This study investigates the extent to which social network characteristics, religious identity, and past political participation influence voting intentions in Indonesia's 2024 general election, with a particular focus on the implications of religiosity in a predominantly Muslim society. A quantitative survey method was employed, gathering primary data through both online and offline surveys from 314 participants across selected locations in Indonesia. Multilevel modelling techniques were used to analyse the relationship between social network characteristics, religious identity, and voting intentions. The results revealed that social network characteristics, such as the frequency of interaction and socio-political discussions, do not significantly influence voting intentions. In contrast, religiocentrism negatively impacts voting intentions, suggesting that individuals with more conservative religious beliefs are less likely to vote. However, past offline political participation was found to be a strong positive predictor of voting intentions. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that address the concerns of conservative religious groups and reinforce the civic duty associated with voting. Understanding the limited role of social networks in this context can inform strategies to increase voter turnout in future elections. This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between religious identity, social networks, and political behaviour in Indonesia, a predominantly Muslim and culturally diverse nation, particularly in the post-pandemic socio-political landscape.

ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) has expanded its movement to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia which once got attacked by terrorist as the country becomes terrorists’ preferred place to travel and execute their plans in conflict zones. To tackle this problem, Indonesian government had issued a policy to avoid negative implications upon the return of Indonesian nationals linked to terrorism from abroad (Foreign Terrorist Fighters or FTF). The government was considering whether or not to repatriate FTF since this plan remains a debatable issue in Indonesia. The government was concerned with the possibility of them recruiting new members. On the other side, humanity becomes the opposite reason leading to the acceptance of the extremist repatriation policy. Due to the urgency of the rampant terrorist threats and the consequences, the Indonesian government has decided to implement the repatriation policy. The government ended up refusing the repatriation of Indonesian nationals linked to terrorism abroad to protect the national security. This article elaborates the radicalization mechanism, terrorist recruitment process based on the national security theory. This study also explains the urgent situation and condition that made the government apply refusal against repatriation. There are still considerable challenges regarding the repatriation policy that need to be addressed such as relevant infrastructure and effective regulations.

Religious radicalism in the form of violent extremism is against the principles of human rights and democracy. Religious radicalism also opposes the existence of the modern state of Indonesia and, arguably, also of other Southeast Asian countries. The global political commitment initiated by the United Nations, namely Responsibility to Protect, states that several countries in Southeast Asia, such as the Philippines, are at high risk of atrocities. Civilians in Marawi in the Philippines have experienced atrocities carried out by the Maute family-led militant group backed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). In 2017, for more than five months, the restoration of regional security and stability in Marawi by the Philippine security apparatus caused many casualties. This study aimed to identify, map and analyze the narrative structure of the goals and backgrounds of the actors involved in the Marawi case and its impacts on Muslim communities in Indonesia. The research focused on a narrative analysis that united various factors contributing to violent religious extremism. This study employed a narrative perspective that was multidimensional, consisting of the narratives of marginalization, invitation, symbolic violence, and violent extremism. It demonstrated that the narrative of marginalization and calls for Jihad served as the basis of solidarity among the members of the Maute militant group in Marawi. The narrative aimed at solidarity for jihad in Marawi had more influence on groups belonging to ISIS, such as Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT), Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD), and East Indonesia Mujahideen (MIT). Keywords: violent extremism, radicalism, terrorism, Marawi, the Philippines, Indonesia

Terrorism has become a global threat particularly since the 9/11 September tragedy. In Indonesia, acts of terrorism have become a great concern among many stakeholders of the Indonesian government particularly in the aftermath of the Bali Bombing incidents in the beginning of 2000s. The incidents took many lives, and many of them were Australian citizens. As a result, Australia offered Indonesia assistance in the form of cooperation in a variety of areas, including infrastructure and forensics training for police officers. This article aims to analyze the depth and dynamics of Indonesia – Australia intelligence cooperation that contribute to reduce the acts of terrorism in Indonesia. Employing the perspectives of international cooperation and human security, the article argues that the primary driving factor that facilitates Indonesia and Australia cooperation in the areas of counterterrorism and intelligence that the countries face the same terrorism threats that, if not anticipated comprehensively, would endanger the security stability in respective countries and in the Asia-Pacific region.

