Lake Chala straddles the Kenya-Tanzania border, with a narrow strip of terrestrial habitat around it. The steep rocky shores are bedecked in a backdrop of Kilimanjaro at sunrise, giving the area the aesthetic beauty of an important tourist destination. The lake has important conservation implications ranging from endemic species including a critically endangered and rapidly declining fish to other unique biodiversity. This calls for urgent action to prevent extinction and promote sustainable management, building on previous work and action plans such as a proposed new conservancy, as the best safeguard against the threats.

The unit of analysis is the smallest administrative division in the Vietnam government hierarchy: village.In each selected study site, three FGDs are conducted, one with women, one with men and one with young people (both young men and women between 16-25 years old).There will be around 10 participants for each FGD.Participants are randomly selected.Head of villages are not invited to these FGD meetings.In general, the FGD is conducted according to the following general steps:

Quản trị rừng ngập hiệu quả mặn đòi hỏi sự hợp tác giữa các ngành và nhiều bên liên quan cũng như phải thiết lập thể chế, luật lệ, chế độ sở hữu rõ ràng và phân chia quyền hạn và trách nhiệm giữa các bên. Kết quả của việc bảo vệ và bảo tồn rừng ngập mặn sẽ khác nhau tùy theo các chế độ quản lý rừng ngập mặn khác nhau (sở hữu nhà nước, các sáng kiến do cộng đồng lãnh đạo, các sáng kiến do khu vực tư nhân lãnh đạo, sự đồng quản lý giữa nhà nước và cộng đồng địa phương, hoặc quan hệ đối tác công tư). Hiểu được sự phức tạp của quản trị rừng ngập mặn là một thách thức và đòi hỏi các phương pháp nghiên cứu thích hợp.

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Introduction: Stigma and parental perceptions about childhood asthma in Africa may affect clinical outcomes, but these are not well understood. Objectives: To understand perceptions of childhood asthma in parents in a deprived suburb of Nairobi. Methods: Following ERS training fellowship, we established a paediatric asthma quality improvement project in a secondary hospital. As part of this process, we surveyed 31 parents whose children were attending the clinic. The emerging perceptions were grouped into themes. Results: All the parents of 31 children in the clinic were interviewed. Only 4 (12.9% ) of the parents/caretakers had attained tertiary level of education. Few parents/caretakers were formally employed (16.1%). Only 10/31 (32.3%) believe that their children have asthma. Despite the denial of asthma as a diagnosis among the parents, majority were willing to take up treatment for asthma. Only 2/31 (6.5%) did not procure inhaled corticosteroids due to financial constraints. The emerging themes included “denial of parental history of atopy/asthma, asthma is a serious condition, it is not easy to agree that my child is labelled to have it, fear of long-term inhaler use”. Conclusions: The parents of children with asthma in our clinic demonstrate deep seated perceptions about the diagnosis and management of childhood asthma, which may affect clinical outcome. These must be addressed in order to maximise the effectiveness of our newly established clinic.

Key messages 7) undertaking capacity-building initiatives.• The PPA exercise revealed state and non-state stakeholders share common

Key messagesThe Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) undertook a review of Kenya's legal framework to understand whether, and to what extent, Kenyan legal provisions were sufficient to secure community land and forest rights. The primary objective was to assess how adequate Kenya's legal framework was in protecting and promoting tenure rights of forest communities, including in protected areas.The law appears to offer adequate security for the tenure rights of forest communities. Kenya's Community Land Act, enacted in 2016, defines community tenure rights comprehensively and has legal provisions to enhance and guarantee tenure security. Forests on communal land are secure, at least on paper.Areas of public gazetted forests that are claimed by indigenous groups as their customary territory are not well secured by law, even though the Constitution recognizes indigenous groups. However, a task force is now addressing this gap.Most challenges lie in determining community identity and customary land rights, and registration of the community and land rights. This affects areas claimed as ancestral lands by indigenous and marginalized communities. Resolution requires investigations into historical land injustices to provide remedies.Key actions to strengthen protection and promotion of forest communities' tenure rights are: participatory mapping and inventory of community land requiring determination of customary rights and registration; implementation of legal mechanisms for community participation in public forest management; and a system to map out community forests which fall under a) land lawfully held, managed or used by as community forests, grazing areas or shrines or ancestral lands; and b) lands traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities.

