This study deals with the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and the paleoclimate situation of the middle–upper Eocene sediments in the northwest Fayum area. The reconstruction is based on comprehensive stratigraphical and geochemical analyses of major oxides and trace elements for selected sediment samples from the Gehannam Formation (Bartonian–Priabonian), the Birket Qarun and the Qasr El Sagha formations (Priabonian). The sedimentological features coupled with paleo-redox trace elemental ratios (Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th, V/(V + Ni), and Cu/Zn), paleosalinity (Sr/Ba, Mg/Al ×100, Ca/Al), and paleowater depth (Fe/Mn) proxies, indicate that deposition took place in a shallow marine agitated environment with high oxygen levels. Paleoclimate indicators (Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, K2O3/Al2O3, Ga/Rb, C-value, CIA, and CIW) suggest warm and prevailing arid climatic conditions, with minor humid periods at some intervals. The observed low values of the total organic carbon (TOC) are attributed to significant high sediment influx, predominant oxygenated conditions, and poor primary productivity, which is further confirmed by low values of paleoprimary productivity proxies (P, Ni/Al, Cu/Al, P/Al and P/Ti, and Babio ratios). These findings enhance our understanding of the Eocene environments and provide insights into sedimentation processes during this period.

This study deals with the biostratigraphic determination and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the middle–upper Eocene sediments along the northwestern and northeastern banks of the Nile Valley, Egypt. The studied successions are classified into four rock units as follow: The Qarara (Lutetian–Bartonian), the El Fashn (Bartonian), the Gehannam, and the Beni Suef (Bartonian–Priabonian) formations. A total of eighty planktonic foraminifera species belonging to twenty-two genera and eight families are identified, and their vertical distribution enabled us to recognize four planktonic biozones, namely the Morozovelloides lehneri Zone (late Lutetian–early Bartonian), Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone (early Bartonian), Morozovelloides crassatus Zone (late Bartonian), and Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone (late Bartonian–early Priabonian). The faunal assemblages characterizing these zones showed a great similarity with those recorded in the lower latitudes (tropical and sub-tropical) regions and correlated with the planktonic zones in the northern and southern Tethyan provinces. The appearance of Orbulinoides beckmanni distinguishes the early Bartonian period, its lowest occurrence defines the upper boundary of the Morozovelloides lehneri Zone, and its highest occurrence marks the lower boundary of the Morozovelloides crassatus Zone. The disappearance of the spinose forms of morozovellids and the large acarininids, besides the highest occurrence of Morozovelloides crassatus, defines the lower boundary of the Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone. The middle/upper Eocene boundary is traced based on the last and first appearance of the marker planktonic species and located herein within the Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone. The paleontological data, including the planktonic to benthic foraminiferal ratio (P/B), statistical analyses of different foraminiferal groups, and ternary plot diagrams in conjunction with the sedimentological features, indicate changes in the depositional settings, fluctuating between the inner to middle and outer neritic environment and the uppermost bathyal environment at some levels.

The middle and upper Eocene sedimentary successions exposed along the northwestern and northeastern portions of the Nile Valley, Egypt, have been thoroughly examined for their ostracod assemblages. This study enhances the understanding of biostratigraphic zonations and evaluates the paleobiogeographic distribution and paleoenvironmental conditions that prevailed during the deposition of this sedimentary record. Lithostratigraphically, the studied successions are subdivided into four stratigraphic units, arranged in ascending order as follows: the Qarara, the El Fashn, the Gehannam, and the Beni Suef formations. A total of 125 rock samples were selected and well analyzed, resulting in the identification of sixty-five ostracod species and subspecies belonging to thirty-three genera, fifteen families, and three superfamilies. The stratigraphic distribution of the recorded ostracod taxa contributed to the construction of four local biozones, spanning the interval from the upper Lutetian to lower Priabonian: Schizocythere fadlensis Zone (upper Lutetian–lower Bartonian), Loxoconcha pseudopunctatella Zone, Dygmocythere ismaili Zone (Bartonian), and Asymmetricythere hiltermanni Zone (Bartonian–Priabonian). These biozones are well described, discussed, and correlated with those previously documented in different areas of Egypt and neighboring countries. The statistical analysis, supported by ternary plot diagrams, indicates that the depositional environments of the studied rock units fluctuated between shallow inner neritic and deeper outer neritic marine environments. The identified taxa display a wide geographic distribution and show a significant similarity with those identified in the southern, northern, and eastern Tethyan provinces, suggesting a direct marine connection during the Eocene.

