Polymer nanocomposites customarily comprise an inadequate interphase failing their properties, but this topic was rarely addressed in the former reports. Herein, the efficient carbon nanofiber (CNF) length (l(eff)) in the CNF-filled composite (PCNF) is expressed by interphase conductivity, interphase depth, CNF features and Y (level of conduction transferring via an inadequate interphase). Then, l(eff) is used to define the percolation starting and netting ratio. Similarly, a model is progressed for PCNF conductivity (PEC) by the mentioned parameters and tunneling size. The stimuli of momentous factors on the effective length of CNFs, percolation starting and PEC are patterned and explicated. In addition, many experimented data of percolation starting and PEC are provided to assess the developed equations. Higher Y, slender CNFs, thicker interphase and higher interphase conductivity produce the bigger l(eff) and lower percolation starting improving the PEC. Y = 20 and CNF radius (R) of 40 nm promote the PEC to 0.16 S/m, while Y = 5 and R = 120 nm produce an insulative PCNF. Likewise, tunneling size (lambda) of 1 nm together with contact width (d) of 60 nm encourage the PEC of 0.45 S/m, whereas a nonconductive composite is shown at lambda > 9 nm or d < 20 nm. Hence, the shortest tunnels and the highest contact width noticeably grow the PEC.

This paper presents a simple and novel method for determining the relative strength (sigma(R)) and interphase strength (sigma(i)) of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-based polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). The proposed approach uses the modified Pukanszky model, in which the interaction parameter B reflects the efficacy of load transfer from the matrix to CNCs. The progressed model enables the calculation of interphase properties for various CNC-based PNCs, and its accuracy is validated through comparison with tensile strength data of many samples. This novel methodology is further used to explore how variations in interphase properties and CNC geometry specifically CNC length (l), CNC diameter (d), CNC volume fraction, interfacial stress transfer parameter (s), and interphase thickness (t) affect the strengths of interphase and nanocomposite. The results show that sigma(i) increases with higher t and smaller d. A peak value of sigma(i) = 200 MPa is attained under optimized interfacial and geometric conditions (s = 4 MPa and CNC aspect ratio of 100), whereas sigma(i) = 20 MPa is predicted at weak interfacial interactions (s < 1 MPa) or low aspect ratios (<45), confirming the strong sensitivity of sigma(i) to interfacial and CNC-related parameters. For sigma(R), the model predicts the supreme sigma(R) = 9 (800% enhancement in the PNC strength) when t = 10 nm and d = 3 nm. Optimizing these parameters offers a pathway to improve both interphase quality and overall composite strength. The development of such predictive models may support the rational design of high-performance products for multipurpose applications.

Although numerous models have been proposed to estimate the modulus of composites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), the applicability of the models remains limited, because they often neglect critical factors such as interphase effect and CNC network formation after percolation onset. In this study, these limitations are addressed by developing a comprehensive model that explicitly incorporates both CNC network formation and interphase characteristics. The proposed model is validated against experimental data and exhibits substantial improvements in predictive accuracy compared with previous approaches. Notably, a 400

Polymer nanocomposites often contain a partial interphase that influences their performance; however, this aspect was rarely studied in the literature. In this work, the conductivity of a partial interphase in the composites of carbon nanofiber (CNF) named as PCNFs is analyzed based on CNF properties and the magnitude of conduction moving via the partial interphase. Additionally, percolation inception, network ratio, and tunneling zone resistance are examined, assuming the formation of CNF/partial interphase networks. A conductivity model for PCNFs is then developed using these factors. The parameters in the equations for interphase conductivity (psi), net proportion, and composite conductivity are evaluated and explained. Similarly, experimental data are provided to validate the developed equations for percolation inception and PCNF conductivity. Increased conduction transfer through the partial interphase, reduced CNF waviness, and the slimmer and longer nanofibers enhance interphase conductivity and network formation, leading to improved overall conductivity. An interphase size (t) of 30 nm and psi = 1000 S/m increase nanocomposite conductivity to 0.23 S/m, whereas t < 7 nm results in an insulated PCNF. The densest interphase with the highest conductivity yields the greatest conductivity, whereas an extremely thin interphase cannot provide the charge transfer.