This article investigates Indonesia’s cultural diplomacy in Saudi Arabia through the tourism promotion programs from 2015 to 2018. Cultural diplomacy is aimed to raise awareness about the wealth of Indonesian culture relating to tourism that can be utilized in obtaining the desired outcomes. This article employs the concept of ‘sof power’ and qualitative approach with the technique of data collection by analysing the official documents from the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism, as well as the technique of secondary data collection that analyzes several literatures including books, reports, journals, and related articles. This article argues that Indonesia’s efforts in conducting cultural diplomacy practices in Saudi Arabia through the tourism promotion programs from 2015 to 2018 is involving the cultural elements to the programs that were Islamic-nuanced and recognized as the world’s intangible cultural heritage by the UNESCO.

PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI FILM Ba 0,5 Sr 0,5 TiO 3 DOPING Ga 2 O 3 (BGST) . Film Ba 0,5 Sr 0,5 TiO 3 doping Ga 2 O 3 (BGST) telah berhasil dibuat di atas substrat Si(111) dengan proses pembuatan larutan kimia 1 M larutan BGST [(BaxSr1-xTi1-yGay) O3-y/2] dan dilanjutkan dengan spin coating pada kecepatan putar 3000 rpm selama 30 detik. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan berupa strukturmikro menggunakan XRF, XRD dan SEM serta uji sifat feroelektrik. Hasil XRF menunjukkan unsur-unsur pembentuk BST telah terdeposit. Sementara hasil XRD pada substrat Si(111) didapatkan nilai parameter kisi untuk BST, BGST (1%, 2% dan 4%) berturut-turut sebesar 3,9469 A, 3,9354 A, 3,8617 A dan 3,7550 A. Adapun bidang hkl yang muncul yaitu (100) untuk sampel BST dan BGST1M1%Si serta bidang (100) dan (110) untuk sampel BGST1M2%Si dan BGST1M4%Si. Hasil analisis SEM menunjukkan bahwa permukaan film BST maupun BGST dengan variasi doping masih heterogen. Hasil uji histerisis menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang linier antara nilai polarisasi dengan nilai medan listrik yang diberikan. Nilai polarisasi spontan memiliki hubungan yang berbanding terbalik dengan nilai parameter kisi suatu bahan. Polarisasi spontan hasil perhitungan berdasarkan posisi atom diperoleh untuk BGST1M1%Si, BGST1M2%Si dan BGST1M4%Si berturut-turut : 51,6550 C/cm 2 , 53,6454 C/cm 2 dan 56,7375 C/cm 2 .

In 2013, Southeast Asian countries have to face a disastrous haze pollution coming from Indonesia. Transboundary Haze Pollution (THP) is a deadly occurrences that repeats annually. As a result, Indonesia’s neighboring countries must encounter disadvantageous consequences. One of the countries gradually affected is Singapore, since they have been through haze pollution since the late 1980’s. Various attempts have been made by Singapore to mitigate the disaster. Since bilateral and regional efforts do not give any solution, Singapore then implies public diplomacy efforts. The practices of these public diplomacy could be seen from the involvement of one of the nation’s influential NGOs, the Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA). As a result, they are able to pressure Indonesia in applying a more comprehensive map for haze tracker. Therefore, this study expects to invite readers’ interest in the issue of NGO, precisely in International Relations and Public Diplomacy. This study will specifically discuss the practice of SIIA as public diplomacy efforts to resolve the THP issue from 2012 until 2016.

