This research is motivated by the importance of implementing accounting for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in improving financial accountability and supporting more appropriate business decision-making. However, in practice, many MSMEs still maintain simple financial records that do not comply with applicable accounting principles. This condition has the potential to cause inaccurate financial information and make it difficult for business owners to evaluate their business performance. This study aims to analyze the role of accounting in improving financial accountability at the Garuda Meatball and Chicken Noodle Shop, identify the form of financial recording used, and identify the obstacles faced in implementing accounting in the business. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with the business owner and related parties. The results show that financial records are still done manually and simply, without adequate account separation according to accounting principles. Nevertheless, the business owner has implemented a separation between personal and business finances. The application of accounting, although still limited, has been proven to play a role in improving the accuracy of financial reporting, controlling operational costs, and the ability of business owners to evaluate the performance and financial condition of their business. This study concludes that implementing a simple accounting system, particularly a digital one, is essential for MSMEs to improve financial accountability and support future business sustainability.

The increasing density of connected vehicles can place substantial pressure on fixed roadside infrastructure, particularly when the available communication resources become insufficient to accommodate temporary traffic surges. This paper investigates auxiliary unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assistance as a flexible mechanism for improving service availability and throughput in vehicular networks. Two representative network configurations are considered. In the first, an auxiliary UAV (UAVa) supplements two fixed roadside units (RSUs), whereas in the second, UAVa assists a heterogeneous infrastructure comprising one RSU and one UAV. Vehicle service is determined according to node coverage, the line-of-sight (LoS) probability of aerial links, and a prescribed signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) requirement. The resulting framework enables UAVa to accommodate eligible vehicles that cannot be adequately served by the primary infrastructure as the network load increases. Simulation results show that, under the considered configurations, the aerial nodes benefit from more favorable propagation conditions and achieve higher throughput than the fixed terrestrial RSU. Moreover, the introduction of UAVa increases the available service capacity under high vehicular loads, both for a purely terrestrial baseline and for a network already supported by an aerial node. These results demonstrate the potential of auxiliary UAV assistance as a flexible load-relief mechanism for capacity-constrained vehicular networks.

In recent years, rainfall in the Jazan region of southwest Saudi Arabia has significantly increased, setting new records for monthly and daily rainfall in 2024 and leading to natural disasters. The distribution of monthly rainfall in Jazan and its variations over recent decades have not been analyzed yet. This study examines the changes in seasonal rainfall patterns in the Jazan region utilizing observational and reanalysis datasets from 1978 to 2024. The rescaled adjusted partial sums technique is used to detect breaks in the rainfall time series, while statistical methods are applied to analyze rainfall extremes and their trends. The average annual rainfall for the period 1978–2024 is 149.4 mm, which has increased from 131.9 mm during the earlier decades (1978–2000) to 166.2 mm in recent decades (2001–2024), reflecting an increase of 34.3 mm. The annual rainfall has been increasing significantly at a rate of 92.9 mm/decade in recent decades, compared to 74.3 mm/decade in the previous decades. There has been a marked shift in the peak rainfall season from autumn to summer, in particular moving from October to August in recent decades. The highest monthly rainfall recorded in August, reached 54.9 mm in recent decades, compared to just 15.4 mm in earlier decades. In contrast, the peak rainfall in October was 19.9 mm in previous decades, which decreased to 18.7 mm in recent decades. Notably, August 2024 marked a record-breaking rainfall of 414.8 mm, surpassing the previous high of 157.5 mm set in October 1997. These data show clear evidence of the changing climate in the region. Moreover, the number of heavy rainfall days has risen, with a total of 608 wet days documented throughout the entire period, alongside a significant increase in light, heavy, and extremely heavy rainfall days in recent decades compared to earlier ones. Hence, the region has seen a rise in heavy to extremely heavy rainfall days, including a daily record of 113.7 mm on 23 August 2024, compared to 90.0 mm on 22 October 1997. Additionally, there has been a rise in the maximum consecutive 5-day rainfall compared to the maximum 1-day rainfall. Overall, these findings show substantial changes in rainfall patterns in the Jazan region, suggesting notable climatic shifts that warrant further investigation using the automatic weather stations, radar and satellite data, as well as climate model simulations.