Key messagesParticipatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) proved to be effective for encouraging collective reflection to identify threats to forest tenure security and to develop ways for improving it at a national-level workshop in Uganda, where stakeholders identified several factors that strongly influence the forest tenure rights of forest-dependent communities.Factors influencing forestry tenure security that they identified were: forest resource governance; community capacity to sustainably manage forests and demand/defend tenure rights; the priority level of forestry and tenure security for development partners; local norms and beliefs that impact upon vulnerable groups' tenure rights; forestry sector financing in national budgetary allocations; and local communities' legal literacy on land / forest tenure.When analyzing the potential evolution of forest tenure security over the next 25 years, stakeholders identified some desirable potential outcomes. Among them are: forestry being prioritized in national development plans; availability of adequate financial resources; existence of capable, well-coordinated district- and national-level government structures to promote community forest tenure; availability of technical staff with capacity to equip communities with knowledge and skills to enable them to exercise their tenure rights; presence of enterprising communities with skills to innovate and adopt alternatives to forestry products; and effective enforcement of gender-sensitive forestry-related laws and policies to promote benefit-sharing equity.After analyzing potential future outcomes, both negative and positive, PPA stakeholders recommended prioritizing a set of actions to safeguard the future forest tenure security of forest-dependent communities. These actions were: improving coordination of key government agencies; adopting inclusive and participatory decision-making processes for tenure-related activity implementation; improving stakeholders' technical and financial capacity with traditional and emerging innovative financing mechanisms; and implementing policies and strategies designed to provide alternative livelihood sources, thus reducing local dependence on forests and forest products.

5 One of the districts, Kibaale, was divided into two districts (Kibaale and Kakumiro) midway through the project.

Key messagesParticipatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) proved to be effective for encouraging collective reflection to identify threats to forest tenure security and to develop ways for improving local people's tenure security over forests in Kibaale district in Uganda's Western Region. A PPA exercise carried out in 2015-16 brought together stakeholders from district government, civil society, local communities and the Bunyoro kingdom, as well as politicians, to discuss the past, present and future of forest tenure security in the district. As the forest and land sectors are male-dominated, a separate women-only PPA workshop was organized to gather women’s perspectives.While the mixed group and women-only PPA participants identified four common key influences on forest tenure security, they also each identified four unique influences. The four commonly identified influences were the role played by politicians, the implementation capacity of key stakeholders (particularly at district level), the implementation and enforcement of forest laws and policies, and population dynamics, including the influx of migrants. The four influences identified only by the women's workshop were access to adequate funding for reform implementation, the level of security in the district, and the role of NGOs, particularly those working to advance and defend women's forest tenure rights. Influencing factors identified only by the mixed group were the knowledge, attitudes and participation of local people in implementing forest tenure reforms, and the extent of forest tenure rights actually granted to communities.Stakeholders identified two desirable and three undesirable scenarios to envision the potential forest tenure security situation in Kibaale in 2025. Desirable scenarios involved participatory formulation and implementation of forest policies and plans, clear tenure rights, adequate funding for implementing forest tenure reforms, well-informed local communities, and corruption-free political leadership. Undesirable scenarios were characterized by insecure forest tenure rights due to immigration, and unfair enforcement of forest laws in favour of powerful, well-connected immigrants over indigenous peoples.The PPA then identified potential actions to be undertaken by various stakeholders to improve access to local forest tenure rights over the next decade. These included: the dissemination of laws, policies and technologies to communities and their political leaders; increased community involvement in resource planning and implementation (including the enforcement of rules); and the development of policies and laws to address problems caused by immigration.The women-only PPA workshop viewed as a major threat the prospect of men taking over trees that women have planted (due to discriminatory cultural practices that prevent women from owning land and trees). They also identified factors that could undermine forest tenure security over the next decade, including the lack of funding to invest in tree planting and for acquiring their own land, lack of access to markets, political instability, and limited NGO influence.

