Background: Disordered eating attitudes are major public health concerns associated with adverse physical, psychological, and social outcomes. Therefore, brief, psychometrically sound screening tools are needed to identify individuals at risk early. The Eating Attitudes Test-7 (EAT-7) is a shortened screening tool developed to assess disordered eating attitudes. However, its Turkish validity and reliability have not been previously examined. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the EAT-7 among Turkish-speaking adults. Methods: This methodological validation study was conducted between November 2025 and January 2026. Data were collected online using a snowball sampling technique. After a pilot study with 210 participants, the main study included 1635 adults aged ≥18 years. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with 500 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed with an independent sample of 1135 participants. Internal consistency and construct validity were assessed. Convergent validity was evaluated through correlations with the EAT-26, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-13 (EDE-Q-13), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale Short Form (DASS-8). Results: The Turkish version of the EAT-7 demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.925. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.909, and Bartlett's test results were significant. Exploratory factor analysis supported a single-factor structure explaining 70.133% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a good model fit. The total EAT-7 score was positively correlated with the EAT-26, EDE-Q-13, and DASS-8 scores. Conclusions: The Turkish version of the EAT-7 is a valid, reliable, brief, and practical screening tool for assessing disordered eating attitudes among Turkish-speaking adults.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1877643.].

Background Aging is associated with loss of muscle mass and a higher risk of malnutrition, which adversely affects the quality of life in older adults. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation (14.8 g/day) in individuals aged ≥ 65 years with limited mobility on muscle mass (lean mass, fat-free mass index [FFMI]) and malnutrition indicators (Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 [NRS-2002], 7-point Subjective Global Assessment [SGA-7P], phase angle [PA]) and to assess the differences between feeding routes (oral vs. percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG]). Methods In this study, 52 elderly residents of a long-term care facility (oral, n = 31; PEG, n = 13) received 14.8 g of protein supplement (including 1.3 g hydroxy methylbutyrate [HMB]) in addition to their usual diet, for 4 weeks. Their body composition was assessed using Bodystat Quadscan 4000. Nutritional status was evaluated using NRS-2002, SGA7P, and PA. Temporal changes were analyzed using the paired-samples t -test and differences between feeding routes using the McNemar test, McNemar–Bowker test, and independent-samples t -test. Results The increases in lean mass and FFMI were not statistically significant. Among malnutrition parameters, only the SGA-7P score significantly decreased. No significant changes were observed in NRS-2002 or PA. Furthermore, there were no group differences between oral and PEG feeding. Clinical observations indicated improved functional well-being with minimal physical activity. Conclusions Protein supplementation over 4 weeks did not significantly enhance muscle mass or most malnutrition indicators in older adults with limited mobility; however, it decreased SGA-7P scores. Feeding route also did not affect short-term outcomes. These findings highlight the feasibility of a clinically sustainable low-dose protein supplementation strategy and suggest that even modest protein top-ups may represent an initial step toward reducing malnutrition risk in very frail nursing-home residents.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of plant-based beverages identified in selected national and local retail outlets in Türkiye using the updated Nutri-Score beverage algorithm.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study analyzed 56 plant-based beverage products from 10 brands identified between October and November 2025. Nutritional composition and Nutri-Score classifications were summarized by plant source and compared across product subtypes.ResultsOat-based beverages had the highest median energy and sugars, coconut-based beverages had the highest median saturated fat content, and soy-based beverages had the highest median protein content by plant source. Across product subtypes, statistically significant differences were observed in energy (P = 0.0004), sugars (P < 0.001), and the percentage of fruits, vegetables and legumes (P = 0.028). Barista products had the highest median energy value, whereas unsweetened products had the lowest median energy and sugars. Nutri-Score class distribution differed significantly across product subtypes (P < 0.001). Most unsweetened products were classified as Nutri-Score B (87.5%), whereas plain/original (71.87%) and barista-type (87.5%) products were predominantly classified as Nutri-Score C.ConclusionAmong the sampled plant-based beverages, product formulation appeared to be more strongly reflected in Nutri-Score classification than plant source.

