The terpenes and terpenoids present in cannabis are the subject of increasing research, as their interaction with phytocannabinoids appears to enhance their biological activity. In addition, both for health reasons and to meet consumer demand for more natural products, cannabis flowers are increasingly being extracted in vegetable oils, and cannabis extracts are being formulated in vegetable oils. The number of people using cannabis for medical purposes is increasing. In addition to optimizing the combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for the specific indication being treated, it is necessary to know precisely the dose of each important API administered. To achieve this goal, we have developed a new sample preparation method for determining the terpene and terpenoid content of lipid-based plant extracts by GC-FID. The method described has the advantages of being easy to implement, inexpensive, reproducible, and suitable for the quantification of terpenes and terpenoids in oily matrices, an analysis that was generally performed by HS until now. We confirm that the composition of lipid matrices can influence the extraction yields of terpene compounds from medical cannabis. Sesame oil was the most effective lipid matrix (925 μg total terpene compounds/100 mg dry matter) and rapeseed oil was the least effective (762 μg/100 mg dry matter).

This study investigated the lipid profiles and free radical scavenging potential of Coriandrum sativum fruit oils from Tunisia and Canada, utilizing three extraction methods: single screw, twin screw, and solvent extraction. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the concentrations of essential fatty acids, including petroselinic, linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, between oils from the two regions. Notably, the twin screw extraction method applied to Tunisian coriander oils resulted in higher phytochemical content and superior free radical scavenging activity. The twin screw method demonstrated the highest efficacy, achieving an IC50 value of 1.4 mg/ml for the stable DPPH radical, while the solvent extraction method yielded an IC50 of 4 mg/ml for the same oil. These findings highlight the influence of geographic origin and extraction techniques on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of coriander oils.

This study evaluated the nutritional and physicochemical characteristics of sweet and deproteinized sheep whey across seasons. Whey type significantly affected composition, with deproteinized whey showing lower total solids (6.82 %) than sweet whey (7.64 %), primarily due to reduced protein (0.89 % vs. 1.56 %) and fat (0.19 % vs. 0.55 %) content. Both were lactose-rich (50 g/L). Seasonal variations were observed, with higher fat in summer and increased sugar in winter. Sheep whey consists primarily of saturated fatty acids (80 %), with polyunsaturated fatty acids (2.6 %) showing a favorable omega 6/omega 3 ratio (3.44-2.85) compared to cow whey (4.0). Seasonal diets influenced fatty acid composition, increasing MUFA in summer and SFA in winter. Essential (31,7 %) and branched-chain (19 %) amino acids were present, with proline and glutamic acid abundant. The study is limited to a single dairy over one year, and findings may not fully represent other dairies, breeds, or production conditions. These results highlight whey's potential as a valuable cheese coproduct for innovative foods and sustainable artisanal sheep dairy.

Increasing interest has been devoted to the seeds of the amaranth, a plant that has garnered attention for its multifaceted uses in daily life. In this research, we focused on four genotypes of two amaranth species cultivated in two different sites in the southwest of France. Oil content, fatty acid composition, and unsaponifiable levels were carried out. The lipid composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) analysis. The total polyphenol contents (TPC) of different seed extracts were measured by a Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Antioxidants and cytotoxic activities were additionally assessed for the methanol (70%), ethyl acetate, and cyclohexane extracts. Results showed that oil content varied greatly and ranged from 4.3 to 6.4%. Lera cultivated at Riscle had the highest squalene yield, reaching 7.7%. Linoleic acid and oleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids for the four genotypes in two sites, followed by palmitic acid. Triglycerides (TAGs) were the main glycerides in all samples growing in both sites. A total of 44 volatile compounds were identified in Amaranthus seed extracts. The chemical compositions of the amaranth have been discussed as influenced by genetic and environmental factors. These data highlight the bioactive potential of the amaranth seed.

Chia seeds, source of w3, w6 w9 and mucilage for food ingredients, are important for cardiovascular diseases prevention. A process for releasing the mucilage to recover the oil bodies from seeds has already been developed. The aim of this study was investigation the ability of seeds to be degummed, obtain a native lipid emulsion and examine the effect of germination, before or after degumming, on the reserves' composition. Proximate and lipid composition were determined at three times during germination (1, 24 and 48h). Results confirmed that degumming has no-effect on the seeds germination ability. The oil bodies release remains effective regardless of the germination stage, demonstrating the robustness of the process for recovering lipids. Degumming has noeffect on the fractionation of chia seeds whatever the timing of application. The mobilization of lipid reserves increased as germination progressed. The lipid content of germinated seeds declined, the proportion of triglycerides falled and higher proportions of partial glycerides and free fatty acids are formed. Lipids became more prevalent in the pellet, reducing oil bodies yield released into the upper emulsified phase after 48h of germination. This is the first report on the impact of germination on the integrated lipid release process in chia.

