.And was rotated to cover the nonunion site and was augmented by iliac crest graft to fill any gap. Bony union was followed up by monthly X ray and CT topography. All the three cases united (union rate 100%) with average duration of union was 6.7 months .We concluded that pedicled medial femoral condyle periosteal flap is a suitable surgical option for resistant nonunion of the distal half of the femur in addition to adequate rigid fixation.

Flight delay prediction is one of the most significant components of intelligent aviation systems that may spread throughout the whole aviation network and cause multi-billion-dollar losses faced by airlines and airports, it is quickly becoming an important research issue to improve airport and airline performance. Thus this paper proposed an effective algorithm called Flight Delay Path Previous-based Machine Learning (FDPP-ML) capable of improved prediction of individual flight delay minutes using regression models to an up level of accuracy. As aviation system connectivity presents complex spatial–temporal correlations, machine learning approaches have addressed flight delay prediction by using complex flight or weather features, or private information for specific airports and airlines that are hard to obtain, In contrast, the proposed FDPP-ML improved prediction based only on basic flight schedule features even with wide flight networks. The FDPP-ML consists of a novel algorithm with a supervised learning model, which works on reshaping datasets and creates two new features the main feature is previous flight delay (PFD) for flight paths, there is a strong relationship between departure and arrival delay, and vice versa for the same flight path, which increases the strength of the training model based on historical data. For target future flights, the algorithm works on inheriting the predicted flight delay to the next flight on the same flight path and repeats this process to end the prediction forecast horizon. The proving of approach effectiveness by using a wide network of US flight arrival and departure flights containing 366 airports and 10 airlines with various metrics accuracies of regression, and explanatory the impacts on various forecast horizons 2, 6, and 12 h for future flights. The FDPP-ML outperforms traditional training models by using machine and deep learning models and improving model accuracy in 10 models with an average of up to 39% in MAE, and 42% in MSE in a forecast horizon of 2 h. Finally, providing airport and airline analysis further reveals that can improve prediction than traditional training models for the individual busiest airports "Core 30" with an average of 35% in MAE and 42% in MSE respectively, and for the busiest 10 airlines with an average of 36% in MAE and 47% in MSE respectively. The findings of this study may offer informative recommendations to airport regulators and aviation authorities for developing successful air traffic control systems for enhanced flight delay prediction to flight operational effectiveness, not only over the US flight network but with wide worldwide flight networks if a dataset of flights existed.

Background: Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is one of the most communal drawbacks of lumbar fixation. Adjacent segment disease means degeneration developing at mobile segments above or below fixed spinal level. The lowest cranial mobile segment is the mostcommunal level for the development of adjacent instability. Laminectomydisturbs the integrity of the posterior spinal complex. Aim of Study: The main aim of this study was to detect the incidence of adjacent segment degeneration following laminectomy and the incidence of degeneration without laminectomy in levels adjacent to those operated upon by lumbar posterolateral fixation via a comparative study and results of 1 year clinical follow-up. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 40 patients who underwent lumbar posterolateral fixation in one institute from June 2021 to January 2022. 20 patients operated upon by laminectomy and fixation of the same levels without any adjacent segment laminectomy. The other 20 patients operated upon by laminectomy and fixation of the same levels with additional laminectomy of a cranially adjacent level. Results: 40 patients underwent lumbar posterolateral fixation. Of those, 20 patients operated upon by laminectomy and fixation of the same levels without any adjacent segment laminectomy, 2 patients only developed ASD. In the other 20 patients operated upon by laminectomy and fixation of the same levels with additional laminectomy of a cranially adjacent level, 12 patients developed ASD either radiologically or clinically. Conclusions: ASD should be well-thought-outto be a long-term drawback of lumbar or lumbosacral fusion. Many studies proved that the fusion enforcesremarkable degree of stress at the adjacent segment. ASD occurs often with additional decompression above the level of posterolateral fixation within lumbar spine surgery. A surgery that maintains as much of the posterior element as possible should be considered to

