Quince (Cydonia oblonga) is an underutilised fruit with immense health potential. The present investigation was conceived to examine the impact of different treatments on various attributes of Quince juice (QJ) and corroborate its cardioprotective potential against Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Among all the treated juice, thermosonicated juice at 50°C for 10 min (TS50/10) was found to be the best fruit juice (BFJ) with maximum phenolics (232.46 ± 2.75 mg GAE/L), flavonoids (169.56 ± 1.75 mgRE/L), flavanols (9.59 ± 0.176 mgQE/L) and an anti-oxidant potential 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) of 79.17 ± 1.558% and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 210.30 ± 1.552 mmol/100 mL. 15 metabolites were identified in the juice using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LC- MS/MS). Furthermore, its in vivo cardioprotective activity was corroborated against Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity. The groups subjected to pre-treatment substantially mollified the vagaries in the electrocardiogram (ECG) caused by DOX administration. Furthermore, it alleviated the increase in the blood serum parameters: aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase-MB (CK- MB) and also suppressed glutathione (GSH) depletion and upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) level persuaded by DOX administration. Moreover, an amendment in histopathological vicissitudes of the cardiac tissue allied to toxicity encouraged by DOX was also perceived, viz., reduction in cardiac tissue degeneration, necrosis, inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, it could be concluded that the QJ cardioprotective activity is ascribed to the prevalence of phytoconstituents that thwart the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX and help restore the cardiac damage in rats.

Brain disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, as well as conditions like multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, represent a significant global health burden. These disorders are often marked by progressive neuronal degeneration, cognitive impairment, and motor dysfunction. Effective therapeutic intervention remains a challenge due to the protective but restrictive nature of blood-CNS barriers, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits drug delivery to the brain. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising solutions for addressing these barriers. However, issues such as limited biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics still hinder their widespread application. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMCNPs) offer a novel approach to overcome these challenges. These biomimetic nanocarriers integrate natural cell membranes sourced from red blood cells, platelets, or stem cells, with nanoparticles, enhancing biocompatibility, immune evasion, and BBB penetration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CMCNPs for brain disorders, highlighting their design, fabrication methods, and therapeutic potential. The unique properties of CMCNPs, such as prolonged systemic circulation, targeted drug delivery, and enhanced BBB permeability, make them promising candidates for neuroprotective and theranostic applications.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Limitations of conventional therapies have prompted the development of advanced drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles (NPs), to enhance therapeutic outcomes. In this study, leukocyte membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles (LMc-DTX-CBD@NPs) were developed to deliver a combination of Docetaxel (DTX) and Cannabidiol (CBD) for targeted breast cancer therapy. The formulation was optimized using a central composite design, yielding particles with an average size of 146.4 nm (uncoated) and 173.8 nm (coated), with PDI values of 0.173 and 0.233, and zeta potentials of -10.64 mV and − 15.44 mV, respectively. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed smooth, spherical morphology, and XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of both drugs. High entrapment efficiencies were achieved (DTX: 97.79