Despite the numerous experimented works on the conductivity of carbon black (CB) polymer nanocomposites (PCBs), the modeling methods remain imperfect and require further investigation. Herein, a simple and applicable model for estimating the PCB electrical conductivity is proposed by measurable and meaningful features of CB nanoparticles, interphase, network and tunnelling zone among nearby CBs. Our model also incorporates the significant terms such as the percolation onset, polymer – CB interfacial tension, the percentage of CB and interphase contributing to the network and interphase conductivity (σi). Many experimented conductivities of real PCBs and parametric checkups are used to verify the suggested model. The thickest interphase (t = 20 nm) with the highest conductivity (σi = 400 S/m) yields the conductivity of 7 S/m, while the composite is insulated by the thinnest interphase with the poorest conductivity (t = 3 nm and σi < 250 S/m). Also, the slimmest tunnels (λ = 1 nm) and their poorest polymer resistivity (p = 30 Ω.m) raise the conductivity to 2.2 S/m. However, bigger tunnels (λ > 5.5 nm) highly weaken the conductivity to 0.1 S/m. Accordingly, the characteristics of interphase and tunnels largely handle the conductivity of PCBs.

The contact area (S) among the carbon black (CB) nanoparticles directly and significantly manipulates the conductivity of composites, but it is an unknown and inexact factor. In this article, two conductivity models for polymer CB nanocomposite (PCB) are suggested and verified by at least five conductivity points per composite system at the filler fraction range from 0 to 20 vol.% and 5% quantitative error bound in the calculations. Besides, these novel models are joined to express an applicable equation for the S by tunneling properties, CB size, interphase depth (t), network fraction, contact number (m), interfacial tension (γpf), and percolation onset ([Formula: see text]). The impacts of all factors on the S are plotted and validated. Bigger interphase and more m expand the S. t = 20 nm and m = 100 grow the S to 16*105 nm2, while the shortest interphase (t < 10 nm) produces S = 0. Also, higher tunneling diameter (d) with shorter tunnels raise the S. d = 40 nm and tunneling distance (λ) of 1 nm expand the S to 19*105 nm2, but d < 13 nm or λ = 10 nm cannot produce the contact area (S = 0). This novel equation is applicable to expand the contact area, which reduces the tunneling resistance and optimizes the charge transfer in PCBs.

A deficient interphase is considered to express the percolation threshold (phi(p)) and conductivity for carbon nanofiber (CNF)-filled composite (PCNF) using a modeling approach. In this context, Y represents the extent of conduction transfer via a deficient interphase in the PCNF and is expressed using the interphase depth (t) and CNF radius (R). The actual features of the CNFs (aspect ratio, volume portion and phi(p)) and amount of the interphase/CNF net are stated by Y. Besides, a novel model is proposed for the PCNF conductivity by the degree of conduction transport, tunneling distance, and effective parameters. Predictions of the newly developed equations for Y, phi(p), and PCNF conductivity are evaluated using parametric analyses. Thinner CNFs and denser interphases enhance the Y but decrease the percolation threshold. The PCNF conductivity increases to 0.154 S/m at Y = 15 and phi(p) = 0.002, whereas phi(p) > 0.016 results in an insulating PCNF. Moreover, R = 40 nm and t = 35 nm grow the nanocomposite conduction to 0.25 S/m, though an insulative sample is found at R > 75 nm or t < 16 nm. Consequently, a higher extent of Y, lower percolation threshold, narrower CNFs, and deeper interphase contribute to increased nanocomposite conductivity. However, excessively high percolation thresholds and CNF radii or an insufficiently thick interphase fail to enhance PCNF conductivity.

Introduction: Because of the important anatomical structures situated superficially, reconstruction of wrist soft tissue defects is challenging for the plastic surgeon. Depending on the characteristics of the defect, various reconstruction methods are commonly performed. A pedicled perforator flap stands as a valuable option providing reliable coverage of the defect while preserving the vascularity. Case report: A 35-year-old male presented with a post traumatic wrist soft tissue defect with exposure of underlying structures. Surgical debridement was performed, and the resulting defect was reconstructed with a distally-based radial artery pedicled perforator flap. Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated. Conclusion: Radial artery perforator flap proved to be a workhorse flap for soft tissue reconstruction of the wrist. It has many of the benefits of the radial forearm flap but minimizes the disadvantages.

The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to drain the tumour territory. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was first introduced in the management of melanoma patients in 1992 by Morton et al., Since then, its use has expanded to and become the standard of care in other cancer types. Lymphoscintigraphy is the standard technique for locating this node, and the surgical technique for removing it requires training. Anatomopathology uses standard histology and immunohistochemistry techniques. The aim of this examination is to look for micrometastases, which indicate lymph node invasion. If the sentinel lymph node is healthy, lymph node dissection is unnecessary.