This study deals with the investigation of the benthic foraminiferal assemblage from the Middle–Upper Eocene succession that is exposed in the northwest of Fayoum area, Egypt. The studied section is lithostratigraphically described and subdivided into three rock units named from base to top as follow: The Gehannam Formation (Bartonian), the Birket Qarun and the Qasr El-Sagha formations (Priabonian). The examination of fifty rock samples yielded 104 benthic foraminifera species which belong to 31 genera, 23 families, 13 superfamilies and 4 suborders. The recorded planktonic foraminifera showed rare and scattered occurrences through the studied succession, therefore it does not allow a precise biostratigraphic correlation. The Eocene age of the studied section is assigned based on the co-occurrence of the index small sized planktonic and benthic foraminiferal species. The recorded benthic foraminifers were subjected to cluster analysis to gain insights into the relation between the distribution of the benthicforaminiferal communities and the prevailing paleoenvironmnetal conditions. The observed low Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values of the studied samples could be attributed to either significant high sediment influx or the dominance of high oxygenated conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that kaolinite is the dominant clay minerals in the analyzed samples, indicating high chemical weathering during warm and humid greenhouse climatic conditions. The identified species displayed significant resemblances to adjacent regions in the southern Tethys, like Libya, indicating potential migration through the trans-Sahara seaway. However, there were only slight similarities with species found in the northwestern Tethys and the North Atlantic regions. This can be attributed to the benthic nature of these species, limiting their ability to migrate over long distances. Furthermore, it is associated with cooler, latitudinal zoned climatic conditions prevailing along the northwestern Tethys, which did not align with their specific biological requirements.

Two brachiopod species, Terebratulina tenuistriata (Leymerie, 1846) and Orthothyris pectinoides (von Koenen, 1984), have been recorded for the first time from the Middle Eocene (Late Lutetian) nummulitic limestone beds in the Darnah Formation at the Wadi Darnah area in Northeast Libya. These brachiopod species are associated here with Nummulites discorbinus (Schlotheim), Nummulites praelyelli (Boukhary and Kamal), and Nummulites bullatus (Schaub) and are widely distributed on this Middle Eocene Nummulites carbonate platform. The two recorded species are common in the Eocene rocks of Europe and the Arabian Gulf. In northern Africa, the brachiopod species Terebratulina tenuistriata (Leymerie) was only recorded from the Middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Egypt, while Orthothyris pectinoides (von Koenen) is firstly recorded from the Middle Eocene of the southern Tethyan Province (NE Libya) in the present work.