Vegetables contribute significantly to human health. Amaranth is considered as a promising species that could provide significant unsaturated fats, proteins and other beneficial ingredients. The present investigation focused on a comprehensive analysis of the lipid content and composition in 128 accessions belonging to ten Amaranthus species. Squalene (SQ) yield, acylglycerols (AG) content and fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined by Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector analysis. Oil content varied significantly among accessions, ranging from 4.4 % in Amaranthus sp. to 9.4 % in A. palmeri. The SQ yield ranged from 1.8 % to 6.9 %, with Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. hybridus exhibiting the highest yield. Data showed an interspecific variation. Amaranthus palmeri had significantly (P < 0.05) the highest oil content, while Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. hybridus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus had the highest SQ yield. Linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids are the predominant FA in amaranth oils. AG represented the major lipid constituent. A multivariate analysis also elucidated the taxonomic relationship of ten species, revealing three classes based on their lipid composition. This variation enables the use of amaranth oils according to the target molecules, as a renewable source of various essential compounds for food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Cannabis terpenes and terpenoids are among the major classes of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites of therapeutic interest. Indeed, these hydrocarbon molecules, responsible for the characteristic aroma of cannabis flowers, are thought to be involved in a synergistic effect known as the "entourage effect", together with cannabinoids. Numerous analytical studies have been carried out to characterize the terpene and terpenoid contents of some cannabis varieties, but they have not proposed any real quantification or have described a limited number of analytical standards or average response factors, which may have led to over- or underestimation of the real content of the cannabis flowers. Real and reliable quantification is necessary to justify the entourage effect. Here, we report a rigorous and precise GC-FID and GC-MS method for the identification and quantification of cannabis terpenes and terpenoids. This method is distinguished by the use of a high number of analytical standards, the determination of retention indices for all compounds studied, an exhaustive comparison of databases and scientific literature, the use of relevant response factors, and internal calibration for reliable results. It was applied to the study of terpenic compounds in five commercial varieties of medicinal cannabis produced by Bedrocan International: a CBD-rich (Bedrolite®), a THC/CBD balanced (Bediol®), and three THC-dominant (Bedrocan®, Bedica® and Bedrobinol®). Two extraction solvents are described (ethanol and hexane) to compare their selectivity towards target molecules, and to describe as exhaustively as possible the terpenic profile of the five pharmaceutical-grade varieties. Twenty-three standards were used for accurate dosages. This work highlights that the choice of solvent and the analysis method reliability are critical for the study of these terpenic compounds, regarding their contribution to the entourage effect.

NTFPs play a crucial role in local ecosystems and economies, especially in rural areas where they are an important source of income and food security. The main objective of the study is to characterize the physicochemical properties of oils from these NTFPs in order to better understand their economic, food and industrial potential. This includes the analysis of fatty acids, minor compounds, as well as functional properties such as acidity, saponification index and iodine. The kernels of the NTFPs studied are rich in proteins with contents of 18.9% for Blighia sapida, 21% for chrysophyllum albidum, 22.5% for carapa procera and 18.9% for Tieghemella heckelii. In addition, these almonds are rich in oil with a content of 47.7% Tieghemella heckelii, 52.2%, Blighia sapida, 52% Chrysophyllum albidum and 54% carapa procera. These plants are oilseeds. These lipids have low acidity levels varying between 1.2 ± 0.2 to 2.6 ± 0.3%. The iodine values of the oil are 73.1 ±0.4 for Chrysophyllum albidum, 70 ± 0.3 for Carapa procera, 93.2±0.5, for Blighia sapida and 91.7 ±0.2 Tieghemella heckelii. Regarding the saponification indices the values found are 193.7±0.8 for Blighia sapida, 189.4±0.7 mgKOH/g for Carapa procera, 154.6±0.2 for Chrysophyllum albidum and 147.3 ± 0.5 for Tieghemella heckelii. The saponification indices are between 147.3 ± 0.5 to 193.7 ± 0.8. The analysis of the composition of free fatty acids showed that Tieghemella heckelii oil is mainly composed of oleic acid at 53.6±0.1 and stearic acid at 38.5±0.3. Blighia sapida oil's major compounds are oleic acid (54.6±0.1%), palmitic acid (24.2±0.2%) and stearic acid (16.4±0.0 %). Carapa procera oil is mainly composed of oleic acid at 50.7±0.0%, palmitic acid at 23±0.1%, linoleic acid at 11±0.0% and stearic acid 10.4±0.1%. As for Chrysophyllum albidum oil, it is mainly composed of oleic acid at 47.6±0.3% and α-linolenic acid 17.8±0.1%. The results show that β-sitosterol and γ-tocopherol constitute the major compounds in all the oils studied. The results show that NTFP oils can be a sustainable alternative to conventional oils, making them attractive for growing sectors, particularly those linked to sustainable development. Thus, this study makes a significant contribution to the promotion of NTFPs with a view to economic and environmental sustainability, while highlighting their potential role in the development of modern agroforestry.

