The paper presents a simulation methodology for assessing the properties of a generic anechoic chamber, taking into account wall and floor coatings, measurement table, and antenna. Unlike previous approaches, the absorbing walls of the chamber are modeled as infinitely thin sheets. This leads to considerable improvement of the simulation performance. To this aim, a technique for extracting equivalent surface impedance material parameters from wall reflectivity measurements is presented. The large electrical size of the problem, its multiscale character, given by the large dimensions of a typical chamber on one hand and the fine details of the antenna on the other hand, and the complicated material parameters represent the challenges of such a simulation.

This paper presents the effects of wearing rings and earrings on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution due to mobile phone exposure using the inhomogeneous human model HUGO. The human model is postured in talk position and exported using the “BodyFlex” software program. To analyze the SAR distribution, the head and the hand of the human model are included in the simulations. The results show that, in some cases, the presence of the earring and the ring have a noticeable impact on the maximum calculated SAR value and also on the SAR distribution.

The paper presents an overview of the most popular time domain methods for three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation. Their main characteristics, advantages and drawbacks, as well as alternative formulations are shortly presented. The paper concludes by the presentation of challenging application examples, for which the time-domain methods are not only well suited, but perhaps even the only successfully applicable approach.

The aim of this paper is to describe a numerical approach for separation and movement of the fingers of the human body model HUGO, which is implemented as an enhancement of the “BodyFlex” application. The algorithm allows the generation of a proper posture of the HUGO model's hand for evaluation of the electromagnetic effects from mobile phones through the analysis and comparison of the SAR values. Non-axis aligned control lattices aligned with the position of the fingers were introduced, in order to optimally treat the movement of the fingers, which are bent over the lower part of the abdomen in the original model.

In the last two decades, the increasing number of electronic devices used in day-to-day life led to a growing interest in the study of the electromagnetic field interaction with biological tissues. The design of medical devices and wireless communication devices such as mobile phones benefits a lot from the bio-electromagnetic simulations in which digital human models are used. The digital human models currently available have an upright position which limits the research activities in realistic scenarios, where postured human bodies must be considered. For this reason, a software application called "BodyFlex for CST STUDIO SUITE" was developed. In its current version, this application can deform the voxel-based human model named HUGO (Dipp GmbH, 2010) to allow the generation of common postures that people use in normal life, ensuring the continuity of tissues and conserving the mass to an acceptable level. This paper describes the enhancement of the "BodyFlex" application, which is related to the movements of the forearm and the wrist of a digital human model. One of the electromagnetic applications in which the forearm and the wrist movement of a voxel based human model has a significant meaning is the measurement of the specific absorption rate (SAR) when a model is exposed to a radio frequency electromagnetic field produced by a mobile phone. Current SAR measurements of the exposure from mobile phones are performed with the SAM (Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin) phantom which is filled with a dispersive but homogeneous material. We are interested what happens with the SAR values if a realistic inhomogeneous human model is used. To this aim, two human models, a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous one, in two simulation scenarios are used, in order to examine and observe the differences in the results for the SAR values.

Bio-medical applications often employ geometrically complex models of apparatus and human beings. Thus only methods with capabilities for extremely high spatial resolution are adequate for a proper analysis. The large system size is often coupled to thermal analysis. On top of theses algorithmic challenges, human models are typically not available in the required position and thus a transformation method has to be employed in order to create e.g. a sitting body from a standing one.

The complexity of modern devices poses great challenges to their simulation. This paper presents existing features as well as latest advances in CST STUDIO SUITE, meant to allow the efficient simulation not only of stand-alone devices, but also of entire technical systems.

Computer simulation of electromagnetic field problems has become a key tool in dealing with EMC problems. In particular time domain algorithms are best suited, as they are able to deliver broad band results by their very nature in an easy way. There are several time domain approaches such as FDTD[1], TLM[2] and FIT[3,4] that are commonly used. In EMC problems, there are often rather challenging geometrical structures that make a straightforward analysis very expensive, if not impossible. Thin slots in big boxes for instance, metallic grids with small holes, small electronic devices placed in a large airplane, or any other geometrical situation with a large contrast in spatial dimensions require the development of special local modelling. We will present the state of the art in dealing with EMC problems for realistic applications and demonstrate the superior efficiency of modern algorithms employing such special models.