Skin cancer is one of the most lethal cancers today, posing significant challenges to public health and potentially impacting global health and economic stability. Due to its high rate of incidence, innovative and effective treatments are crucial. Among these, immunothera-peutic approaches have emerged as transformative, offering new hope by harnessing the body’s immune system to target and eliminate cancerous cells. Immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for skin cancer, providing options such as checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer therapies that specifically enhance immune activity against tumors. De-spite these advancements, the broader adoption of immunotherapeutic modalities is challeng-ing due to concerns about their toxicity and variable efficacy. The side effects, such as im-mune-related adverse events, can be severe and sometimes limit their use. In response to these challenges, nanotechnology in cancer treatment has gained significant attention. Nanotechnol-ogy-based approaches show promise in improving the delivery and effectiveness of cancer therapies, particularly for skin cancer immunotherapy. Nanoparticles can deliver therapeutic agents directly to tumors, minimizing systemic toxicity and enhancing treatment precision. These strategies also boost the immune system's ability to target cancer cells while overcom-ing the limitations of current immunotherapies. This review explores various anticancer thera-peutic approaches for managing skin cancer, focusing on immunotherapy and its challenges. It highlights how integrating nanotechnology with cancer immunotherapy offers a promising av-enue for enhancing treatment efficacy and safety. The review also provides an overview of re-cent advancements in skin cancer treatment, showcasing how these innovative strategies are paving the way for more effective and less toxic therapeutic options in combating one of the deadliest cancers.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a primary contributor to long-term disability globally due to persistent cartilage degradation and joint inflammation. Global experts have focused their efforts on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying problem. The article elucidates the intricate pathophysiology of OA, demonstrating the progression of disease comprehension from mere mechanical injury to its contemporary recognition as an inflammatory condition. The article explores existing non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment alternatives, emphasizing emerging medical solutions, including a shift from conventional therapeutics to nanotechnology, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy. Nanocarriers serve as an efficient mechanism that facilitates the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs and herbal drugs to their targeted site while safeguarding them from destruction. Various gene therapy strategies are currently being developed for therapeutic administration. The review anticipates that future OA therapies will develop into regenerative medical approaches including ancient herbal practices with modern nanotechnology and biotechnology advancements.

Solid tumours account for more than 85

Neuropsychiatric disorders pose significant challenges to effective pharmacotherapy due to the limited uptake and transport of drugs into the brain, primarily governed by the restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB's complex architecture—characterized by tight junctions, efflux transporters, and metabolic enzymes—severely restricts the brain accumulation of therapeutic agents, particularly macromolecules and poorly permeable drugs. In addition to these biological constraints, drug-related factors such as poor aqueous solubility, instability, rapid systemic clearance, and dose-limiting toxicity further compromise therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the principal factors that impede brain drug delivery and discusses key BBB transport mechanisms, including carrier-mediated transport, receptor-mediated, and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, active efflux transport, and cell-mediated pathways. Because these barrier properties are themselves altered in a disease-specific manner—differing across Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia and glioma—the review further examines how such alterations should inform nanocarrier selection and therapeutic outcomes. Conventional invasive strategies, such as BBB disruption and direct intracerebral administration, are critically compared with non-invasive approaches, including prodrug design and intranasal drug delivery. Current strategies aimed at enhancing BBB penetration are categorized into systemic, invasive, and localized delivery approaches, including convection-enhanced delivery. Furthermore, recent advances in nanoscale drug delivery systems—such as microspheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers, nanofibers, nanoflowers, quantum dots, and nano-decoys—are critically reviewed. The advantages, limitations, and formulation considerations of these platforms are discussed to highlight their potential for improving brain bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Emerging next-generation strategies—including exosomes and biomimetic cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles, focused ultrasound-assisted delivery, RNA and gene delivery, stimuli-responsive systems, and AI-guided formulation design—are appraised alongside the clinical-translation and regulatory challenges that govern their progress, namely long-term toxicity, immunogenicity, protein-corona formation, batch-to-batch reproducibility, GMP-compliant scale-up, and FDA/EMA requirements. This review aims to provide formulation scientists with an integrated perspective on existing strategies and emerging directions for effective brain-targeted drug delivery.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although nanomedicines are a promising and rapidly evolving therapeutic platform, their clinical translation remains limited. Depending on the stage and subtype of the disease, systemic treatments and localized strategies are still essential for treating metastatic breast cancer. Metastatic forms are still mostly incurable, even with improvements in early-stage interventions. Low tumor specificity, high systemic toxicity, decreased chemical stability, and multidrug resistance are some of the drawbacks of traditional treatments. Biomimetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are synthetic cores cloaked with native cell membranes or biomolecules to recapitulate biological surface functionality for improved targeting and immune evasion. They have synthetic structures and artificial antigen-presenting cells in addition to coatings made of biologically derived materials. In preclinical studies, BMNPs often show enhanced tumor accumulation, prolonged circulation, and reduced systemic toxicity compared with uncoated nanoparticles, although reporting heterogeneity limits direct comparisons. By circumventing complex bottom-up synthetic approaches that attempt to replicate biological complexity, biomimetic nanoparticles preserve native biological functions using naturally derived cell membranes.