The richness in protein and oil of curcubit seeds is highly coveted in the food field. In addition, in the cosmetics industry, it is a very popular ingredient. The oils of these seeds contain a diversity of fatty acids that can be advantageous during topical application. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of the seeds and seed oils of five cucurbits (Cucumeropsis Mannii, Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis Melo, Citrullus mucosospermus, and Citrullus lanatus) cultivars cultivated in Ivory Coast. Analysis of free fatty acid composition revealed a high linoleic acid content ranging from 24 and 70%. As well as the presence of α-linolenic acid (6.8 - 8.6%) and γ-linolenic acid (7.3 - 8.2%) in Citrullus colocynthis and Citrullus mucosospermus oils. The water and dry matter contents of the kernels vary between 3 and 4% and between 96 and 97%. The kernels of these cucurbits are rich in protein, with a high content of 25.9 ± 0.4% for Cucumeropsis Mannii, 29.0 ± 1.2% for Citrullus colocynthis, 24.1 ± 0.6% for Cucumis Melo, 24.8 ± 0.5% for Citrullus mucosospermus and 25.5 ± 0.4% for Citrullus lanatus. The quantity of lipids extracted by the Soxhlet method varied from 42 to 55%. These lipids have low acidity levels varying between 1.13 ± 0.1 to 2.01 ± 0.3% with densities of approximately 0.92 ± 0.01. The iodine values determined for these oils vary between 114.23 ± 0.2 to 122.15 ± 0.3. As for the saponification index, they are between (190 to 202 mgKOH/g).

Considering that vegetable oils derived from oleoproteaginous plants are mainly destined for the food industry, other types of oils derived from micro-algae, micro-organisms and fruit seeds (co-products of food industry) require adapted processes of extraction. These new resources continue to boost the oleochemistry sector for the production of bioproducts. The characteristics of each of these lipid sources in terms of fatty acid profile are opportunities for generating platform molecules and elaborating functional compounds. Each lipid resource is associated with secondary metabolites sought after in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors. This chapter describes innovative technologies (twin-screw extrusion, ultrasound, thermal induction) thin-film reactor-separator) for isolating, processing and purifying lipids and other seed constituents. To illustrate the contributions of oleochemistry, several strategies for designing bioproducts from vegetable oils are presented. To target specific applications, the properties of several categories of oleochemical biosolvents and biosurfactants are described, in particular those of glycerol carbonate esters. The platform of polyols, the obtention of polyhydroxyurethanes and other biobased polymers show innovative routes for the obtention of novel materials. Finally, an eco-design methodology based on the choice of relevant indicators makes it possible to highlight the interest of these new value chains using some lipids.

Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel is a plant species present in the high-biodiversity areas of Central, West and East Africa. It has a considerable potential for development as a non-timber forest product (NTFP). The crushed seeds of this species have traditionally been used by local populations and those of certain large African cities as a spice or thickening agent for foods. In the face of strong and potentially growing demand, not only for nutritional purposes but also for new outlets, efforts are being made in Ivory Coast to domesticate this species with a view to increasing production. A number of actions are underway for the development of R. heudelotii: improvement of its availability; development of seed and kernel production; creation of markets for the seeds and their proteins and oil; development of industrial uses of this oil. This study carried out an inventory of R. heudelotii cultivation in Ivory Coast, and highlighted the levers available for promoting its integration into the economy of the country. The development of outlets for the kernels, oil and proteins of R. heudelotii, the improvement and control of product quality, and the modernization of seed crushing and oil extraction methods are essential conditions for increasing production and for the structuring and expansion of the market. This contributes to both the economic development of this crop and those involved in its cultivation — local communities, and women in particular — and the preservation of the environment through the development of an activity favoring regeneration and sustainable forest protection.