Pesan-pesan utamaSebuah perbandingan persepsi masyarakat antara dua rezim reformasi tenurial hutan - lahan hutan yang diperuntukkan bagi pemanfaatan oleh masyarakat versus lahan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat - di lapangan tidak menunjukkan bahwa salah satunya memiliki hasil yang secara konsisten lebih baik daripada yang lain. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh berbagai kelemahan dari kedua type reformasi tersebut dan kebutuhan untuk mengintegrasikan hak-hak, tujuan konservasi dan mata pencaharian secara lebih baik.Hasil-hasil survei dari Indonesia, Peru dan Uganda memperlihatkan tingkat kerawanan pangan yang mengkhawatirkan di hampir semua lokasi dan (dengan alasan memprioritaskan hak-hak dan/atau konservasi) adanya kegagalan dalam memberikan perhatian yang cukup pada masalah-masalah mata pencaharian.Perhatian yang lebih besar terhadap mata pencaharian membutuhkan: (a) peningkatan kesadaran akan ketahanan pangan dan kebutuhan mata pencaharian di masyarakat pedesaan; (b) tujuan-tujuan mata pencaharian yang lebih spesifik sebagai tujuan reformasi; dan (c) koordinasi multisektoral dan multilevel yang lebih besar untuk mewujudkan hal tersebutMasalah-masalah mata pencaharian harus dimasukkan sebagai sebuah tujuan yang jelas dalam reformasi tenurial hutan dan sebagai sebuah indikator yang dapat diukur dalam usaha-usaha untuk mengevaluasi reformasi.

• Taken together, forest tenure reform implementation in Lampung and Maluku provinces capture key issues common across different settings in Indonesia, e.g. coordination among government actors, limited government budgets and uncertainty created by changing forestry regulations. In addition, other issues that are specific to one or the other province (e.g. lack of recognition of customary rights, inadequate capacity of implementing agencies, and lack of community knowledge and awareness) are also illustrative of broader tenure challenges in other parts of Indonesia. The findings from a participatory prospective analysis (PPA) study have provided central government with better information from different sites. • Most national stakeholders, including government officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry who are responsible for forest reform implementation (Sub-directorate Community Forestry, Community Plantation Forest, Village Forest, and Partnership, and Forest Management Unit Division), as well as non-government stakeholders reviewed positively the sub-national action plans developed by stakeholders in Lampung and Maluku who were interested in securing local community tenure rights. These action plans emphasized multi-stakeholder collaboration (Maluku) and the strengthening of forest management units (FMUs) in Lampung, which is in line with national strategy to improve tenure reform implementation on the ground. • The outcome of PPA, including drivers of constraints to tenure security, future scenarios of tenure reform and action plans, informed a recent national-level initiative to improve forest tenure reform implementation that promises to secure local rights, e.g. Working Group of Social Forestry and government regulation (PP No 83) that shortens the process of obtaining a license for social forestry. • Perceptions among the national stakeholders indicate that the implementation of sub-national action plans aimed at securing tenure rights of local communities will be very challenging due to unclear boundaries and overlapping existing land uses among forest users. Hence, collaboration among stakeholders is key to the process. • National stakeholders agree that the PPA approach can be adopted by the Working Group of Social Forestry at province level, with a focus on increasing community awareness and ownership of reforms under the social forestry scheme, including customary forest. The PPA is not a top-down approach, it builds intimacy and strengthens communication among stakeholders. It is thus important for the working group to create a new bureaucratic culture that promotes collective action during the implementation of the Social Forestry scheme. Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Mani Ram Banjade, Tuti Herawati

A comparison of community perceptions across the two main forest tenure reform regimes -forestland designated for community use versus land owned by communities -does not show, on the ground, that one has consistently better outcomes than the other.This is likely due to multiple weaknesses in both types of reforms and the need to better integrate rights, conservation and livelihoods goals.• Survey results from Indonesia, Peru and Uganda show a disturbing level of food insecurity across almost all sites and, with prioritization of rights and/or conservation, a failure to pay sufficient attention to livelihoods concerns.• Greater attention to livelihoods requires: (a) increased awareness of food security and livelihoods needs in rural communities; (b) specific livelihoods goals as an objective of reforms; and (c) greater multisectoral and multilevel coordination in order to bring this about.• Livelihoods concerns should be incorporated as a clear goal in forest tenure reforms and as a measurable indicator in efforts to evaluate reforms.