Depression and anxiety have emerged as significant public health concerns worldwide, with conventional pharmacotherapy often limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and suboptimal brain targeting of therapeutic agents. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel drug delivery system integrating cyclodextrin-phospholipid inclusion complexes with electrospun nanofiber technology. The primary objective is to enhance drug solubility, permeability, and sustained release, thereby improving brain uptake and therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs. In this multicomponent approach, the selected drug is initially encapsulated within a cyclodextrin- phospholipid cavity, forming a supramolecular inclusion complex that improves solubility and membrane permeability of otherwise insoluble drugs. These complexes are then incorporated into a nanofiber matrix via electrospinning, resulting in a high-surface-area scaffold that allows for increased drug loading and controlled release. By combining the advantages of cyclodextrin complexation, phospholipid-based delivery, and electrospun nanofiber technology, this platform offers a synergistic solution to overcome existing limitations in neuropsychiatric drug delivery. The porous structure of the nanofibers facilitates higher drug entrapment and sustained release, potentially reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance. This innovative approach can be validated using various preclinical models. Overall, it represents a promising alternative for managing depression and anxiety, with the potential to transform therapeutic strategies.

Ischemic stroke (IS) persists as a major contributor of mortality and functional impairment globally, because of limited conventional drug delivery system and restrictive properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In recent years, Ligand-conjugated nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have emerged as effective techniques to improve brain-targeted therapy through multimodal approach. In this context, the present study proposes an innovative nanotechnology based Transferrin (Tf)-conjugated Nanostructured Lipid carrier (NLC) co-loaded Ropinirole (RP), and Mangiferin (MF) to facilitate targeted and effective delivery across the BBB. The characterization of developed Transferrin-conjugated Ropinirole-Mangiferin-Nanostructured Lipid carrier (Tf-RP-MF-NLC) demonstrated a mean particle size of 163.9 ± 2.97 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.31 ± 0.04, zeta potential of -8.589 ± 3.63 mV and spherical morphology as shown by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of RP and MF was found to be >85%, while Tf conjugation efficiency was estimated to be >60%. The % cumulative drug release was found to be >80% for RP and > 65% for MF over 24 h from Tf-RP-MF-NLC. The antioxidant effect and biocompatibility of the Tf-RP-MF-NLC were confirmed by the DPPH assay and haemolysis testing, respectively. Furthermore, results obtained from gamma scintigraphy study revealed that Tf-RP-MF-NLC had enhanced brain targeting and increased drug accumulation as compared to RP-MF-NLC following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Overall, these findings highlights Tf-RP-MF-NLC as a promising brain targeted nanocarrier system with improved drug delivery, suggesting its potential as an effective therapeutic strategy for improved drug delivery to the brain.

Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting the pilosebaceous follicles, is prevalent worldwide, impacting up to 70% of the population. It is characterized by lesions classified as inflammatory or non-inflammatory acne, leading to skin pigmentation and scarring. Conventional treatments including retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, and isotretinoin are effective but often limited by skin irritation, poor follicular penetration, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Nanocarriers such as lipid-based (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), polymeric-based (nanofibers, micelles, nanocapsules), and metal-based nanoparticles enhance topical acne therapy by improving drug solubility and stability, enabling controlled and sustained release, increasing follicular targeting, and reducing systemic exposure and local irritation. Notably, nano-encapsulation of phytochemicals including berberine, curcumin, tea tree oil, aloe vera, quercetin, and neem extracts improves bioavailability, enhances therapeutic potency, and helps overcome antibiotic resistance through multi-targeted antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Overall, phytochemical delivery via nanotechnology provides a novel, efficacious, and safe strategy for acne management, integrating natural therapeutic agents with advanced dermatological approaches.