Seasonal Forecasting of the Arabian Peninsula (AP) Surface Air Temperature (SAT) during boreal summer (June-July-August; JJA) season is essential for socio-economic sectors of the region. In present study, the multimodel boreal summer seasonal mean SAT prediction skill is investigated using Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) and Saudi-KAU Seasonal Forecasting Systems for the period 1993 to 2016. The models are validated against ERA5 reanalysis dataset. The observed maximum SAT variability over the central and northern AP region is captured well by 80 % of the models. We further defined AP temperature index (APTI) based on SAT anomaly over the central and northern AP. A statistically significant negative correlation of -0.52 (95 % confidence level) is noted in ERA5 between El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and APTI. Most of the models successfully capture the ENSO and SAT teleconnections with varying magnitude, except CMCC and DWD models, where opposite relationship is noted. During La Nina (cold ENSO phase) the positive geopotential anomalies over Eurasia strengthen due to the upper-level divergence over the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean through Sverdrup balance, which favour sinking motion and leads to above-normal temperature anomalies over AP. The opposite tends to happen during El Nino. The deterministic and probabilistic skill of the models are also assessed. Most of the models show reasonable prediction skill in representing ENSO and atmospheric circulation anomalies over Eurasia that modulate AP summer SAT anomalies, except CMCC and DWD. The SEAS5, METEOF, SaudiKAU, UKMO and JMA models show reasonable probabilistic skill as well as potential predictability (PP) of SAT in the central and northern AP, aligning well with the actual skill during boreal summer season over the AP region.

Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) pose significant health risks by penetrating deep into the lungs and causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues. In Saudi Arabia, high PM2.5 levels are driven by its geographic location and extreme climate. Therefore, analysis of PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability is crucial for understanding its causes, impacts, and effective management. This study analyzed MERRA-2 reanalysis PM2.5 data for 23 years (2001–2023). MERRA-2 data were validated with in situ observations in terms of several statistical metrics, including RMSE, FAC2, MAE, and Correlation Coefficient. The results revealed a significant spatial variation in PM2.5 levels, with higher concentrations observed in the eastern and southeastern regions and lower concentrations observed in the western and northwestern regions, a trend confirmed by ground-level observations. Employing the robust Theil–Sen technique, temporal trends in PM2.5 concentrations indicated an overall decreasing trend over the study period. At most sites, PM2.5 levels increased until 2010 and then started decreasing, probably due to government interventions for reducing emissions, combating desertification, and enhancing tree plantations. Non-linear modeling provided a more accurate representation of complex trends compared to simple linear models. The findings underscore the need for continued national and regional efforts to mitigate PM2.5 pollution by addressing its emission sources.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas model pembelajaran berbasis proyek dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa pada pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) di Sekolah Dasar. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan desain non-equivalent control group. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas V di Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) Cihambulu I, Kabupaten Subang. Penelitian ini melibatkan dua kelompok, yakni kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok eksperimen memperoleh pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model Project-Based Learning (PjBL), sedangkan kelompok kontrol mendapat pembelajaran dengan pembelajaran langsung. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai signifikansi (2-tailed) sebesar 0,001 yang berada di bawah angka 0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok tersebut. Selain itu, nilai rata-rata N-Gain Score sebesar 0,86 menunjukkan peningkatan yang tinggi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran berbasis proyek efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa dalam pembelajaran IPS di sekolah dasar.

In this study, the effect of altitude on diabetes prevalence was examined in Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 189 participants from higher altitudes (>1500 m, n=97) and lower altitudes (<1500 m, n=92). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with IBM SPSS v 30.0. The findings revealed an inverse relationship between altitude and diabetes prevalence, with higher rates at lower altitudes (81.5%) compared to higher altitudes (61.8%) (p=0.003). Physical activity and awareness levels also differed significantly across altitudes (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated a 63% lower likelihood of diabetes among high-altitude residents (OR=0.368, p=0.003). These results suggest that environmental and lifestyle factors at higher altitudes, such as increased physical activity and dietary adaptations, may offer metabolic protection. Public health efforts should promote active living, healthy diets, and diabetes awareness across all altitude regions.