The Fujimori gate flap is known and used for the reconstruction of defects resulting from oncologic surgery. This case report describes the use of this flap to reconstruct the upper lip of a patient who had a defect following lip carcinoma, resulting in a loss of 2/3 of the upper lip tissue. The case involves a 34-year-old woman presenting a partial lip defect after upper lip carcinoma. She underwent a unilateral gate flap procedure, which allowed the authors to reconstruct the three levels of skin, muscle, and mucosa. Following surgery, no complications were observed. The patient was followed up at three months and a year later. She was able to speak and chew without any trouble after the flap restored oral competency. The patient’s treatment objectives, which included regaining oral competency and achieving an acceptable aesthetic result, were met thanks to the use of the Fujimori gate flap in this case. Compared to the use of other local, regional, or remote flaps, the flap also provides good color matching. The Fujimori flap ensures the restoration of the oral sphincter, in contrast to the typical flaps used to reconstruct the upper and lower lip, thereby promoting oral competence.

The forehead, a vital anatomical unit of the face, is delimited by the anterior hairline superiorly and by the nasal root, eyebrows, and a horizontal line through the lateral canthus inferiorly. Malignant tumors like basal cell carcinomas frequently afflict this region, necessitating meticulous reconstruction techniques to preserve aesthetics and functionality. This article presents an in-depth exploration of the galea flap graft’s efficacy in addressing tissue defect on the forehead, especially in cases of basal cell carcinomas. The surgical procedure involves a wide excision with a 1 cm safety margin, including the frontal muscle and periosteum, followed by exposing the frontal bone. A meticulous approach is taken in tracing the midline, marking the hairline, and planning the left hemi coronal incision to ensure optimal outcomes. The galea flap, vascularized by branches of the superficial temporal artery, is meticulously lifted and transposed downwards to cover the tissue defect, while ensuring the viability of the flap. Postoperative monitoring reveals no signs of cutaneous or vascular damage, with preserved sensory and motor functions attributed to the preservation of the frontal branch of the facial nerve. The discussion delves into the intricate anatomy of the forehead, emphasizing its vascularization, innvervation, and aesthetic subunits such as the glabella and eyebrows. Various surgical techniques, including direct suturing, directed healing, skin grafts, advancement flaps, and two-stage scalp flaps, are examined in light of their efficacy and limitations in forehead reconstruction. The galea flap emerges as a preferred option due to its reliable vascular supply, ease of lifting, and versatility in covering tissue defects while preserving aesthetics. Future research directions are suggested, focusing on refining surgical techniques to achieve optimal outcomes in forehead tissue reconstruction, balancing esthetic results with functional integrit.

Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a rare, painless and benign disease characterized by the presence of multiple painless calcified nodules of the scrotum with no abnormalities of phosphocalcic metabolism. The main reason for consult among patients is the aesthetic discomfort. Histology shows basophilic calcium deposits in the scrotal dermis and calcified fibroids surrounded by foreign body giant cell granulomas. Treatment is based on surgical removal of the nodules. We report the case of a 27-year-old patient with no notable pathological history who consulted for multiple cystic nodular lesions of the scrotum, painless and non- infected, with no notion of previous trauma, evolving for 12 years. The patient underwent surgical removal of the scrotal nodules under local anesthesia. No recurrence was noted; the follow-up was one year. After a review of the literature, we discuss the pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of this poorly understood pathology.

The effects of tunneling parts and interphase on the conductivity of graphene-filled polymer materials were neglected in the modeling papers. This work expresses a developed methodology for conductivity of graphene-filled polymer systems supposing the main tunneling mechanism. The tunneling distance depends on the percolation inception and concentration of graphene nanosheets. Additionally, the percolation inception and the effective volume fraction of nanofiller are associated with filler dimensions and interphase thickness. So, the established model can suggest the conductivity by the content and dimensions of graphene, interphase thickness and percolation inception. The parameters' effects on the tunneling distance and conductivity are discussed. Moreover, some samples are provided and their tested values for percolation inception and conductivity are utilized to calculate and analyze the interphase thickness, volume fraction of interphase region, tunneling distance and electrical conductivity using the developed equations. The examinations of parameters and experimental results confirm the correctness of the presented equations. Big and thin nanosheets along with a dense interphase grow the nanoparticle's effectiveness and diminish the percolation inception developing the conductivity of samples.