Cancer is a group of dynamic diseases characterized by uncontrollable growth and spread of cells. The heterogenic nature of cancer hinders the abolishment of cancer resulting in a narrow therapeutic index, the capacity of drug efflux, multidrug resistance, and unacceptable side effects. The major challenge in the treatment of malignancies is multidrug resistance (MDR). A novel platform, nanoscale delivery system, concluding desirable applications for the treatment of cancer with targeted and controlled release of drugs, reducing the number of side effects and systemic toxicity. Recent studies emphasize that combining 2 or more nanocarrier-mediated therapies may produce complementary therapeutic effects, perhaps resulting in improved outcomes of cancer current therapies like deterioration of drug resistance. Therefore, in this article, we scrutinize the recent advancement addressing combination therapy by combining nanoparticles with anticancer drugs. It briefly concludes a thorough overview of cancer, tumor or solid resistant tumors, the mechanism of resistant tumors, current therapies for the treatment of solid tumors, and their challenges. It also covers various types of nanoparticles used in cancer treatment, the usage of nanocarriers in resistant tumors, and nanocarrier-based combinatorial therapy for the treatment of resistant tumors as well as its benefits. However, this approach still needs to be improved for clinical applications.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurological disorder and the primary cause of dementia globally, yet therapeutic options remain limited by poor drug efficacy, low patient adherence, and the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents over 98

Dementia includes a variety of neurodegenerative diseases that affect and target the brain's fundamental cognitive functions. It is undoubtedly one of the diseases that affects people globally. The ameliorating the disease is still not known; the symptoms, however, can be prevented to an extent. Dementia encompasses Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Lewy body dementia, mixed dementia, and various other diseases. The aggregation of β-amyloid protein plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles have been concluded as the foremost cause for the onset of the disease. As the cases climb, new neuroprotective methods are being developed in the form of new drug delivery systems that provide targeted delivery. Herbal drugs like Ashwagandha, Brahmi, and Cannabis have shown satisfactory results by not only treating the symptoms but have also been shown to reduce and ameliorate the formation of amyloid plaque formation. This article explores the intricate possibilities of drug delivery and the absolute use of herbal drugs to target neurodegenerative diseases. The various possibilities of nanotechnology currently available with new emerging techniques are also discussed.

Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases for targeted drug delivery despite the advancements in conventional as well as cutting-edge treatments. In recent years, rapid progress has been made in the field of nanomedicine, offering novel strategies, holding the potential to transform healthcare by enhancing bioavailability, efficacy and safety. Notably, the targeting ability of these nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems has been refined by tailoring nanoscale properties and modified surface features, furnishing an alternative approach to tumour-targeted therapy. However, current nanocarrier systems still suffer from unexpected off-target effects, immune clearance, and limited penetration into several biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier and tumour microenvironment. To address these barriers, the biomimicking approach has come into existence, especially nanoparticles cloaked within the biological cell membranes, which mimic the natural cell function, enabling enhanced circulation half-life, more efficient interaction with the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Besides such vast advantages, these biomimicking nanoparticles face ongoing challenges including manufacturing scalability, potential immunogenicity and regulatory clearance for bench to bedside use. This review discusses the recent advancements and limitations of the biomimicking nanocarriers-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, especially focused on the cell membrane-coated nanocarriers, covering their types, fabrication methods, sources, and present challenges and their applications in cancer treatments. Overall, the current review offers a roadmap for future research in biomimicking nanoparticles and their clinical implementation.