Pakistan's water security relies heavily on the Upper Indus basin (UIB), which provides nearly half of the country's surface water essential for agriculture, domestic use, and hydropower generation. Therefore, accurate future streamflow projections of this region are crucial for effective water resources management. This study used machine learning algorithms, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to downscale ten Coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 Global Circulation Models (GCMs) climatic data at a regional scale. This research also developed ANNs and CNNs algorithms to project streamflow in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) using downscaled climate data under SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios for the period of 2026-2055 and 2056-2085, validated against observed streamflow (1985-2015). The results indicated that ANNs and CNNs showed strong performance during testing and training for the downscaling of climatic data and based on (Coefficient of determination) R2 and (Kling-Gupta Efficiency) KGE values, five best performing downscaled GCMs (i.e., MIROC6, CNRM-CM6-1, CNRM-ESM2-1, CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR) were selected for streamflow projection. For streamflow projection, CNNs model significantly outperformed than ANNs model during both training and testing phases, achieving mean squared error (0.0302) as the loss function and mean absolute error (0.0032) as the evaluation metric. Future streamflow projections, based on downscaled climatic data from five GCMs using the CNNs algorithm, showed an increasing behavior for the periods 2026-2055 and 2056-2085 compared to the 1985-2014 baseline, with a more intense increase projected under the SSP245 scenario than under SSP585. Among the five GCMs analyzed, CNRM-ESM2-1 projected the most intense increase in streamflow, with rises of 84 % and 97 % for the periods 2026-2055 and 2056-2085 under SSP245, and 59 % and 91 % under SSP585 respectively. This improved understanding of future streamflow will guide adaptive management for hydropower and water resources in UIB.

Manajemen yang terarah menjadi kunci utama dalam membentuk lembaga pendidikan yang ideal, terutama pada sistem pendidikan pesantren yang dianggap baik dewasa ini. Pendidikan pesantren, dibangun atas nilai dan tradisi luhur, memerlukan manajemen sistematis. Aspek khusus yang perlu diperhatikan adalah pembinaan kedisiplinan tinggi, terutama bagi santriwati baru yang seringkali kesulitan beradaptasi dengan perbedaan kondisi kehidupan di pondok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, faktor pendukung dan penghambat manajemen santriwati baru dalam penerapan disiplin di Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Putri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Tahapan-tahapan yang dilakukan yaitu perencanaan yang mencakup di dalamnya perumusan tujuan pendidikan, pengorganisasian yang mencakup pendelegasian wewenang, penggerakan yang mencakup pengarahan dan pemberian motivasi, dan pengawasan yang mencakup evaluasi.

In the Arabian Peninsula, dust storms constitute a significant natural hazard, impacting the region’s climate, human health, and socio-economic development. This paper discusses the dust climatology based on multi-source data spanning the period 1980‒2023 over the Arabian Peninsula. Moreover, case studies of severe dust events during the winter and spring seasons are simulated using the WRF-Chem model. Climatic conditions related to dust events were obtained from observations. Model simulated climatic variables were evaluated against observations. A climatological study conducted over the study area found that dust aerosol levels were highest during spring and summer, although they were present every month. In the recent decade (2011‒2020), aerosol decreased at the rate of 0.103 (0.064) per decade obtained from Terra-MODIS (MERRA-2). Apart from these, the results of two severe dust events demonstrated that a drop in temperature and pressure, along with a sudden rise in wind speed and a temporary increase in humidity, characterize the onset of dust events. During the dust event, low temperatures continued, wind speed decreased, and pressure gradually increased. The WRF-Chem model simulates these basic synoptic characteristics of meteorological variables in both winter and spring. The dust wall was higher (300 hPa) in the spring case as compared to the winter (550 hPa) case. A denser dust concentration was observed in the winter case (5000 µg m−3) than in the spring case (2000 µg m−3). So far, this is the first analysis of such dust heights on walls in the region. A more thorough analysis of case studies is required, and the WRF-Chem model should be parameterized to forecast dust storms across the area to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.

