A spreading code protocol (GBCR protocol)suitable for DS CDMA wireless data networks is proposedin this paper. The network is co-ordinated by a centralstation (CS) which maintains a database tracking each user's status. Users are divided intogroups, each of which is assigned a “group-basedcommon” (GBC) code used by a transmitter in thegroup to acquire the current state of its target. Data communication is allowed only after apositive ACK packet from the CS is received by thetransmitter, so that all successful terminals aresheltered by the CS from possible third-partyinterference which may use the same receiver-based code.Analytical results reveal that the GBCR protocol caneffectively improve network stability andthroughput-delay performance.

A simple and reliable method for extracting DNA has been developed for orchid species and hybrids. The high quality of DNA obtained is suitable for amplification via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for producing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.

A spreading code protocol (GBCR protocol) suitable for DS/CDMA wireless data networks is proposed in this paper. The network is co-ordinated by a central station (CS) which maintains a database tracking each user's status. Users are divided into groups, each of which is assigned a "group-based common" (GBC) code used by a transmitter in the group to acquire the current state of its target from the CS. Data communication is allowed only after a positive ACK packet from the CS is received by the transmitter, so that all successful terminals are sheltered by the CS from possible third-party interference which may use the same receiver-based code. Analytical results reveal that the GBCR protocol can effectively improve network stability and throughput-delay performance.

A spreading code protocol (GBCR protocol) suitable for CDMA (packet radio) wireless data networks is proposed. The network is coordinated by a central station which maintains a database tracking each user's status. Users are divided into groups, each of which is assigned a “group-based common” code used by a source terminal to consult the central station for a destination status. Analytical results show that the proposed protocol can effectively improve network stability and throughput/delay performance

An unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio protocol (the triple-receiver-based code (R3) protocol) suitable for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless data networks is proposed. The communication between two data terminals is initiated by hand-shaking (request and acknowledgement stages) followed by data-packet transmission (pair-up stage), using the receiver-based signature codes for multiple-accessing. The two-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain was used to model and analyse the behaviour of the network. The analytical results show that a respectable improvement in throughput-delay performance can be achieved, applying the proposed protocol to unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio networks, when compared to other reported code protocols

Two protocols for spread spectrum data networks, the centralised controller (CC) and the local common receiver (LCR) protocols, are proposed and their performance is analysed. The network consists of N users, each of which is assigned with a unique receiver-based code. The users in network are divided into groups, each of which is assigned with a local common (LC) code. The analysis shows that both protocols offer a slightly worse performance than R, R-T and BCBS protocols when the traffic load is low. However, at a high traffic load, both the centralised controller and the LCR protocols give higher throughput and the lower delay than the previously reported protocols.< >

Two protocols for CDMA wireless data networks are proposed and analysed; they are the RRR without and with code sensing protocols. The network consists of N users, each assigned with its own unique receiver-base code. The analysis shows that both protocols perform better in terms of throughput-delay than some previously reported protocols. They also provide stable operation under heavy traffic conditions