The Eocene deposits of Egypt provide a wide variety of shallow marine facies and fossil assemblages, allowing paleoenvironmental reconstructions in this warmhouse climate interval. Forty-three rock samples have been collected from two middle Eocene sections, exposed at southeast Beni-Suef area in northern Egypt. The studied outcrops are lithologicsally subdivided into two rock units named from base to top as follows: (1) the Qarara Formation (Lutetian) and (2) the El Fashn Formation (Bartonian). Most investigated rock samples showed richness in benthic foraminiferal assemblages and only rare occurrences of index planktonic foraminifera. They yielded 160 foraminifera species which belong to 4 suborders, 19 superfamilies, 34 families, and 59 genera. The stratigraphic distribution of the identified species allowed us to define four local benthic bio-ecozones: (1) Bolivina carinata Lowest Occurrence Zone (Lutetian), (2) Cibicides mabahethi/Cancris auriculus primitivus Concurrent-Range Zone, (3) Nonion scaphum Lowest Occurrence Zone, and (4) Brizalina cookei/Nonionella insecta Concurrent-Range Zone (Bartonian). These biozones are described and discussed in detail and correlated to stratigraphic equivalents in Egypt. The rareness of index planktonic foraminifera through the studied sections does not allow a precise biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic correlation. The shale samples show low TOC values, which may be related to low productivity, high sediment influx, and/or prevailing oxic conditions. Bulk rock geochemistry, consistent with the benthic foraminifera ecological preferences, indicated that the studied sections were deposited in moderate to high oxygen levels and warm climatic conditions in a typical shelf marine setting. The identified species showed strong similarities with nearby southern Tethys areas, reflecting migration via the trans-Sahara seaway, and minor similarities with those identified from the northwestern Tethys and the North Atlantic province attributed to the change in the environmental and climatic conditions, such as cooler, latitudinal zoned climatic conditions along the northwestern Tethys, which was unsuitable for their biological demands. The warming trend identified from Lutetian to Bartonian intervals corresponds to the onset of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO).

Deep learning has become one of the crucial trends in the modern era due to the huge amount of data that has become available. This paper aims to investigate and improve a generic framework for Arabic Text Classification (ATC) with different deep learning techniques. Besides, it deals directly with a word in its original style as a basic unit of modern Arabic sentence and on a different level of N-grams versus a combination of Intersected Consecutive Word proposed method (ICW). However, it aimed to discuss the results of the different experiments for the enhancements of the proposed method on different deep learning algorithms such as Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) and Gradient descent with momentum and adaptive learning rate backpropagation (GDX) on ATC. The results showed that the proposed framework applied with the SCG algorithm and TF-IDF outperforms the GDX algorithm with an accuracy ratio of 90.65%.

Temperature is the most important parameter in hydrocarbon generation. Well LKB was drilled to test a section in the Sanga Sanga area of the Neogene Kutei Basin in East Kalimantan. The Sanga Sanga Block contains four large to giant hydrocarbon fields in mid- to upper Miocene deltaic sandstones of the Mahakam Delta, Eastern Kalimantan (Indonesia). Well LKB was drilled to a total depth of 2286 m within a Miocene deltaic sequence. Following the measurement of vitrinite reflectance, the samples are scanned in fluorescence and white light modes to obtain sample descriptions. The mean maximum vitrinite reflectance data provide a basis for inferring some aspects of the thermal history of the sedimentary sequence in well LKB. The well intersected with a small portion of the oil mature level. The conventionally defined principal zone of oil generation (oil window) probably lies in the section from about 1066 to 3962 m. The measured maximum formation temperature at 2286 m is 93,9 °C. Assuming a surface temperature of 26 °C, the bottom hole temperature (BHT) corresponds to a geothermal gradient of 34,55 °C/km. Temperature measurements at intermediate levels give a range of geothermal gradients. The highest temperature gradient results from a single mesurement at depth of about 225 m which would indicate a geothermal gradient of 158,1 °C/km. This value is more than three times higher than the gradients obtained from any other measurements downsection. The causes of this extremely high thermal gradient is unknown. Although the presence of faults, overpressured zones, and flux of hot formation water that expelled from deeper parts of the section are possible mechanism, such an extreme geothermal gradient may also be a product of measurement errors that may be related to older reworking and hence it would be more matured. The average geothermal gradient calculated from the other five measurements is more normal by 38,5 °C/km. Modelling the measured levels of maturation using the logging run temperatures gives maturity levels different from those observed. A compromise model that approximately simulates the observed maturity levels can be obtained by assuming a cover loss of about 914 m of sediments since Pliocene, and geothermal gradients respectively of 38 °C/km and 30 °C/km for pre- and post- Pliocene times, respectively.