STUDI KEKRISTALAN PbZr x Ti 1-x O 3 YANG DISIAPKAN DENGAN PELAPISAN PUTAR (SPIN COATING) . Telah dibuat lapisan tipis PZT dengan metode pelapisan putar (spin coating), dengan berbagai variasi kecepatan putar, konsentrasi pelarut dan dua macam substrat, Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan peningkatan kecepatan putar (rpm) pada spin coating mengakibatkan degradasi kualitas kristal pada pembentukan lapisan tipis khususnya untuk substrat Pt(200)/Si(100); sedangkan pengenceran larutan tidak berpengaruh pada substrat Si(100) namun meningkatkan orientasi dominan (200) pada substrat Pt(200)/Si(100), Semua lapisan tipis yang terbentuk memiliki sistem kristal tetragonal dengan space group 14mm.

STUDI KEKRISTALAN BARIUM STRONTIUM TITANAT (Ba 0,5 Sr 0,5 TiO 3 ) YANG DIDOPING MAGNESIUM DENGAN METODE SPIN COATING . Lapisan tipis Ba 0,5 Sr 0,5 TiO 3 (BST) yang didoping Mg telah dibuat dengan metode Chemical Solution Deposition yang disiapkan dengan spin coating. Deposisi lapisan tipis BST pada substrat Si menggunakan spin coater dengan kecepatan putar 3000 rpmselama 30 detik. Suhu annealing yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 800 o C. Karakterisasi, komposisi dan kekristalan lapisan tipis BST dilakukan menggunakan X-Ray Fluorosence (XRF) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Hasil XRF menunjukkan bahwa unsur-unsur pembentuk BST dan doping Mg telah terdeposit pada substrat Si. Hasil analisis Rietveld pada pola difraksi sinar X menunjukkan bahwa doping Mg mempengaruhi struktur kristal dan parameter kisi. Parameter kisi untuk BST murni dan BST yang didoping Mg 1% sama dengan data PDF-ICDD yaitu 3,947 A. Sedangkan untuk BST yang didoping Mg 2 % dan 4 % sebesar 3,948 A

Arus globalisasi saat ini jelas memberikan ruang gerak yang semakin bebas bagi ancaman untuk masuk dan mengganggu keamanan nasional. Indonesia yang merupakan negara kepulauan terbesar tidak boleh menutup mata terhadap ancaman yang sudah didepan mata yang dapat masuk melalui jalur-jalur perairan strategisnya. Peningkatan kapasitas kekuatan pertahanan maritim menjadi kunci bagi pemerintah untuk terus mengawal langkah Indonesia kedepan dalam menghadapi rangkaian perubahan lingkungan strategis, baik dalam skala regional maupun global. Proyeksi pembangunan kekuatan maritim perlu diberikan prioritas utama untuk menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negara poros maritim dunia yang dipandang negara-negara internasional. Pada akhirnya, Indonesia akan memiliki posisi tawar yang strategis dalam pergaulan internasional apabila mampu membangun kekuatan maritimnya. Kata Kunci: pertahanan, globalisasi, ancaman transnasional, element of national power

ANALISIS RIETVELD KOMPONEN AKTIF BATTERY α-PbO 2 DAN β-PbO 2 . Telah diperiksa 3 buah sampel yang berbeda dari komponen baterai positif dengan pengukuran XRD standar, data yang diperoleh kemudian diproses dengan analisis Rietveld yang dijalankan dengan EXPGUI-GSAS. Dalam hal ini telah diperhalus lebih dari 8 parameter termasuk konstanta kisi, latar belakang, koefisien absorpsi, posisi atom, kesalahan nol pada sudut dua theta, faktor termal dan fungsi profil puncak. Semua sampel menunjukkan adanya dua fasa yaitu scrutinyite dan plattnerite, grup ruang mereka masing-masing Pbcn dan P4 2 /mnm.