Background:Orthorexia nervosa is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with healthy eating, rigid dietary rules, and dysfunctional beliefs related to food, health, morality, and control. Despite the growing interest in orthorexia research in Türkiye, instruments directly assessing orthorexic beliefs remain limited. This study aimed to adapt the Orthorexia Beliefs Scale into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of healthy adults. Method:This methodological study was conducted between October 2025 and January 2026 using an online snowball sampling strategy. The adaptation process followed a standard forward-backward translation procedure. A pilot study was first performed to assess item clarity and preliminary reliability (n = 210). Subsequently, the main study included 1,652 participants, with separate samples allocated for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 700) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 952). Participants completed the OBS, Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Internal consistency, construct validity, convergent validity, and criterion validity were evaluated. Results:The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value (0.922) and significant Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ2 = 8,144.004, p < 0.001) confirmed sample adequacy for factor analysis. EFA supported a three-factor structure-Overvaluation of Healthy Eating, Need for Control, and Moral Meaning-explaining 53.997% of the total variance. CFA demonstrated good model fit (χ2/df = 3.085, RMSEA = 0.047, CFI = 0.981, NFI = 0.972, SRMR = 0.059, GFI = 0.983, AGFI = 0.979). The total scale showed excellent internal consistency (McDonald's Omega = 0.922). Standardized factor loadings, composite reliability, and average variance extracted values supported convergent validity. OBS total scores were positively associated with orthorexia-related behaviors, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and affective measures, supporting criterion validity. Conclusion:The findings indicate that the Turkish version of the Orthorexia Beliefs Scale is a valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing orthorexic beliefs in the Turkish population and may contribute to future clinical and cross-cultural research on orthorexia nervosa.

Background/objectives:Overweight and obesity remain major unresolved public health issues. One contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of obesity is the rising consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which are a key source of added sugars and excess energy in the diet. Therefore, accurate assessment of beverage intake has become increasingly important for both research and public health interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15 (BEVQ-15) in adults. Methods:A total of 141 adults aged 18-65 years who applied to a private nutrition clinic were included. Data were collected at three time points (T1, T2, T3) through face-to-face interviews. At each time point, participants completed the BEVQ-15 and a 3-day food record. Validity and reliability were evaluated using Spearman correlations, intraclass correlation coefficients, Kendall's W, and Bland-Altman analyses. Results:Spearman correlations between BEVQ-15 and food records ranged from 0.26 to 0.96 across beverage categories, with the majority of categories demonstrating correlations of 0.50 or higher. Test-retest reliability was excellent for water (ICC = 0.94), moderate for diet beverages (ICC = 0.70), and total SSBs (ICC = 0.65). Bland-Altman analysis showed that 87% of beverage categories achieved ≥95% agreement within the limits of agreement. Conclusion:These findings indicate that the Turkish version of the BEVQ-15 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing beverage consumption among adults.

Background/Objectives: Increasing screen time in childhood has been suggested to impact physical health, eating behaviors, and well-being. This study investigated how screen time affects mindfulness, mindful eating, and diet quality in Turkish adolescents aged 9-12 years. Methods: One hundred thirty-seven participants completed surveys on anthropometry, screen time, the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index, the Mindful Eating Questionnaire for Children, and the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure. Results: The average screen time was 4.43 ± 2.37 h/day. Significant negative correlations emerged between screen time and mindfulness (r = -0.471, p < 0.001), as well as between screen time and diet quality (r = -0.244, p < 0.05). A regression analysis revealed significant associations only for mindfulness (B = -0.158, p < 0.001) and age (B = 0.636, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Higher mindfulness and younger age correlated with lower screen time, suggesting mindfulness interventions in schools may reduce screen use.