The present article studies the transformations and fractionation of the reserve lipids of Ricinodendron heudelotii. The native triglycerides of this oil are composed mainly of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular α-eleostearic acid C18:3 n– 5 (9c, 11t, 13t) at 60

Oil bodies, also called oleosomes have been the object of an increased interest since the last decade. Different processes of extraction and purification involve an aqueous crushing with methods to soften the cell membranes. An integrated process was used on different oilseeds to compare the different oil-body dispersions obtained. Once extracted with an aqueous crushing, oil bodies are dispersed in a creamy phase containing also an important protein content. Their stability depends on membranous proteins but also surrounding, extraneous ones. To eliminate these non-membranous proteins, the emulsion can be washed with different compounds allowing a good protein solubilization. If the fatty acid, phytosterol, tocopherol contents and distribution are compared between seeds and dispersions of oil bodies, there appears to be little significant change. These valuable compounds are hence preserved in the oil bodies. However, aqueous crushing releases phospholipase partly explaining the lower phospholipid content and the higher relative concentration of phosphatidic acid. To preserve these emulsions, it is possible to dry them either through freeze-drying or spray-drying. Spray-drying allows a better recovery of the physical structure of the emulsion after rehydration but cryo-protectants as Tris or Glycerol can limit emulsion degradation provoked by hard mechanical constraints of a freeze-drying process.

Description of the subject. Spanish sage or chia (Salvia hispanica) has attracted increasing interest over the last decade due to the composition of its seeds. It is now cultivated in several European countries. Objectives. The aims of this study were to investigate the oil content and composition of seeds from chia cultivated over a three-year period in South-West France. Method. The cultivar Oruro (Panam, France) was used for this study. It was cultivated in 2014, 2015 and 2017 at Villemur-sur-Tarn (South-West France). Oil, ash and protein contents (Kjeldahl) was assessed, fatty acids (GC-FID), sterols (GC), tocopherols (HPLC) composition was determined on seeds. Results. Cultivation year affected oil, protein and ash contents, and the content and composition of fatty acid, sterols and tocopherols. Oil (range of 30.6-34.7%) and ash (4.8-5.2%) contents were higher in 2014 and 2015 (higher rainfall than 2017). Protein content was higher in 2017 (21.7%) than in the other two years (17.5-19.9%). This trend was expected, given the negative correlation between oil and protein contents. Polyunsaturated fatty acids predominated, and their levels were highest in 2015 and lowest in 2017. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid levels followed the opposite pattern (lowest in 2015 and highest in 2017). Sterols and tocopherols accumulated to higher levels in the seeds in 2014 than in 2017. Conclusions. All the seed quality traits of chia cultivated in France were affected by the climatic conditions of the year of cultivation.

Atlas pistachio fruits are an important source for pharmaceutical uses and human health. However, its chemical composition has not been sufficiently exploited previously. This study, explores the characteristics and chemical composition of the fruit oil of three populations of Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica grown in three different zones in Algeria (Tiaret T-R, Tiaret T-Z and Laghouat). The oil content has ranged from 50.5 to 67.3

The native crude oil of Ricinodendron heudelotii mainly consists of triglycerides formed typically with polyunsaturated fatty acids (84%). Fatty acids with three conjugated double bonds (Conjugated Linolenic Acids, CLnA) contain more than 60% of alpha-eleostearic acid (C18:3 9c, 11 t, 13 t). The heat-treating process using the traditional hulling method of seeds for kernel consumption results in the isomerization of alpha-eleostearic acid into beta-eleostearic and catalpic acid. In order to gather information about the transformation of these conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, a study to investigate the effects of solar radiation on the native oil was conducted. Changes in the chemical composition of fatty acids in the oil, especially conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, were monitored by GC (Gas Chromatography). Analysis of fatty acid profiles of treated and untreated oils showed the isomerization of alpha-eleostearic acid under the effect of solar radiation, whether natural or artificial. This isomerization involves the conversion of alpha-eleostearic acid into its isomers beta-eleostearic acid (C18:3 9 t, 11 t, 13 t) and catalpic acid (C18:3 9 t, 11 t, 13c) with a ratio of 5:1 in the triglycerides of the oil. Our findings highlight the significant influence of solar radiation on composition and isomerization of the fatty acids of Ricinodendron heudelotii oil, and emphasize as well as its potential use in the industrial production of some CLnA isomers.