Dalam diskursus tentang keamanan yang saat ini terus berkembang, maka konsep keamanan merujuk pada seluruh dimensi yang menentukan eksistensi negara, termasuk didalamnya upaya memantapkan keamanan nasional melalui stabilitas politik, sosial, ekonomi, dan pertahanan. Keamanan memiliki makna yang luas yang tidak hanya melibatkan TNI dan Polri saja sebagai aktornya, namun juga rakyat didalam kehidupan berdemokrasi. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus menyesuaikan kembali konsepkeamanan nasonal yang mampu merespons berbagai bentuk ancaman yang terus berevolusi dalam lingkungan juga terus berubah dengan cepat. Tulisan ini bertujuan menyumbangkan pemikiran tentang pentingnya UU Kamnas sebagai landasan dan rujukan bagi kerangka konseptual yag komprehensif dalam rangka membangun sebuah sistem keamanan nasional di Indonesia di masa depan. Kata Kunci: keamanan nasional, UU Kamnas, ancaman, dan lingkungan strategis

The ratification of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2/2017 concerning Community Organization (Perppu Ormas) and Law No.5/2018 concerning Terrorism is a strategic policy achievement in the national security sector that can be utilized by the government and civil society to stem the progress of radical groups in Indonesia, especially (but not limited to) those associated with radical Islamic movements, both those who are known to use violent approaches and those who do not. Appropriate mapping of the development of radical groups, at the level of global, regional and national strategic environments, is important because it will become the basis for the formation of broader and deeper public policies related to the fight against radicalism and radical movements in the future. Descriptive qualitative analysis based on the data, documents and phenomena that occur shows that the ratification of those laws have a significant impact if followed by decisive actions by law enforcement. Keywords: radicalism, deradicalization, terrorism, Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2/2017 concerning Community Organization (Perppu Ormas), Law No.5/2018 concerning Terrorism

Pengesahan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang Undang, No. 2Tahun 2017 tentang Keormasan (Perppu Ormas) sebagai UU dan pengesahan UU No.5 Tahun 2018 tentang Terorisme adalah sebuah capaian kebijakan strategis dalam sektor keamanan nasional yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat sipil untuk membendung kiprah kelompok-kelompok radikal di Indonesia, terutama (namun tak terbatas pada) mereka yang terkait dengan gerakan-gerakan Islam radikal, baik yang diketahui menggunakan pendekatan kekerasan maupun yang tidak. Pemetaan yang tepat terhadap perkembangan kelompok radikal, pada tataran lingkungan strategis global, regional, dan nasional, penting dilakukan karena akan menjadi landasan bagi pembentukan kebijakan publik yang lebih luas dan mendalam tekait penanggulangan radikalisme dan gerakan radikal di masa depan. Analisis kualitatif deskriptif yang dilakukan penulis berdasarkan data-data, dokumen dan fenomena yang terjadi menunjukkan bahwa pengesahan Perppu Ormas No 2 Tahun 2017 dan UU No 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Terorisme mempunyai dampak signifikan jika diikuti dengan tindakan-tindakan tegas oleh penegak hukum. Kata Kunci: radikalisme, deradikalisasi, terorisme, perpu ormas, uu terorisme

Multicultural education is a set of strategies to strengthen national integration aimed at facing possible threat to national security. Multiculturalism reflects Indonesia's socio-political realities due to the existing ethnic and cultural background of the nation. The diversity is both a priceless wealth and, at the same time, a potential threat factor that could endanger Indonesia's national security. Therefore, the government needs a breakthrough by implementing and strengthening its national vigilance among Indonesian people through multicultural education. The latter would widen and deepen the people's understanding of diversities that exist in society as well as enforce a sense of belongingness and solidarity. The implementation of multicultural education must be a join effort of government and the civil society in the forms of formal, informal, and non formal curricula.

We have demonstrated rare earths (REs) doped ZnO-based heterojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on p-Si substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolisis (USP). Room-temperature electroluminescence was clearly observed from reverse-biased n-ZnO:REs/p-Si diodes, which red and blue color emissions were realized from Eu and Tm ions, respectively. The narrow line-width emissions are attributed to the transitions within the shielded 4f levels of the trivalent REs ions that resulting from direct electron impact excitation during reverse bias.