Kegiatan esktrakulikuler PMR adalah kegiatan ekstrakulikuler yang menjadikan siswa sebagai relawan yang bertanggungjawab di masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui program esktakulikuler PMR di MTs. Negeri 3 Mataram yang dapat menguatkan civic responsibility siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan data yang sudah di ambil menunjukan bahwa strategi penguatan Civic Responsibility di MTs Negeri 3 Mataram yaitu: 1) Latihan Dasar (Diksar) dan Pengukuhan, 2) Pembagian Devisi Atau Bidang, 3) Disiplin Latihan Rutin. Faktor pendukung strategi penguatan civic responsibility antara lain yaitu, seluruh stekholder sekolah termasuk bapak kepala madrasah, kerjasama pelatih dan pembina, dan teman sebaya. Hambatan yang diterima yaitu, kurangnya minat siswa, kurangnya dana, sarana dan prasarana yang mendukung kegiatan ekstrakulikuler PMR.

Pandemik Covid-19 telah menjadi topik utama wacana segenap lapisan masyarakat. Media masa khususnya portal berita dalam talian telah memainkan peranan yang penting sebagai agen penyebaran maklumat terkait pandemik kepada umum dengan cepat dan mudah. Justeru, makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis dengan terperinci laporan berita terkait pandemik Covid-19 yang dipaparkan oleh portal berita berbahasa Arab ‘Aswaq’ (aswaqpress.com) bermula Januari hingga Julai 2021. Aswaq yang mula beroperasi sejak 2009 berperanan sebagai jambatan berita dan maklumat antara Malaysia dan dunia Arab. Fokus kajian adalah kepada wacana autoritatif yang memuatkan naratif dari sumber-sumber pihak berwajib dan berpengaruh yang lazimnya dianggap umum sebagai sumber sahih. Kajian ini juga akan merungkai strategi-strategi yang digunakan oleh portal berita Aswaq dalam mengolah dan melaporkan wacana autoritatif dalam laporan berita mereka. Seterusnya ia akan memberi gambaran keseluruhan terhadap naratif lopran berita terkait pandemik Covid-19 yang dihidangkan kepada para pembaca khususnya di Timur Tengah berkaitan Malaysia. Metode kajian adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan Analisis Wacana Kritis (AWK) berasaskan teks (textual-oriented Critical Discourse Analysis) yang dianjurkan oleh Norman Fairclough (1992). Hasil analisis kualitatif akan dibantu dengan dapatan data statistik janaan perisian analisis Korpus Linguistik ‘AntConc’ bagi sistem Windows 11 versi 4.2.4 (2023). Dapatan awal menunjukkan, naratif berita pandemik Covid-19 oleh Aswaq.com padat dengan wacana autoritatif bagi meyakinkan para pembaca tentang maklumat yang mereka sajikan kepada para pembaca sasaran. Dalam pada itu, terdapat juga wacana dari sumber-sumber lain bersifat antagonis yang mencabar kewibawaan wacana autoritatif selain menawarkan wacana alternatif kepada naratif pihak berkuasa. Semua ini menjadikan wacana portal berita Aswaq kaya dengan pelbagai maklumat dari sumber yang berbeza untuk tatapan para pembaca yang semakin kritis. Di akhir makalah, cadangan dan penambahbaikan akan dikemukakan untuk kajian berkaitan pada masa hadapan