An aqueous integrated process was developed to obtain several valuable products from sunflower seeds. With a high-shear rate crusher, high-pressure homogenization and centrifugation, it is possible to process 600× g of seeds in 1400× g of water to obtain a concentrated cream phase with a dry matter (dm) content of 46%, consisting of 74 (w/w dm) lipids in the form of an oil-body dispersion (droplet size d(0.5): 2.0 µm) rich in proteins (13% w/w dm, with membranous and extraneous proteins). The inclusion of an enzymatic step mediated by a lipase made possible the total hydrolysis of trigylcerides into fatty acids. The resulting cream had a slightly higher lipid concentration, a ratio lipid/water closer to 1, with a dry matter content of 57% consisting of 69% (w/w) lipids, a more complex structure, as observed on Cryo-SEM, with a droplet size slightly greater (d(0.5): 2.5 µm) than that of native oil bodies and a conserved protein concentration (12% w/w dm) but an almost vanished phospholipid content (17.1 ± 4.4 mg/g lipids compared to 144.6 ± 6 mg/g lipids in the oil-body dispersion and 1811.2 ± 122.2 mg/g lipids in the seed). The aqueous phases and pellets were also characterized, and their mineral, lipid and protein contents provide new possibilities for valorization in food or technical applications.

The Atlas pistachio fruits are an important source of food due to their high fat content and medicinal interest in arid lands. For a better use, it is necessary to understand the diversity and distribution of lipids in their fruit. The purpose of the present study is to determine oil content, fatty acid, and phytosterol composition using gas chromatography of three ecotypes in Algeria during two consecutive years. The seed oil contents ranged from 32 to 47.8% depending on both year and ecotype. Unsaturated fatty acids (FA) represent at least 71% of total FA. The fruit contains a considerable level of phytosterols. The highest level of oil content and unsaturated FA were observed in the fruit of Bechar regardless of the part of the fruit. The study indicated that oil quality of the Atlas pistachio seed varies according to genotype and environmental conditions, and the findings could help breeders for diversity and selection program management.

In recent years, interest in Cannabis sativa L. has been rising, as legislation is moving in the right direction. This plant has been known and used for thousands of years for its many active ingredients that lead to various therapeutic effects (pain management, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc.). In this report, our objective was to optimize a method for the extraction of cannabinoids from a clone of Cannabis sativa L. #138 resulting from an agronomic test (LaFleur, Angers, FR). Thus, we wished to identify compounds with anticancer activity on human pancreatic tumor cell lines. Three static maceration procedures, with different extraction parameters, were compared based on their median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and cannabinoid extraction yield. As CBD emerged as the molecule responsible for inducing apoptosis in the human pancreatic cancer cell line, a CBD-rich cannabis strain remains attractive for therapeutic applications. Additionally, while gemcitabine, a gold standard drug in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, only triggers cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, CBD also activates the cell signaling cascade to lead to programmed cell death. Our results emphasize the potential of natural products issued from medicinal hemp for pancreatic cancer therapy, as they lead to an accumulation of intracellular superoxide ions, affect the mitochondrial membrane potential, induce G1 cell cycle arrest, and ultimately drive the pancreatic cancer cell to lethal apoptosis.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a candidate to be included in European diet due to its seed oil content and composition. Its cultivation in Europe has been assessed in several European countries by introducing genotypes from Latin America. The cultivar Oruro (released by Panam Company, France) was used in this study and cultivated at two locations of southern West of France (Lavaur and Samatan). The aims of this study were to investigate the oil content and composition of chia seeds cultivated in two locations under organic conditions in southern West of France. As expected, location factor affected oil content. Moreover, this factor affected also fatty acid, sterols and tocopherols content and composition. Lavaur presented higher oil content than Samatan. This later location presented higher temperature during grain filling period. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more represented at Lavaur than at Samatan. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids showed the opposite trends. Sterols and tocopherols were more accumulated in chia seeds at Lavaur. These results showed that all quality traits of chia seed cultivated in France were affected by climatic conditions prevailing in location of cultivation.