With the development of medical technique and computational electromagnetics, high resolution anatomic human models have already been widely developed and used in computation of electromagnetic fields induced in human body. Although these so called voxel-based human models are powerful tools for research on electromagnetic safety, their unchangeable standing posture makes it impossible to simulate a realistic scenario in which people have a lot of different postures. This paper describes a poser program package which was developed as an improved version of the free-from deformation technique to overcome this problem. It can set rotation angles of different human joints and then deform the original human model to make it have different postures. The original whole-body human model can be deformed smoothly, continuity of internal tissues and organs is maintained and the mass of different tissues and organs can be conserved in a reasonable level.As a typical application of the postured human models, this paper also studies the effect of the step voltage due to a lightning strike on the human body. Two voxel-based human body models with standing and walking posture were developed and integrated into simulation models to compute the current density distribution in the human body shocked by the step voltage. In order to speed up the transient simulation, the reduced c technique was used, leading to a speedup factor of around 20. The error introduced by the reduced c technique is discussed and simulation results are presented in detail.

This paper studies the effect of the step voltage due to a lightning strike on the human body. Two voxel-based human body models with standing and walking posture were developed and integrated into simulation models to compute the current density distribution in the human body shocked by the step voltage. In order to speed up the transient simulation, the reduced c technique was used, leading to a speedup factor of around 20. In the paper, the trade-off between speedup and error when using the reduced c technique is discussed, and simulation results are presented in detail.

(PIC) algorithm. Here, charged particles are propagated through the structure and excite themselves electromagnetic fields. In turn, their motion is also influenced by the surrounding electromagnetic fields. The algorithm discussed in the paper updates electromagnetic fields and equations of motion continuously and in a self-consistent manner.

In the past years, time-domain methods have reached a level of maturity that makes them most suitable for the simulation of a variety of EM devices. They have a number of advantages: capability of simulating truly gigantic structures, due to their high simulation speed and low memory consumption; ability to furnish broadband results in a single simulation run; and, more recently, they offer good accuracy in the approximation of problem geometry through improved meshing techniques adapted to arbitrary surfaces. In the time domain, EM simulations can most naturally be coupled to simulations in other domains of physics. This broadens their domain of applicability to entire technical systems and allows a variety of physical effects to be taken into account in the design stage. This article on time-domain methods should not let the reader forget that frequency-domain methods also have great advantages and that, for specific devices or simulation types, a frequency-domain method might be the best or the only one applicable. However, we do live in a time-domain world. To quote E. Bogatin [23]: "The most important quality of the frequency domain is that it is not real. It is a mathematical construct. The only reality is the time domain."

In this paper a 3D electromagnetic (EM) modeling approach of a 64-pin shrink quad flat package (SQFP) is presented. The package contains the physical layer IC implementation of a high-speed chip-to-chip serial transmitter/receiver for the performance evaluation of a pre-version of the MIPI D-PHY standard. The paper describes the simulation methodology starting from gathering package information regarding dimension-s through datasheets and X-ray pictures. Subsequently, a three-dimensional model is built and analyzed in 3D electromagnetic simulation software. Package characterization techniques in frequency and time domain are applied. Finally, a network model for use in a circuit simulator is derived. Finally, relevant constraints of this modeling approach are discussed.

This article is intended to give design engineers an overview over some properties of numerical methods used in today's most relevant commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools. It cannot and does not want to be a rigorous analysis of the methods themselves nor a concise description of their history.

The linearization of an electromagnetic formulation by the Newton method can be expressed similarly as for the linear case, by introducing differential material matrices. For the case of the finite-integration technique applied to an orthogonal grid, the chord material matrix is diagonal whereas the differential material matrices includes off-diagonal bands, representing the cross-directional coupling introduced by the nonlinearity. An approximative Newton method based on a unidirectional differential material matrix yields a diagonal matrix, which has a higher computational efficiency but may lead to a degenerated convergence.