Campylobacteriosis is a leading zoonotic disease of global public health significance. Antibiotics are still the scientific and realistic way in the treatment of infectious bacterial diseases. However, AMR has been rapidly increasing worldwide due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. In this study, C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from cecal samples of broiler, turkey, and cattle at the EPU level were used. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to critical and indicator antimicrobials based on ECOFF, and resistance mechanisms were analyzed. Resistance rates according to species for nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline among the analyzed Campylobacter isolates were identified as 75.9, 77.9, and 76.8% in broiler isolates; 80.7, 82.2, and 82.2% in turkey isolates; and 62.9, 63.8, and 75.2% in cattle isolates, respectively. In most strains, FQ resistance was primarily associated with a Thr-86-Ala mutation in the gyrA gene, while tetracycline resistance was linked to the tetO gene. Single point mutation in 23S rRNA gene (usually A2075G) or ermB gene was detected in a few strains with erythromycin resistance. In MDR strains, the cmeB membrane efflux gene was identified. In this study, the level of AMR and resistance mechanisms in indicator C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from food-producing animals demonstrated the need for urgent and sustainable collaborative action to monitor and control AMR. This study aimed to characterize the national antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter isolates from broilers, turkeys, and cattle, and to elucidate the underlying resistance mechanisms within a One Health framework.

The genus Enterococcus consists of Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, catalase-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that can occur both as single or diplococci and in chains. Commensal microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, including this genus, acquire high antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and can turn into opportunistic pathogens. In this study, 42 Enterococcus spp. were isolated and identified by conventional and molecular (ddl gene sequence) methods from honey bee specimens in T & uuml;rkiye. Of the isolates, 37 (88%) were identified as E. faecalis and five (12%) as E. faecium. Antimicrobial resistance profiles against nine antibiotics were determined by the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance genes and eight different virulence genes were characterized by molecular methods. Of the 42 isolates, 24 (57%) were resistant to erythromycin, six (14%) were resistant to streptomycin, three (7%) were resistant to tetracycline, and two (2%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. ermB resistance gene was detected in 16 (80%) of 24 erythromycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates and in 100% of four E. faecium isolates. The tetM gene was identified in three tetracycline-resistant strains. "ant(6)-Ia", "aac(6')-le-aph(2'')-Ia" and "acc(6)-Ii" gene co-existence were determined in 6 strains, one of which was E. faecium. Only two of 8 virulence genes (esp and hyl genes) were not detected in any strain, while the gene encoding the sex pheromones determinant and gelatinase protein was detected in 95% of the strains. Antibiotic resistance, resistance, and virulence genes in Enterococcus species isolated from honey bees could pose potential risks to bee health.

This study investigates country-wide genotype variations through the genotyping of Brucella strains isolated from domestic ruminants and humans. The Brucella spp. isolated from samples taken from animals and humans were first identified as B. abortus and B. melitensis by real-time PCR, and the MLVA-16 approach was then used for the genotyping of the identified isolates. For the study, 416 Brucella spp. were isolated from aborted fetus samples examined between 2018 and 2021, and 74 Brucella spp. from infected humans. Of the 74 human isolates analyzed, 1.3% were identified as B. abortus and 98.7% (73/74) as B. melitensis. The MLVA-16 typing method revealed 30 clonal groups for B. abortus and 37 clonal groups for B. melitensis from which the dominant genotypes and similarities with human isolates in Türkiye were determined.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease that is known to be widespread throughout the world by many researches since its discovery in 1935 and it is important in terms of animal and public health. Coxiella burnetii, which is the etiological agent of the disease, is an obligate intracellular pathogen. While the disease generally manifests itself with abortion in animals, disease manifests as atypical pneumonia or granulomatous hepatitis in the acute form and as endocarditis in the chronic form in humans. Its presence in Turkey has been shown with a large number of studies. The aim of this study was to show the genotypic relationship with MLVA analysis of C. burnetii samples found in cattle, sheep and goat samples in Erzurum and Samsun Veterinary Control Institutes and blood samples collected from humans with atypical pneumonia findings. In the study, MLVA analyses of 100 positive samples from 50 cows, 41 sheep and 9 goats from Northeast Anatolia and Black Sea regions and C. burnetii positive samples found in 6 individuals with atypical pneumonia were performed. As a result of the study, it was found that 106 C. burnetii samples had belong to 16 genotype groups. It was found that genotype XVI was the most prevalent among these groups and it was seen in both regions. In addition to this, genotype IX profile was the second largest group with 83.3% (5/6) of human samples. In this study, the genotypes common in the regions were determined and a data source was created for possible outbreaks.