This study developed a modified Halpin–Tsai model to predict the tensile modulus of nanocellulose (NC) composites. The model considers the interphase section of NC composites. The modified model's accuracy was determined by comparing tensile modulus values predicted by it with experimentally measured tensile modulus values obtained from the literature. The predicted tensile moduli showed reasonable agreement with experimental values. The nanocomposite modulus was found to be adversely affected by high thickness and small length of NC, and the maximum Young’s modulus was obtained at the highest depth and modulus of interphase. Furthermore, various values of non-constant and constant orientation coefficients ( a ) in the Halpin–Tsai model were examined. On the basis of our results, the moduli determined from the modified Halpin–Tsai equation were similar to experimental values when the three-dimensional alignment of fibers was considered in the coefficient a .

Introduction: superficial cutaneous angiomyxoma is a relatively recent individualization. It is a paucicellular, lobulated, poorly limited myxoid tumor containing numerous small blood vessels around which inflammatory elements, in particular neutrophils, are scattered. Case history: a 50-year-old patient with no previous medical history presented with an erythematous, ulcerated skin tumor on the left arm, measuring 5 cm long. A biopsy was performed, and the tumor was found to be a superficial angiomyxoma. The patient underwent surgical excision with 1 cm peripheral margins to avoid recurrence, and the loss of substance was closed in 2 planes. Postoperative follow-up was unremarkable. Conclusion: superficial angiomyxoma must be distinguished from other subcutaneous myxoid lesions. The sporadic form is characterized by its tendency to recur locally, especially in the case of associated epithelial components.

Herein, the contact distance and effective tunneling conductivity in graphene polymer nanocomposites are expressed assuming the properties of graphene stack and the resistances of all components by graphene dimensions, interphase depth, contact resistance and filler morphology (stacked and well-dispersed nanosheets). In the case of incomplete filler dispersion in the matrix, the volume share, aspect ratio and conduction of stacks are suggested. Also, the contact distance is presented based on a power law description by percolation onset and effective filler amount supposing the properties of stacks. The effects of all parameters on the contact distance and effective conductivity are plotted at various ranges of factors. Undoubtedly, the reasonable impacts of all factors on the contact distance and effective conductivity justify the suggested equations. A higher filler amount, more filler dispersion, lower number of nanosheets in stacks, higher aspect ratio of filler (thinner and larger nanosheets), deeper interphase and larger distance between nanosheets in stacks produce a shorter contact distance, bigger network and less total resistance causing more effective conductivity.

In this focused review, we examine the influence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) on physiological processes and the induction of oxidative stress, with particular emphasis on the brain and neuronal systems. We discuss the formation mechanisms of ROS and RNS, their significance in the brain, and various detection methods. The review investigates the latest advancements in nano-engineered electrochemical biosensors designed for in vivo monitoring of ROS and RNS in the brain tissue. We explore the electrochemical measurement of specific species, such as H2O2, superoxide, NO, and peroxynitrite, while providing a comparative evaluation of sensor designs for ROS and RNS detection in the brain. Finally, we offer an outlook and conclusion on the future of this field.

In this paper, the Young’s modulus of composites containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is predicted using a simple model. The significance of interphase and CNC dimensions on the nanocomposite modulus was analyzed using the developed model, which was validated using experimental data from a variety of samples. The modulus predictions were in accordance with the measured data, and CNC volume fraction of 0.02 increased the modulus of the system by 65%. Moreover, a nanocomposite that included thinner and longer CNCs had a greater modulus, and the nanocomposite modulus increased by 29.9% when the interphase thickness was 30 nm. Additionally, the modulus of the nanocomposite increased by 35.3% at an interphase modulus of 10 GPa, whereas the modulus of the system increased by 38.4% at an interphase modulus of 60 GPa. Therefore, a thicker and stiffer interphase caused a higher modulus for nanocomposites. Generally, the interphase features and CNC length directly controlled the stiffness of the system, whereas the CNC diameter had an opposite effect.

Literature studies have not reported an applicable model for electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber (CNF) polymer composites. This study presents a theoretical methodology for conductivity of carbon nanofiber (CNF) polymer composites by CNF effective volume fraction, interphase thickness, percolation onset, CNF dimensions, CNF waviness, fraction of networked CNF, and tunneling size. The suggested model has been approved by comparing the experimental outputs with calculations. The predictions depict good agreement with the experimental data of several samples. In addition, the impressions of the main factors on the conductivity have been confirmed to justify the proposed model. Some terms, such as the percentage of percolated CNF, filler volume fraction, and tunneling distance, significantly control the conductivity, while percolation onset and CNF waviness unimportantly affect the electrical conductivity of CNF-filled composites.