Fifty-five ostracod species have been identified from 100 samples belonging to three stratigraphic sections in the Middle-Upper Eocene strata of the Beni Suef area (southern Tethys of Egypt). These ostracods have been used to subdivide the studied time interval into three zones that are correlated to the planktic foraminiferal zones E13 to E15. Based on clustering, non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS), and The Permutational MANOVA, sediment facies was found to be a significant factor controlling the ostracod fauna. Four assemblages were identified and their bio-ecological preferences were used to reconstruct paleoenvironments: 1) The upper Bartonian ostracod assemblage (El Fashn Formation) is dominated by Paracypris eskeri Bassiouni and Morsi and Novocypris eocenana Ducasse and is characterized by lower Shannon Diversity and higher ‘Dominance’ of stenohaline species with preference for lower oxygen levels and deeper neritic water depths; 2) The uppermost Bartonian (Qurn Member of Beni Suef Formation) is dominated by Paracypris eskeri Bassiouni and Morsi and Bairdia gliberti (Keij) indicating better oxygenated environmental conditions, supported by higher diversity values; 3) The lower Priabonian (Tarbul Member of Beni Suef Formation) is dominated by Novocypris eocenana Ducasse and has the lowest diversity, linked to the significant decrease of species with preference for highly oxygenated conditions; 4) The uppermost Priabonian (Maadi Formation) contains the most diverse assemblage and is characterized by a very low ‘Dominance’ and very high Shannon Index, where 26 species constitute the trophic nucleus and most of them are indicative of shallow water-depths and inner shelf settings in addition to preferences for high oxygen levels. The general increase in diversity and decrease in dominance is attributed to improved environmental conditions at shallower depths, where enhanced water mixing increased the oxygen available for biological demands. Moreover, the strong similarity of the recorded ostracod assemblages with those reported from other southern Tethyan sites reflects migration through the Atlantic and/or the trans-Sahara seaway, while the low similarity with the northern Tethys province (Europe) may be related on the one hand to their benthic nature, which may have limited their ability to move for longer distances, on the other hand to prevailing cooler waters to the north at higher latitudes. Water depth and associated environmental changes in respect to oxygen levels is interpreted to be the main factor controlling the distribution of the ostracods in the Beni Suef area.

The Eocene succession at Beni Suef-El Zaafarana District in north Eastern Desert is rich in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. The main objectives of this work are to use the planktonic foraminifera to recognize the biostratigraphy for the Middle-Upper Eocene succession in the study area. Seventy planktonic foraminiferal species belonging to 20 genera and seven families are identified from the Eocene El Fashn and Beni Suef formations. Three planktonic foraminiferal biozones are recognized. These are from older to younger Morozovelloides crassatus Zone (late Middle Eocene) that is recorded from El Fashn Formation, Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone (latest Middle Eocene -Late Eocene) and Globigerinatheka index Zone (Late Eocene age) that are recorded from the Beni Suef Formation while the Maadi Formation is found barren in planktonic foraminifera. These zones are correlated with those from nearby areas in Egypt and the Mediterranean regions. The Middle/Upper Eocene (Bartonian/Priabonian) boundary is discussed here in detail. The percentage of the planktonic foraminifera in the total foraminiferal content (P %) points to a change in water depth. There was a significant decrease in the planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratio from the late Middle Eocene El Fashn Formation to the Late Eocene Maadi Formation at Beni Suef-El Zaafarana District. This ratio change supports a shallowing upward in paleodepth. Based on the lithology, planktonic/benthic ratio and the obtained water depth, the studied Eocene succession could be subdivided into four depositional sequences. These sequences agree with the global eustatic sea-level and the depositional sequences in nearby areas.