Background/Objectives: There is growing interest in non-diet approaches to support health, well-being, and performance in different populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intuitive eating (IE) intervention on participants' body composition, body image, eating behaviors, and athletic performance. Methods: The study included both an intervention group and a control group. It was conducted between September and December 2021. Participants were recruited from a sports center in Istanbul, where they had applied for nutrition and exercise counseling. Inclusion criteria included being 18-65 years old, not having engaged in regular physical activity in the past month, having no chronic disease, and not using any regular medications. Participants were not randomly assigned to groups; allocation was based on availability and willingness to attend the intervention sessions. The study involved 57 participants who were healthy adults between 18 and 65 years old and followed a structured exercise program. At the beginning of the study, a demographic questionnaire was administered. The anthropometric measurements were taken at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. In addition, validated performance and psychometric assessment tools were used, including the Cooper test for cardiovascular endurance, the Davies test for upper-body agility, and the 1-RM bench press for muscular strength, alongside standardized self-report questionnaires for eating attitudes (EAT-26), IE (IES-2), and body image (BCS). Results: The intervention group did not show any statistically significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05). The post-intervention means of the intervention and control groups were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The intervention group showed significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance, agility, and strength performance scores compared to the control group after the intervention (p < 0.05). The intervention group showed significant improvements in body image scores (p < 0.05) and eating attitude scores (p < 0.05). The post-intervention eating attitude and body image scores of the intervention group were significantly different from those of the control group (p < 0.05). The results of the correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between intuitive eating and body image (r = 0.455; p < 0.05) and a significant negative correlation between IE and disordered eating attitudes (r = -0.449; p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that longer-term interventions may be beneficial and warrant further investigation. IE may serve as a promising strategy to enhance psychological well-being and performance outcomes without focusing on weight control.

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools are increasingly being used in tailored nutrition management, and evaluating their compliance with guidelines is significant in clinically sensitive areas, including bariatric surgery. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which diet plans recommended by AI models in the early period following sleeve gastrectomy (SG) align with current clinical nutrition guidelines (ASMBS, AACE/TOS). Methods: A total of 360 menu plans were generated using three AI platforms-ChatGPT-4o, DeepSeek V3, and Grok-3-for 40 simulated patients (20 females, 20 males; BMI 32-45 kg/m2) across three postoperative stages: liquid (day 5), puree (day 16), and solid (day 35). The energy and nutrient contents of the menus were analyzed using BeBiS 8.1; an experienced dietitian assessed compliance with the guidelines using a structured checklist. Nutrient intakes and guideline compliance scores were examined using within-patient Friedman tests followed by Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Results: ChatGPT-4o demonstrated the highest overall compliance scores, particularly in the liquid and puréed phases, while DeepSeek produced higher values for several micronutrients. All models showed substantial gaps in essential postoperative recommendations, most notably thiamine and multivitamin supplementation. Conclusions: Although LLMs can generate partially guideline-concordant postoperative diet plans, they consistently omit several critical elements of bariatric nutrition care. These findings indicate that LLM-generated menus may serve as supportive educational tools, and diet planning must be performed under the guidance of a specialist dietitian. This simulation does not assess clinical safety, efficacy, or patient outcomes and should not be used as a substitute for dietitian-led postoperative nutrition care.

Background/Objectives: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of casein-enriched milk (CEM) consumption and its timing (presleep vs. during the day) in the early postoperative period on body composition, muscle strength, physical function, and biochemical parameters in individuals undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods: Forty-five adults (60% female, 40% male; mean age 35.1 ± 9.7 years; mean BMI 41.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2) undergoing SG were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) 15 g protein CEM (12 g casein) presleep, (2) the same CEM during the day, or (3) standard-protein diet without supplementation. The primary endpoint was change in fat-free mass (FFM) at 12 weeks; secondary endpoints included handgrip strength, 30 s sit-to-stand test, and serum total protein, albumin, and prealbumin. Assessments were performed preoperatively and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Results: No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of body composition, muscle strength, or physical performance measurements (p > 0.05). However, a significant increase in handgrip strength was observed over time in Groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), which was not observed in Group 3. Prealbumin levels at week 12 were 0.3 ± 0.0 mg/dL in Group 1 and 0.2 ± 0.0 mg/dL in Group 2, both higher than 0.2 ± 0.0 mg/dL in Group 3 (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in albumin and total protein levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Early postoperative CEM consumption following SG did not significantly affect body composition or physical performance; however, the higher prealbumin levels indicate that this marker may be more sensitive in detecting early protein response, highlighting its potential clinical relevance in monitoring nutritional status after bariatric surgery.