Awal masa kemerdekaan Indonesia ditandai dengan semangat para ulama’ dalam merumuskan kembali hukum-hukum Islam—setelah sebelumnya hukum Islam telah “dikebiri” oleh Belanda. Dalam makalah ini, penulis ingin menunjukkan geliat para ulama’ dan pemerintah Indonesia dalam merumuskan suatu hukum Islam (khususnya keluarga) untuk dijadikan patokan umum bagi seluruh Pengadilan Agama di bumi Nusantara. Tentunya dalam usaha mereka untuk meramu hukum Islam tidak semudah membalikkan telapak tangan, karena di dalamnya terdapat pertentangan dan perbedaan pendapat. Namun, munculnya UU Pernikahan Tahun 1974, dan kemudian disempurnakan dengan KHI (Kompilasi Hukum Islam) menjadi suatu keberhasilan tersendiri pemerintah dan ulama‟ Indonesia untuk menyatukan suara dalam masalah Pernikahan, Perwakafan, dan Perwarisan. Di sisi lain, adanya upaya pembaharuan KHI lewat CLD (Counter Legal Draft)-KHI menunjukkan adanya ketidak puasan sebagian golongan terhadap rumusan KHI. Akan tetapi, usaha mereka sia-sia karena dianggap bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam dan akhirnya dibukukan oleh Kemenag. Dalam artikel ini penulis ingin mengungkapkan sejarah dan dinamika perdebatan pelegalan hukum Islam di Indonesia

Tamansari Village in Bogor Regency boasts a key commodity in pohpohan leaves, which has significant potential to be developed by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) into processed products such as chips through packaging innovation and partnership strategies. The UMKM "CLB Raos," which has been producing pohpohan chips since 1998, faces key challenges in marketing due to unappealing packaging and a limited partnership network, causing the business to temporarily halt. This mentoring program aims to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of pohpohan chips through strategic planning, social approaches, implementation, and evaluation. The main interventions in this program include improving packaging from simple clear plastic to full-print aluminum foil, rebranding the product to "KEPOTA," and registering the business with a Business Identification Number (NIB) and Halal Certification. Partnerships with the "Sobat Tani IPB" cafe and the entrepreneurship extracurricular program at SMA N 1 Tamansari were also established to broaden the market reach. The results show a significant increase in the product's appeal and competitiveness in the market. The main challenge faced by this micro-enterprise is the limited mobility of the UMKM actors, which hinders independent product distribution. Therefore, packaging innovation and strategic partnerships are crucial for UMKM development, especially in expanding market reach.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik agronomi beberapa varietas padi terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi, serta untuk mengetahui pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini diadakan di Desa Aneuk Glee Kecamatan Indrapuri dan Desa Teudayah Kecamatan Kuta Malaka kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Mei 2022. Objek penelitian ini adalah padi varietas inpari 45 dan inpari 30 yang diambil dari dua hektar lahan sawah beririgasi teknis milik petani, dan sawah beririgasi semiteknis seluas 1400m2 milik petani. Analisis pendapatan dalam penelitian ini digunakan untuk mengetahui besarnya pendapatan yang diperoleh petani responden pada usahatani padi sawah di desa Aneuk Glee dan Desa Teudayah. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa usahatani padi di desa Aneuk Glee dan Teudayah layak untuk di usahakan, hal ini dibuktikan dengan nilai R/C yang diperoleh sebesar 3,16 dan 2,47.

Scorpion envenomation is a widespread issue in tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study epidemiology of scorpion sting cases and potential treatment options in district Hafizabad, Pakistan are documented. Hafizabad city and the adjacent villages were selected for the data collection. Age, gender, time, site of scorpion sting on the body, scorpion sting symptoms, number of patients obtaining medical attention and the number of fatalities (if any) were noted. Data showed that scorpion envenomation often occurs in people between the ages of 16-47 years. There were more female victims (55%) and most of the scorpion sting incidences (55.49%) occurred between 07 PM and 02 AM Among body parts, both the hands (41.71%) and feet (48.57%) were more vulnerable to scorpion stings. In rural areas, the incidences of scorpion stings were higher (68.57%). The reported symptoms of scorpion stings include pain, hypertension, nausea and allergy. Out of all the victims, only 56.05% sought treatment from health care units as well as traditional medicine practitioners. However, others (43.94%) fully healed on their own without any treatment. People were using different types of plant-based materials and dead scorpions with mustard oil as a potent remedy against scorpion stings. Moreover, in the health care units there was no antivenom available and medical staff usually used common pain killers such as Xylocain and Lignocain for the treatment of scorpion sting.