The crystallographic properties and ferroelectric state of BZT multilayer films which deposited on Si (100) substrate was studied in this work. XRD pattern peaks show that BaZr0.1T0.9O3 and BaZr0.08Ti0.92O3 are found well-crystallized at 800 degrees C for 3 hours corresponding to vary annealed temperature. The BZT multilayerfilms are identified as tetragonal-perovskite structure. This is supported by the existence of a measured hysteresis loops which the instrument and the system is on own works. Fundamentally of theoretical in physics field, the SawyerTower Circuit has been concluded to ferroelectric phenomenon analysis on sample of material with experimental result as P-E hysteresis curve. The Sawyer-Tower Circuit method was used to measure the electrical polarization with triangle wave signal at fixed frequencies 50 Hz(phi= 0), and maximum electrical field (E-max) were injected continuously at the 40 Volt/cm. The system plotted the electrical field with respect to polarization (P-E curves), include its value. This data was used as a parameter for determining electric property of material. These results have shown the maximum value of electric field which could be used as measurement parameter. The highest maximum polarization, 34.12 mu C/cm(2), have been determined and obtained on BaZr0.1T0.9O3 at 800 degrees C for 3 hours annealing process and its maximum electric field is noted to be about 38.3 Volt/cm on all samples. In the normal manner, theresultcan provide an explanation of polarization and electrical behavior of ferroelectric sample for further research.

Liquid crystal is a material which is between solid and liquid phase and commonly called mesophase. Blends of liquid crystal are of great interest because of their unique optical properties. Blending in this study using two monomers of liquid crystal were cholesteryl acrylate and methyl phenyl benzoyl acrylate. The polymerization process using uv curing techniques by irradiation UV ray and without irradiation UV ray. Polymerization of blending liquid crystal acrylate using initiator 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane. Based on peak at GPC curve of polymerization by irradiation UV ray, type of that polymer is copolymer. Therefore the polymerization without UV ray, type of that polymer is homopolymer. SEM images of liquid crystal acrylate polymer showed lamella chain models that are characteristic of a polymer chains. Type of polymer liquid crystal acrylate was the type of Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers (SCLCPs). Therefore acrylate polymer liquid crystal in this research has semi-crystalline phase, which contained crystalline phase and amorphous phase on the XRD pattern. The results of FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of the two monomers showed a peak at the wave number of 1600.43 cm -1 and 1622.86 cm-1 which indicates a double bond (C=C) were obtained from acrylation. While the spectroscopy on the product blending the wave number of the peak regions is reduced that shows that carbon double bonds (C=C) in the acrylate group has polymerized. It also strengthened with a very sharp peak for CC functional groups on the wave number of 2855.15 cm-1. The results of this study indicate that the liquid crystal polymer acrylic polymerization results with radiation UV ray and without UV ray, respectively absorb light in the UV wavelength region 363 nm and 351 nm.

Pure and Y-doped BiFeO3 have been synthesized by sol-gel method. the gel have been heated at 150 degrees C for 3 h, the low-temperature heating treatment was given to obtain uniform, homogenous, and smaller size. The crystal BiFeO3 have been found after dried and grounded followed by calcination at 750 degrees C for 4 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of pure and Y-doped BiFeO3 are indexed and well matched with rhombohedral structure (R3c) and have been found secondary impurities such as Bi2Fe4O9 (mullite) and Bi25Fe2O39 (sillenite) were detected in pure and Bi1-xYx. FeO3 (x= 0, 0.18). The pattern of (104) and (110) peaks in Y-doped BiFeO3 around 2 theta = 32 degrees indicates reduction of the rhombohedral phase and increase that of the orthorhombic phase (Pbnm). Morphology of pure and Y-doped BiFeO3 with FE-SEM the result doping Yttrium can be reduce particle size between 200-400 nm. The LCR study, the impedance (real and imaginer) BiFeO3 and Y doped decreasing at low frequency (40-2 kHz) but after frequency 2 kHz is constant value. The impedance (imajiner) of pure is smaller of Yttrium doped BiFeO3. The dielectric constant pure and Ydoped BiFeO3 have been constan after frequency 2 kHz and decreasing at low frequency (40 -2 kHz). The conductancy pure BiFeO3 is smaller of Y doped BiFeO3 at 42 Hz - 5 MHz and after frequency 2 kHz conductancy of Y doped increases significant.