• Taken together, forest tenure reform implementation in Lampung and Maluku provinces capture key issues common across different settings in Indonesia, e.g. coordination among government actors, limited government budgets and uncertainty created by changing forestry regulations. In addition, other issues that are specific to one or the other province (e.g. lack of recognition of customary rights, inadequate capacity of implementing agencies, and lack of community knowledge and awareness) are also illustrative of broader tenure challenges in other parts of Indonesia. The findings from a participatory prospective analysis (PPA) study have provided central government with better information from different sites. • Most national stakeholders, including government officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry who are responsible for forest reform implementation (Sub-directorate Community Forestry, Community Plantation Forest, Village Forest, and Partnership, and Forest Management Unit Division), as well as non-government stakeholders reviewed positively the sub-national action plans developed by stakeholders in Lampung and Maluku who were interested in securing local community tenure rights. These action plans emphasized multi-stakeholder collaboration (Maluku) and the strengthening of forest management units (FMUs) in Lampung, which is in line with national strategy to improve tenure reform implementation on the ground. • The outcome of PPA, including drivers of constraints to tenure security, future scenarios of tenure reform and action plans, informed a recent national-level initiative to improve forest tenure reform implementation that promises to secure local rights, e.g. Working Group of Social Forestry and government regulation (PP No 83) that shortens the process of obtaining a license for social forestry. • Perceptions among the national stakeholders indicate that the implementation of sub-national action plans aimed at securing tenure rights of local communities will be very challenging due to unclear boundaries and overlapping existing land uses among forest users. Hence, collaboration among stakeholders is key to the process. • National stakeholders agree that the PPA approach can be adopted by the Working Group of Social Forestry at province level, with a focus on increasing community awareness and ownership of reforms under the social forestry scheme, including customary forest. The PPA is not a top-down approach, it builds intimacy and strengthens communication among stakeholders. It is thus important for the working group to create a new bureaucratic culture that promotes collective action during the implementation of the Social Forestry scheme. Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Mani Ram Banjade, Tuti Herawati

This paper is organized in two parts. The first part provides relevant background information. It discusses a framework for analyzing women’s land tenure security in collective tenure regimes; the research methodology on which this study is based; and the relevant reforms, laws, and norms in the countries covered by this study. The second part of the paper presents the results of the gendered analysis of these reforms. The discussion of results describes the extent to which women participate in or benefit from these reforms as well as how women’s participation and benefits compare to those of their male peers, which will show the gender gap. The findings are presented by tenure regime and by type of reform (defined below). The paper seeks to inform ongoing and future reforms to ensure they reach out, include, and protect the rights of women and other groups that might be vulnerable in the context of reforms.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Seven medicinal plants from Ugandan flora, namely Entada abyssinica, Khaya anthotheca, Vernonia amygdalina, Baccharoides adoensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Entandropragma utile and Momordica foetida, were selected in this study. They are used to treat conditions and infections ranging from inflammations, pains and fevers to viruses, bacteria, protozoans and parasites. Two of the plants, V. amygdalina and M. foetida, are also used as human food or relish, while others are important in ethnoveterinary practices and in zoopharmacognosy in the wild. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities, along with cytotoxicity of the multi-component extracts of these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Different parts of the plants were prepared and serially extracted with hexane, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and double distilled water. Solvent free extracts were assayed for in vitro inhibition against four reference parasite strains, Plasmodium falciparum (K1), Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (STIB 900), Trypanosoma cruzi (Talahuen C2C4) and Leishmania donovani (MHOM-ET-67/L82) using standard methods. Toxicity was assessed against L6 skeletal fibroblast and mouse peritoneal macrophage (J774) cells and selectivity indices (SIs) calculated for the most active extracts. RESULTS:The strongest activities, demonstrating median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ≤ 2 μg/ml, were observed for the dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts of K. anthotheca, B. adoensis and S. pinnata. Overall, IC50 values ranged from < 1 μg/ml to > 90 μg/ml. Out of 22 extracts demonstrating IC50s < 20 μg/ml, seven were against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50: 1.6-16.2 μg/ml), six against T. cruzi (IC50: 2.1-18.57 μg/ml), none against L. donovani (IC50: falling > 3.3 and >10 μg/ml), and nine against P. falciparum (IC50: 0.96 μg/ml to 4.69 μg/ml). Selectivity indices (SI) calculated for the most active extracts ranged from <1.00 to 94.24. However, the B. adoensis leaf dichloromethane extract (a) was equipotent (IC50 = 3.3 μg/ml) against L. donovani and L6 cells respectively, indicating non-specific selection. Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites were comparatively more sensitive to the test extracts. CONCLUSIONS:The benefits achieved from the seven tested plant species as traditional ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary therapies or in zoopharmacognosy against infections and conditions of animals in the wild are strongly supported by results of this study. The synergy of plant extracts, so achieved by concerted actions of the ligands, produces adequate perturbation of targets in the four parasite genera, resulting in the strong potencies exhibited by low IC50 values. The total inhibitory effect, achieved as a sum of perturbations contributed by each participating compound in the extract, minimises toxic effects of the compounds as seen in the high SI's obtained with some extracts. Those extracts demonstrating SI ≥ 4 form promising candidates for further cell-based and system pharmacology studies.