Background Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) aims to restore the anatomy and function of the knee. Although stump preservation during ACLR could be technically challenging, it may improve the revascularization and proprioceptive function of the graft. In this study, we aimed to compare the functional outcome after ACLR with and without stump preservation. Methods One hundred and twenty patients with acutely torn ACL and with intact tibial stump were included in this study. Half of them (60 cases) underwent ACLR with stump preservation. The other half (60 cases) had ACLR after total resection of the tibial stump. One hundred and nine out of 120 cases completed their 2 year-follow-up period. All patients were assessed by Tegner activity, Lysholm, and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. The side-to-side difference regarding stability was assessed by KT-1000 instrumented Lachman and proprioceptive function was measured by Passive angle reproduction test. Results There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding Tegner activity, Lysholm, and IKDC scores. Knee stability measured by KT-1000 and complication rate also showed no significant difference. But there was a significant difference in proprioception favoring stump preservation. On the other hand, the operative time was significantly shorter with stump resection. There was no significant difference in the complications rate between both groups and there were no cases with stiffness in either group. Conclusion Stump preservation ACLR is a safe technique that yields equivalent functional outcomes to standard ACLR. However; it provides better proprioception. It is more technically challenging, but in experienced hands; it is easily reproducible. Trial registration Registration number: NCT05364398 . 06/05/2022.

Background Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) is the gold standard management of fractures of the distal humerus. Stable fixation to allow early mobilization is not always possible in cases with comminuted fracture patterns and bone loss, with a high failure rate. We propose augmentation of internal fixation in these unstable situations with a spanning plate across the elbow to protect the fixation construct temporarily until bone union. Methods Eighteen patients with complex distal humeral fractures were managed with standard ORIF technique augmented with a temporary plate spanning across the elbow as an internal fixator. Cases included were either very distal, comminuted (6 cases) or insufficiency fractures (4 cases) or revision fixation cases (8 cases). The temporary spanning plate was removed as soon as signs of early radiographic union were detected. Results Seventeen patients were available for final follow up at a mean 28.3 months. The spanning plate was removed after 3.4 months on average. At the final follow-up, the mean elbow total arc of motion was 86.3°. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 80, and the mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) score was 27. Conclusion Spanning the elbow temporarily with a plate in adjunct to standard ORIF technique is both simple and effective in achieving fracture stability and union and minimizes failure rates after fixation of comminuted, very distal fractures, osteoporotic cases, or revision fixation cases with bone loss. Level of evidence Level IV, Therapeutic study

Determining the resource requirements at airports especially in-ground services companies is essential to successful planning in the future, which is represented in the resources demand curve according to the future flight schedule, through which staff schedules are created at the airport to cover the workload with ensuring the highest possible quality service provided. Given in the presence of variety service level agreements used on flight service vary according to many flight features, the resources assumption method makes planning difficult. For instance, flight position is not included in future flight schedule but it's efficacious in the identification of flight resources. In this regard, based on machine learning, we propose a model for building a resource demand curve for future flight schedules. It is divided into two phases, the first is the use of machine learning to predict resources of the service level agreement required on future flight schedules, and the second is the use of implement a resource allocation algorithm to build a demand curve based on predicted resources. This proposal could be applicable to airports that will provide efficient and realistic for the resources demand curve to ensure the resource planning does not deviate from the real-time resource requirements. the model has proven good accuracy when using one day of flights to measuring deviation between the proposed model predict demand curve when flights did not include the location feature and the actual demand curve when flights include location.

The airport ground handling has a global trend to meet the Service Level Agreement (SLA) requirementsthat represents resource allocation with more restrictions according to flights. That can be achieved by predictingfuture resources demands. this research presents a comparison between the most used machine learning techniquesimplemented in many different fields for demand prediction and resource allocation. The prediction model nomi-nated and used in this research is the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict the required resources for eachflight, despite the restrictions imposed by airlines when contracting their services in the Service Level Agreement.The approach has been trained and tested using real data from Cairo International Airport. the proposed (SVM)technique implemented and explained with a varying accuracy of resource allocation prediction, showing thateven for variations accuracy in resource prediction in different scenarios; the Support Vector Machine techniquecan produce a good performance as resource allocation in the airport.

The world wide web makes enormous amount of data which forms in users' opinions and emotions about different political and social events etc. sentiment of users which are expressed on the web has a great effect on the readers and politicians.that's because organizations always need to be aware about public opinions for their products and service.social media became a platform to exchange point of views with a reference to sentiment analysis as a text organization which is used to classify expressing emotions in different ways like negative, positive, favorable, and unfavorable.The challenge which faces sentiment analysis is the lack of labeled data in NLP.This review paper describes the latest studies which concern with fulfillment deep learning models to sentiment analysis as deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and others to solve various problems.