Introduction:Introduction: the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a therapeutic approach for managing weight, hormonal, and metabolic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) requires further clarification despite its growing popularity. Objectives: this study evaluated the short-term effects of a 4-week low-calorie ketogenic diet (LCKD) on body composition, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in overweight or obese women with PCOS. Methods: thirteen women with PCOS (mean age 29.77 ± 7.54 years, median BMI 27.2 kg/m²) participated in this clinical intervention study. Body composition (bio-electrical impedance), anthropometric measurements, and biochemical/hormonal parameters were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: participants achieved a mean body weight loss of 6.90 % ± 2.04 %. Significant reductions were observed in body weight, BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, waist, hip, and neck circumferences, and waist-to-hip/waist-to-height ratios (p < 0.05). LCKD also led to significant decreases in fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL-cholesterol, prolactin, and IGF-1 levels (p < 0.05). Conversely, sexual hormon binding globulin (SBHG) and TNF-α levels significantly increased (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicated that changes in waist (t = 4.196), hip (t = 3.983), and neck (t = -2.820) circumferences significantly impacted prolactin levels, while changes in fat percentage (t = -3.326, p = 0.021), fat mass (t = 3.501, p = 0.017), and hip circumference (t = 2.905, p = 0.034) influenced SHBG levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: short-term LCKD intervention shows potential as a therapeutic dietary strategy, yielding beneficial effects on both anthropometric and key biochemical parameters in overweight or obese women with PCOS.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the impact of the daily consumption of kefir on the gut microbiome, body composition, and athletic performance of professional female soccer players. Methods: The participants encompassed 21 females aged 18–29 years who were assigned to one of the two groups: the experimental group, which comprised females who consumed 200 mL of kefir daily for 28 days, and the control group, which comprised females who continued with their normal diet. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, the composition of the gut microbiome through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and an athletic performance test known as the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test were performed before and after the intervention. Results: The results of this study revealed that the consumption of kefir increased the microbial diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices), wherein a significant increase was noted in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, microorganisms that regulate energy metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, the athletic performance variables, including VO2max (mL.kg−1.min−1) and finishing speed (km/h), were strongly related to the abundance of these short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. A link between the microbiota profile and the dietary intake of fiber and protein as well as the body composition measurements was also established. Conclusions: This study indicated that kefir consumption can positively affect the gut microbiota, which could in turn affect the athletes’ performance. Therefore, to determine the effects of kefir as a functional food in sports nutrition over a longer period, more research should be conducted.

BACKGROUND:Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to evaluate the risk of diabetes in our sample and its relationship with sociodemographic and nutrition-related factors. METHODS:We conducted the study in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkiye with participants aged 18-65 years. In this face-to-face study, we used a questionnaire on sociodemographic information and general dietary habits and the FINDRISC screening tool. We also recorded participants' 24-hour food recall and assessed anthropometric measurements. We analyzed epidemiological data using binary logistic regression models to assess possible risk factors associated with the presence of diabetes risk. RESULTS:Overall, this study included 3,990 participants, 50.03% (n = 1996) and 49.97% (n = 1994) of whom were males and females, respectively. The FINDRISC score was higher in females (p = 0.001), married individuals (p < 0.001), those with lower education levels (p < 0.001), and participants diagnosed with the disease by a doctor (p < 0.001). Additionally, having a body mass index (BMI) of > 30 kg/m2 increased the risk by 7.33 folds compared with having a BMI of < 25 kg/m2. Significant but very low correlation coefficients were found between main meal consumption, energy, lipid and iron intake and diabetes risk (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that increasing age, increasing BMI, lower education level, and having a disease diagnosis can be significant risk factors for diabetes. However, more studies are needed to clarify risk factors, especially those related to nutrition.