Chemotherapy-induced pain is one of the major challenges that hamper the patient's quality of life. Several cases of insufficient pain management were reported globally, especially in the case of patients who do not respond well to conventional pain management regimes and opioid analgesics. Additionally, conventional pain management has several shortcomings, and evidence suggests that cannabidiol has the potential to overcome those shortcomings. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound of the Cannabis plant that shows an effective outcome in chemotherapy- induced pain as well as in cancer treatment, as it possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The mechanism of pain and its management by cannabidiol, with all possible evidence, is well summarised in the paper. This article concludes the types of pain experienced by cancer patients, the effectiveness of CBD in the management of pain, and challenges faced by patients after using Cannabidiol with various case studies. Later, antitumor efficacy studies of CBD were disclosed, and its various types of formulations and nano-formulations were summarized in the paper. Overall, the paper establishes the role of cannabidiol in Chemotherapy-induced pain.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in protein aggregation, neuronal dysfunction, and cell death. Advance therapies for HD increasingly focus on integrating nanotechnology, gene editing, stem cell strategies, and immunotherapy. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems, such as liposomal, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles, enhance the precision and efficiency of drug delivery, reducing off-target effects and improving the bioavailability of therapeutic agents, and targeting mutant HTT (mHTT). Gene editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, aim to specifically silence or correct the HTT mutation, presenting a potential one-time solution for HD. Stem cell approaches, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural progenitor cells, show promise in replacing damaged neurons and restoring functional neural networks. Immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies like C6–17, target mtHTT aggregates to mitigate neurodegeneration and prevent disease progression. These strategies offer a synergistic approach to address HD's multifaceted pathology. This integrated paradigm represents a significant advancement in HD research, paving the way for innovative and personalized therapeutic solutions.

Arthritis, is a term for joint disorders which encompasses over 110 different forms of the disease. Arthritis has affected over 350 million people worldwide, it affects the joints as derived from the word itself, and causes structural damage to the joints and the bone that progresses and worsens over time, in this article we have aimed in providing a detailed insight towards Arthritis, it's prevalence worldwide, along with the pathophysiology of the disease, the article has also provided a new approach towards the use of Nanotechnology in the treatment of Autoimmune diseases, as it is evident that the emergence of Nano-decoys, which are a form of nanocarriers possessing the ability to mimic the biological environment of the human body and this development in nanotechology has been a significant step towards targeted drug delivery, Nano-technology has changed the face of the healthcare sector, the aim is to use Nano-decoys to target Arthritis through its targeted drug delivery, blending with the cells and penetrating deep within the affected or inflamed area to provide maximum drug release. The article also discusses the formulation strategies that have been developed for these Nano-decoys, along with the diseases targeted, and emphasis has been made on how these Nano-decoys can be employed to target Arthritis.

Orally administered calcium carbonate tablets are commonly prescribed as a calcium supplement, and their short-term use is popular among the healthy population. However, being a nutritional supplement, the in vitro properties and clinical efficacy of calcium carbonate supplements are sometimes compromised. The present study aimed to assess the absorption, in vivo dispersion, efficacy and tolerance of Gemcal DS tablet following its short-term use for four weeks. Post-dosing, a gradual rise in serum calcium concentration was observed and the peak increment in serum calcium (4.13±0.38 µg/mL) was reached at four hours. The bioavailability, determined as the area under the curve for six hours (ΔAUC0-6) of serum calcium, was 38.2±4.8 µg/mL/hour. Scintigraphy images showed that the disintegration of the study product initiated within 15 minutes in the stomach, with the radioactive trail suggesting complete dispersion within four hours in the small intestine. No intact tablet was observed in the small intestine or the large intestine. An increase in mean serum calcium (~3%) and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (~13.2%) was observed post-treatment. In contrast, a decrease in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels was noted. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan results revealed an increase in bone density from 1.1968±0.05 (baseline) to 1.2115±0.06 g/cm2, post-treatment. T-scores were also improved in all the subjects, except 1 subject whose T-score remained the same. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating (GSR) score at the end of the study (0.42±0.62) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the baseline GSR score (0.33±0.54), indicating that the treatment was safe and tolerable. In conclusion, Gemcal DS tablets produced an appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response and could be recommended for short-term use in the healthy population.

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