An entrepreneur must be perceptive and know how to seize opportunities. Business opportunities exist in all aspects of society and in all economic activities. Therefore, the key to spotting opportunities is creativity. The relationship between entrepreneurship, economic growth, and job creation is becoming increasingly relevant, as various studies indicate a positive correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. Ogunlana's study, cited from the setneg.go.id website, found that entrepreneurship can play a crucial role in achieving economic growth for countries to overcome economic crises. He asserts that entrepreneurship can generate jobs, foster innovation, increase production, and diversify sources of economic income by promoting the development of SMEs. This research aims to identify the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among students at the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business at UIN STS Jambi. The results show that financial management significantly affects entrepreneurial intentions among students with a significance level of 0.001. Self-efficacy significantly affects entrepreneurial intentions among students with a significance level of 0.000. Simultaneously, it was found that financial management and self-efficacy together significantly affect entrepreneurial intentions with a significance level of 0.000.

This thesis aims to determine how the influence of brand trust, Islamic service quality, and promotion on customer satisfaction. Outlet Hamas Customers in Jambi City. Research Here using quantitative research methods the approach The approach used in this research is descriptive-quantitative method. The results showed (1) a Sig value of 0.000 <0.005 This means that Brand Trust has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The t-count value value of 8.510> 1.985 from the t-table. this means that brand trust has a significant effect significant effect on customer satisfaction. (2) the value of Islamic service quality Sig of 0.000 <0.005, this means that Islamic service quality has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. customer satisfaction. And it can be seen that the t-count value is 4,993 > 1,985 from the t-table, this means that Islamic service quality has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. (3) value Sig promotion value of 0.000 <0.005,. This means that promotion has a significant on customer satisfaction customer satisfaction. And it can be seen that the value of t-count of 5.773> 1.985 from the t-table,. This means that promotion has an effect on customer satisfaction. (4) Sig value value of 0.000 <0.05, this means that brand trust brand trust, Islamic service quality, and promotion simultaneously have a significant influence on customer satisfaction. together (simultaneously) have a significant influence on customer satisfaction or the fourth hypothesis is accepted. is accepted.

In the international context, developments in banking law have recognized intellectual property as fiduciary collateral for applying bank credit. Likewise in Indonesia, although implementation has not yet occurred for several reasons. One of them is the issue regarding the economic assessment of intellectual property which is used as an object of collateral, risk management regarding its fluctuating value, and management of this intellectual property. Therefore, this research will discuss two legal issues, first, what is the role of intellectual property as credit collateral? Second, how is the normative implementation of intellectual property as collateral for obtaining banking credit? Thus, this research was written using an analytical approach in doctrinal legal studies. The resulting findings are that in a normative context, intellectual property has also been recognized as an object of collateral by being marked in the ratification of several international instruments, and implementation procedures have been regulated by the Director General of Intellectual Property and related banking regulations.

The study analyzes the level of digital information literacy skills (DILS) of university teachers of Peshawar and its relationship with their certain personal and academic variables. Using survey method of research, a research instrument based on similar studies was administered to the university teachers working in the public sector universities of Peshawar for collecting the data. Total population of this study was comprised of 1678 faculty members in all six public sector universities situated in Peshawar, Pakistan. The research instrument was sent to a sample of 500 faculty members with a representation of 30% from each university. The researchers received back 340 usable questionnaires with 68% response rate. Results indicated that faculty members were comfortable with 13 DILS. They showed least comfort in the use of digital journals, digital books, listserv and discussion groups. The study found that participants were well acquainted in computer usage; however, they were not well versed in searching literature of their choice. Moreover, the study observed significant differences in faculty members’ specialty, educational qualification (degree), their proficiency in English, and the accessibility to computers or laptops at their homes. Similarly, significant difference was also found keeping in view respondents’ sex and societal background. The study concluded that university teachers, in general, lack DILS. The available literature indicates that only a few studies on such kind of topics have been conducted in Pakistan and elsewhere. However, no study till date has examined DILS of teachers of public sector universities in Peshawar, Pakistan. Being a pioneering study, It will help in promoting and organizing digital information literacy programs for faculty members and improve their DILS.