The aim of our study was to determine the seroepidemiological profile of Q fever in small ruminants in Turkey and to examine its prevalence changes over the years. The study included 573 serum samples taken in 2013 and 472 samples taken in 2017 from animals in mixed herds of sheep and goats from 84 farms in Northeast Anatolia. Phase I and phase II IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in serum samples were investigated by IDEXX ELISA (Q fever Ab Test IDEXX Laboratories, USA) indirect ELISA kits. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii IgG in Artvin, Gümüşhane and Iğdır provinces was 5.6% in sheep, 1.8% in goats and 4.5% in total in 2013. In contrast, it was 24.4% in sheep, 1.1% in goats and 20.1% in total in 2017. According to the total seroprevalence rates calculated by including both sheep and goat population, it was seen that the province with the highest seroprevalence change in these animals was Iğdır with a 7.3-fold increase. Herd-level seroprevalence was 29.4% in 2013 and 57.6% in 2017. According to these results, the C. burnetii IgG seroprevalence nearly doubled after four years. This increase has been evaluated as a major risk for animal and human health as well as for the livestock economy in Northeastern Anatolia, where animal husbandry is intense.

Infectious sheep abortions caused by bacterial agents such as Brucella melitensis, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydophila abortus etc. lead significant economic losses in sheep enterprises. Many of these bacteria such as C. abortus that causes enzootic sheep abortion are contagious and zoonotic, as well. "Good veterinary practices" performed accurately and timely are extremely important in the management of the outbreak and minimizes the economic losses caused by these infections. This study aimed to diagnose infectious sheep abortions and to manage the outbreaks observed in two enterprises with 850 Hemin sheep in Saysat district of Artvin province, Turkey. The disease was diagnosed by conventional and real-time PCRs with detecting C. abortus DNA in five aborted fetal tissues. The diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically. In the course of the outbreak management, aborted sheep were weed out, treated with 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 5 times 24 h apart and got maintained for 3-4 weeks until disposed of by the owners. Pregnant sheep were administered 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 3 times as 3 days after the first application and 5 days after the second application. A mineral-amino acid supplement was also administered to the pregnant sheep by adding 15 mL of the drug to 0.5 L water for each sheep for 3 days. For the prophylactic purpose, tetracycline with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day was recommended to add to drinking water once a day for 3-5 days following the initial treatment. For biosafety, aborted materials were covered with quicklime and buried in soil depth of 1.5 m and contaminated areas were disinfected with 0.5% bleach once a day for 3 days. A protective immunization could not be done because of the absence of vaccines in the national market and some concerns about the vaccination of late-pregnant sheep. The sheep enterprises were closely monitored for 4-5 weeks until the birth season ended.

Infectious sheep abortions caused by bacterial agents such as Brucella melitensis, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydophila abortus etc. lead significant economic losses in sheep enterprises.Many of these bacteria such as C. abortus that causes enzootic sheep abortion are contagious and zoonotic, as well."Good veterinary practices" performed accurately and timely are extremely important in the management of the outbreak and minimizes the economic losses caused by these infections.This study aimed to diagnose infectious sheep abortions and to manage the outbreaks observed in two enterprises with 850 Hemşin sheep in Şavşat district of Artvin province, Turkey.The disease was diagnosed by conventional and real-time PCRs with detecting C. abortus DNA in five aborted fetal tissues.The diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically.In the course of the outbreak management, aborted sheep were weed out, treated with 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 5 times 24 h apart and got maintained for 3-4 weeks until disposed of by the owners.Pregnant sheep were administered 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 3 times as 3 days after the first application and 5 days after the second application.A mineral-amino acid supplement was also administered to the pregnant sheep by adding 15 mL of the drug to 0.5 L water for each sheep for 3 days.For the prophylactic purpose, tetracycline with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day was recommended to add to drinking water once a day for 3-5 days following the initial treatment.For biosafety, aborted materials were covered with quicklime and buried in soil depth of 1.5 m and contaminated areas were disinfected with 0.5% bleach once a day for 3 days.A protective immunization could not be done because of the absence of vaccines in the national market and some concerns about the vaccination of late-pregnant sheep.The sheep enterprises were closely monitored for 4-5 weeks until the birth season ended.

Footrot is an important infectious disease of small ruminants leading to severe economical losses. The aim of the present study was to determine isolation and identification rates of Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum in the culture techniques and reveal the specificity and sensitivity of the culture technique based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in sheep with footrot. Dry swabs and swabs with Amies medium from 83 sheep were subjected to PCR and culture analyses. In dry swabs, 4 samples were positive for F. necrophorum and all were negative for D. nodosus. Colonies in Eugon and Fusobacterium selective agars from swabs with Amies medium were evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted on macroscopically and microscopically unidentified samples. The positivity rate was 55.4% for D. nodosus and 69.8% for F. necrophorum in cultures from Fusobacterium selective agars. The positivity rate for D. nodosus in Fusobacterium selective agars was higher than that in Eugon agar. Performing PCR and culture methods increased positivity as compared to performing them alone. In comparison with the PCR method, culturing in Fusobacterium selective agars had moderate sensitivity and low specificity for D. nodosus (71.7 and 28.7%) and F. necrophorum (61.3 and 80.0%), respectively. In conclusion, Fusobacterium selective agar (without antibiotics) for isolation and identification of D. nodosus is superior to Eugon agar. Fusobacterium necrophorum should also be considered as a provoking agent for footrot in small ruminants. The PCR method on culture increases elucidation of definitive aetiology.