Categorisation of text is significant trend that ultimately appears owing to the internet revolution nowadays resulting in enormous amounts data that depend on various languages. The Arabic language is one of the most commonly used languages all over the world; it is considered the fifth most spoken one. Various challenges occur through processing and classifying of Arabic text since it has more sophisticated techniques than the English language. These challenges are clear owing to the Arabic language's variation in shape, structure and component; besides, there is a lack of adequate studies discussing Arabic text classification. This research seeks to form a general point of view by categorising different techniques of Arabic text classification for helping new researches concerning this domain. Also, it shows some of prior information and innovative designs about Arabic text classification. Besides, it mentions various works that have discussed classifying Arabic text, with regard to data sets, categories and pre-processes steps, classification mechanism and assessment procedure for those techniques. These discussions aim to conclude a comprehensive overview through forming a general framework for all researchers about this domain via examining the defects of the prior studies, and then the possibility of presenting more advanced directions.

The Eocene successions on Beni Suef – El Zaafarana road at north Eastern Desert of Egypt have been examined for their benthic foraminiferal contents from three rock units: El Fashn, Beni Suef and Maadi formations. The studied material of this work allowed us to identify 153 benthic foraminiferal species. The Eocene age of the studied successions is defined by the co-occurrence of the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal species. The studied succession could be subdivided into five benthic foraminifera biozones from the late Middle to Late Eocene age. These zones are Palmula ansaryi Range Zone (late Middle Eocene), Bulimina jacksonensis - Uvigerina mediterranea Concurrent-Range Zone, Cancris auricula Lowest Occurrence Zone, Pararotalia audouini Concurrent-Range Zone and Pyrgo elongata Concurrent-Range Zone (Late Eocene). The identified benthic foraminiferal species were analyzed using R- and Q-mode cluster analysis in order to better understand the linkage between the benthic foraminiferal assemblages and paleoenvironmental conditions. The cluster analysis revealed that the benthic foraminifera could be grouped into 7 assemblages and 7 biofacies in the measured sections. The recorded benthic foraminiferal biofacies suggest that the environments are deep outer ramp setting with meso-to moderately eutrophic conditions, and minimum to moderate oxygenation level on El Fashn Formation. The environment of Beni Suef and Maadi formations is inner to middle ramp with high oxygen level and oligotrophic conditions.

The electronic services become an important integral part of the Information Systems which supported by the term e-government. Many traditional business systems are now shifting to electronic systems and that in the midst of tremendous information, which is stored inside these systems. There are many researches in business information systems and their importance and advantages. Transforming business information systems to gain profit especially in government services is more difficult. This paper discusses the factors effects on the transformation of business information system represented in the State Council of Egypt information systems as a case study to an electronic inquiries system.

Categorization of Arabic text is a significant challenge nowadays owing to the richness of text that occurs through various modules. Also, the Arabic language is considered the fifth spoken one. During the last decade, scholars incubated few concerns about this regard comparing with English language. The objective behind this investigation is to perform and evaluate new mechanism relating to different techniques of machine learning specifically for classifying Arabic text in fresh different data set. Preprocessing steps along with the representation pattern of text are essential for handling text without artifacts. We use a binary term occurrence matrix as mutual information for feature vector representation method. This paper evaluates the outcomes of classification via using Deep learning, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayes classifiers in similarity text level and N-gram level. It has been extracted out the outcomes that the Deep learning achieves better performance compared to itself in case of increasing similarity level and N-gram level.

Defect tracking systems play an important role in the software development organizations as they can store historical information about defects. There are many research in defect tracking models and systems to enhance their capabilities to be more specifically tracking. Furthermore, there are different studies in classifying bugs in a step by step method to have clear perception and applicable method in detecting such bugs. This paper shows a new proposed defect tracking model for the purpose of classifying the inserted defects reports in a step by step method for more enhancement of the software quality. Besides, an evaluation of experiment made for measuring the proposed factors results for defects classification.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:NONE DECLARED Defect tracking systems play an important role in the software development organizations as they can store historical information about defects. There are many research in defect tracking models and systems to enhance their capabilities to be more specifically tracking, and were adopted with new technology. Furthermore, there are different studies in classifying bugs in a step by step method to have clear perception and applicable method in detecting such bugs. This paper shows a new proposed defect tracking model for the purpose of classifying the inserted defects reports in a step by step method for more enhancement of the software quality.