The consumption of insect-based foods has been widely studied in recent years due to their nutritional value and their contribution to sustainability. In this study, the integrated sustainable neophilic insect-based eating model (ISNIEM) was used to investigate the various parameters that influence the intention of members of Turkish society to consume insect-based foods. Structural equation modeling was used to test the ISNIEM. A total of 1194 participants were reached through an online survey. According to the study data, sustainability attitudes (biospheric values, new human interdependence paradigm, attitude toward sustainability, attention to insect welfare) influence individuals’ intentions to consume insect-based foods by interacting with each other; however, intentions do not influence behavior in the same direction. As expected, food neophobia reduced the number of chosen insect-based foods (NCIBF) (β: −0.121; p < 0.001), while social norms positively influenced the NCIBF (β: 0.176; p < 0.001) and reduced food neophobia (β: −0.307; p < 0.001). Meanwhile, social norms and food neophobia did not affect the intention to eat insect-based food (p > 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that the ISNIEM may be effective in predicting individuals’ intentions and behaviors toward eating insect-based foods in Turkey.

Background: Considering the increasing consumption of soft drinks and their adverse health effects, identifying addiction to these drinks in the population is significant. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale. Methods: For this purpose, we included 669 participants and distributed them homogeneously for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To assess the psychometric properties of the scale, we used the Soft Drink Addiction Scale, the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15, and a questionnaire that included questions assessing self-efficacy regarding soft drinks and attitudes toward alternatives. Results: The mean age of 669 participants was 34.05 ± 9.26 years. A total of 93.72% were female and 6.28% were male. The scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.942. An exploratory factor analysis revealed the following three-factor structure: withdrawal syndrome symptoms, persistent desire, and decrease in social and recreational activities, which explained 29.1%, 16%, and 16.9% of the total variance, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this construct. Moreover, soft drink addiction was associated with self-efficacy and total calories from beverages questioned in the beverage consumption questionnaire. Conclusions: In conclusion, the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale is a reliable and valid tool.

The effects of the gut microbiota on mental and intestinal health are an area of great interest. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the intake of probiotic and prebiotic foods and mental and gut health. Data were obtained using an online survey from young adults (n = 538) enrolled at Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University who agreed to participate in this study in the 2022–2023 academic year. This study included 538 participants, mostly (85.5%) females. Participants who never consumed yogurt had 7.614 times higher Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale scores than those who consumed yogurt daily (p < 0.01). Similarly, the frequency of ayran consumption had a statistically significant effect on Bristol Stool Scale scores (p < 0.05). The ratio of normal defecation to constipation was 68.7% lower in participants who consumed ayran daily, whereas the ratio of diarrhea to constipation was 76.4% lower in participants who never consumed ayran. However, the frequency of prebiotic consumption did not have a significant effect on Bristol Stool Scale scores (p > 0.05). The consumption of probiotic and prebiotic foods exerted a significant effect on GSRS total scores and subfactors of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-42, namely depression, anxiety, and stress.