Studies have shown that the use of nonlocking (reconstruction) plates in fixing distal humerus fractures may not yield stable fixation which therefore requires long immobilization and suboptimal functional results. There are reports showing that locking plates are biomechanically superior to nonlocking plates. The aim of this study was to compare elbow functional outcomes between locking and nonlocking plates in fixation of distal humerus fractures. A single-centre, randomized control study was conducted at an academic level 1 trauma centre. A total of 60 patients with type 13-A fracture (AO/OTA classification) were randomized into two equal groups, locking plates group, and nonlocking plates group. The primary outcome measure was the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) at one year. Secondary outcomes measures were elbow flexion/extension arc, union, operative time, and complications (e.g., infection, heterotrophic ossification). The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) at one year was 88 ± 10.1 in locking plates group and 75.8 ± 12.8 in nonlocking plates group. The difference was found to be statically significant (P value = 0.01). Elbow flexion/extension arc of motion at one year was 116° ± 15° in locking plates group and 113° ± 28° in nonlocking plates. The difference was not found to be statistically significant (P value = 0.17). Both implants yield similar results, with locking plates showing slightly better clinical scores.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of free vascularized versus non vascularized grafting in advanced scaphoid nonunion with humpback deformity. Patients and Methods: From June 2013 to June 2016, 30 patients with scaphoid nonunion with humpback deformity were included in the study. 17 were treated by non-vascularized and 13 by free vascularized medial femoral condyle grafting. The mean age at the time of surgery was 23.87 ±5.44 years (range 16-46 yeas). All patients were males. Right side were affected in 18 patients and left side in 12. Mean nonunion time was 20.93 ±26.96 months. Patients were followed-up for at least 6 months for union assessment with mean follow-up period 9.57 months. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding union rate, union time (12 (70.5%) out of 17 patients in the non-vascularized group united with mean time of union 12.36±2.16 months. 9 (69.2%) out of 13 patients in the free group united with mean time 12.89±3.33 months) and final MMWS (70 mean score for non-vascularized versus 69 mean score for vascularized). However, there were statistically significant difference between both groups regarding complication rate [(5.9%) in nonvascularized group versus (46.2%) in the free group] and mean operative time (1.59 hours in non-vascularized group versus 4.00 hours in the free group). Conclusion: In advanced scaphoid nonunion with flexion deformity; non-vascularized grafting is still a simple valid option with low complication rate. Free medial condyle grafting is more technically difficult and time consuming operation. It can achieve high union rates if early post-operative complication like graft extrusion was avoided.

Objective: To evaluate the technique and assess radiological outcomes in early onset scoliosis patients treated with VEPTR technique. Design: Retrospective study. Patients: 30 patients with early onset scoliosis with minimum follow-up 1 year and maximum follow-up 6 years. Intervention: 25 patients were treated by VEPTR and 5 patients were treated by other rib-based distraction systems using VEPTR technique. Main Outcome Measurement: Radiographs were evaluated to compare pre-operative and post-operative (last follow-up) changes in sagittal and coronal changes in Cobb's angels as well as the change in Space Available for Lung (SAL) ratio. Results: 8 cases of congenital scoliosis, 3 infantile scoliosis and the others were scoliosis associated with; spinal cord tumors, osteogenesis imperfecta, Jarcho Levin syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis, and congenital myopathy. The age at surgery varied between 2 and 10 years (6.7). The average Cobb's angle preoperatively in the anteroposterior view was 88.2o, while the post-operative average was 57.3o (percentage of correction 34%). The average (SAL%) was 77.9% pre-operatively, and has been improved to become 93.5% post-operatively (improvement 25%). Complications: The complications rate was (40%). Complications varied from mortality “one case (3.3%)” to skin slough, surgical site infection, junctional kyphosis, metal failure, and pelvic hook migration. Conclusion: VEPTR technique represents a good alternative to “spine to spine growing rod techniques” in well selected cases. Complications rate is high with regard to the nature of deformity and number of “lengthening procedures”.

This paper presents a new correction model for Arabic OCR errors. The proposed model is mainly based on the character segmentation and the character alignment on a single character or multi-characters. Results show that the multi-character model is better than the single character model in that it is trained on 502,167 words and can find the correct word within the top 10 proposed corrections for 94 % of the words. This model considers the effect of increasing the size of training set that perfectly leads to better results; the correction rate will approach 53 % upon using 6000 words, 80 % upon using 64,225 words, and 94 % upon using 502,167 words.

This paper provides a new model aimed to enhanceArabic OCR degraded text retrieval effectiveness. The proposed model based onsimulating the Arabic OCR recognition mistakesbased on both, word based and Character N-Gram approaches. Then we expand the user search query using the expected OCR errors. The resulting search query expanded gives high precision and recall values in searching Arabic OCR-Degraded text rather than the original query. The proposed model showed a significant increase in the degraded text retrieval effectiveness over the previous models. The retrieval effectiveness of the newmodel is %93, while the best effectiveness published for word based approach was %84 and the best effectiveness for character based approach was %56.