Background/Objectives: Despite advances in ulcer treatment research, the search for new, safe, and effective strategies for preventing and treating ulcer diseases persists. Methods: In this study, the protective effects of dietary supplementation with krill oil (KO), fish oil (FO), and astaxanthin (ASX) on an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model were compared during biochemical and histological observations. Sprague-Dawley (n = 64) rats randomly divided into four groups-normal control (vehicle), KO, FO, and ASX groups-received the supplements via the orogastric route at a rate of 2.5% (v/w) of their daily feed consumption for 4 weeks. Then, ulcer induction was performed with ethanol. Results: The ulcer group showed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), chemiluminescence (CL), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and decreased levels of glutathione in the gastric tissues. While KO, FO, and ASX supplementation decreased chemiluminescence levels in the ulcer group, only ASX supplementation decreased MDA levels and MPO activity. Conclusions: In conclusion, supplementation with KO or FO has a similar protective effect against ethanol-induced ulcer damage, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces lipid peroxidation. However, ASX supplementation has a higher protective effect than KO or FO supplementations against experimental ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation.

Monitoring glycemic control status is the cornerstone of diabetes management. This study aimed to reveal whether moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diets increase the risk of free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and it presents the short-term effects of four different diet models on blood sugar, glycemic variability (GV), and FFA levels. This crossover study included 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to identify the effects of four diets with different CHO contents and glycemic index (GI) on GV and plasma FFA levels. Diet 1 (D1) contained 40% CHO with a low GI, diet 2 (D2) contained 40% CHO with a high GI, diet 3 (D3) contained 60% CHO with a low GI, and diet 4 (D4) contained 60% CHO with a high GI. Interventions were performed with sensor monitoring in four-day periods and completed in four weeks. No statistical difference was observed among the groups in terms of blood glucose area under the curve (p = 0.78), mean blood glucose levels (p = 0.28), GV (p = 0.59), and time in range (p = 0.567). FFA and total triglyceride levels were higher in the D1 group (p < 0.014 and p = 0.002, respectively). Different diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by affecting GI, FFA, and blood glucose levels.

Public health authorities are undertaking initiatives aimed at reducing sugar intake because it is linked to detrimental health outcomes. Individuals’ attitudes and intentions toward sugar can be significant factors affecting intake. Therefore, we here aimed to evaluate individuals’ attitudes and intentions toward sugar intake by combining the theory of planned behavior with different frameworks. Accordingly, we developed an online questionnaire and reached 940 participants. We observed that subjective norms (β = −0.140; p < 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (β = −0.138; p < 0.001) as defined in the theory of planned behavior significantly affected attitude. Subsequently, examining the effect of attitude (β = −0.209; p = 0.018) and intention (β = 0.717; p < 0.001) on sugar intake showed that intention had a positive effect, whereas attitude had no significant effect. Mediation analysis showed that attitude influenced sugar intake through intention (β = −0.286; p = 0.001). Furthermore, we determined that components including habits, perceived understanding, perceived nonautonomy, negativity, and apathy can affect attitude toward sugar intake (p < 0.001). Analyzing the effects of sociodemographic factors revealed that sugar intake was lower in individuals with food allergies (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the theory of planned behavior, when combined with different frameworks, can be effective in predicting sugar intake and individuals’ intentions.

The trend towards organic foods as an alternative has recently increased. Several individual, environmental, and behavioural factors can affect this situation. This study was conducted with 1417 participants to examine the factors affecting attitudes, purchase intention (PI), and actual purchasing behaviour towards organic foods. Consequently, a two-part questionnaire was used to query participants' sociodemographic information and their attitudes and preferences towards organic foods. Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis, Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modelling. Our findings confirmed that health consciousness, the knowledge of organic foods, subjective norms, perceived price, values (health and safety), nutritional content, naturalness, availability, monetary barriers, risk barriers, and trust affect attitudes towards organic products. These findings indicate that increasing consumers' knowledge and awareness about organic foods, encouraging their consumption by society, accessibility them in the food market and making them affordable can affect the attitude towards these products. Furthermore, we determined the direct effect of the attitude on actual buying behaviour with the mediating role of PI. Additionally, we noted that marital status, employment status, disease diagnosis in the last 12 months, and the presence of a baby at home affect actual buying behaviour. In conclusion, they can help food marketers target consumers to their sociodemographic status and develop new sales strategies.